Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when germs reach the lungs and cause inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through tests like blood work, sputum culture, chest x-rays, and CT scans. Treatment involves antibiotics, respiratory support, and rest depending on the cause of infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the likely causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity.

1. Pneumonia
By Qasim Shah

2. Definition
 Pneumonia is the Inflammation of lungs caused by Infection.
 It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
 Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type in adults.
 Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs.

4.  Nomral physiology
 Normally as we breath,AIR moves through
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli

5. PathoPhysiology
Germs like Bacteria,Viruses and Fungi enter to lungs.
Airways catch most germs in mucus present in
trachea,Bronchi and Bronchioles.
Hair like cilia constantly push the mucus and germs
out of airways
 .

6. Sometime germs cross the cilia and enter to alveoli.
If immune system is weak due to age,illness,or
fatigue then pneumonia causing germs begin to
multiply in alveoli.
Bronchioles and alveoli become inflammed

7. Inflammation causes the bronchioles and alveoli to
filled with fluid.
So it is difficult for body to get the oxygen it needs.
Resulting in consolidation seen on chest X-Ray

10. Classification
Classified based on two types
1. Type 1
0 Lobar pneumonia
0 Bronchopneumonia
2. Type 2
0 Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP)
0 Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)

11. Lobar pneumonia
 Lobar pneumonia is infection of a part of lobe or the
entire lobe, or even two lobes of one or both the
lungs.

12. Bronchopneumonia
is a type of pneumonia that also causes inflammation
in the bronchi

13. Community Acquired
Pneumonia (CAP)
Pneumonia which develops in an otherwise
healthy
person outside of hospital or have been in
hospital for
less than 48hrs

14. Nosocomial pneumonia
(HAP)
developing in a patient hospitalized for
greater than
48 hrs.

15. Difficulty in breathing
Chest pain
Cough with sputum
Shortness of breathing
Headache
Fever and chills
Fatigue

17. Diagnosis
Blood Test to confirm Infection
Sputum Test to identify the cause of Infection
Pulse Oximetry to know Oxygen Saturation

18. CT Scan to provide clearer and detailed pictures of
lungs
Fluid Sample fluid from Pleural Space to identify
the cause of Infection
Bronchoscopy to visualize inside of the airways

19. Management
Goals
Eradication of the offending organism.
0 Selection of an appropriate antibiotic.
0 To minimize associated morbidity.

20. Respiratory Support

21. Antibiotic Therapy
Many classes of antibiotics can treat pneumonia.
Which antibiotic your doctor chooses generally will be based
on:
Age,symptoms,Severity and type of bacteria may be causing
your pneumonia.

22. The table below presents first- and second-line antibiotic choices for specific
organisms that cause bacterial pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin
susceptible
(MIC < 2 mcg/mL)
Penicillin G,
amoxicillin
Macrolide,
cephalosporin (oral
or parenteral),
clindamycin,
doxycycline,
respiratory
fluoroquinolone
Penicillin resistant
(MIC ≥2 mcg/mL)
Agents chosen on
the basis of
sensitivity
Vancomycin,
linezolid, high-dose
amoxicillin (3 g/d
with MIC ≤4
mcg/mL

23. Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin
susceptible
Antistaphylococcal
penicillin
Cefazolin,
clindamycin
Methicillin resistant
Vancomycin,
linezolid
Trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole

24. Haemophilus influenzae
Non–beta-
lactamase
producing
Amoxicillin
Fluoroquinolone,
doxycycline,
azithromycin,
clarithromycin
Beta-lactamase
producing
Second- or third-
generation
cephalosporin,
amoxicillin/clavulan
ate
Fluoroquinolone,
doxycycline,
azithromycin,
clarithromycin

25. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Macrolide, tetracycline Fluoroquinolone
Chlamydophila
pneumoniae
Macrolide, tetracycline Fluoroquinolone
Legionella species
Fluoroquinolone,
azithromycin
Doxycycline
Chlamydophila psittaci Tetracycline Macrolide