Bronchial Asthma
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Bronchial asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. The primary physiological manifestation is variable airway obstruction. Pathologically, asthma is defined as a disorder of the airways characterized by chronic inflammation with infiltration of lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells. Asthma has many potential triggers including allergens, infections, pollutants, exercise and emotions.
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Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by varying degrees of reversible airway obstruction. It is triggered by allergens, infections, pollution and other irritants. The pathophysiology involves bronchospasm and airway inflammation. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow after bronchodilator treatment. Management focuses on controlling triggers, medications to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation, and patient education on proper use of inhalers.
Bronchial Asthma
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, classifications, investigations, management, and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible obstruction. The summary is as follows:
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible obstruction that manifests with attacks of dyspnea, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness.
2. It has a complex etiology involving both environmental and genetic factors.
3. The pathophysiology involves an immune response triggered by allergens that leads to inflammation and constriction of the airways.
Bronchial asthma
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It then discusses the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic objectives of asthma. The mainstay of treatment involves reliever medications like short-acting beta-agonists for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to control inflammation and reduce exacerbations. The document outlines the specific drug classes used for treatment, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, anti-IgE, and anti-IL5 monoclonal antibodies
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment
Bronchial asthma and it's management
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
cough and dyspnea
This document discusses cough, its mechanism, phases, pathophysiology and approach to patients presenting with cough. It defines cough and outlines its mechanism as a sudden expiratory thrust interrupting breathing. It describes the inspiratory, compressive and expulsive phases of cough. The pathophysiology involves cough receptors in the airways activating afferent nerves that signal the cough center in the brainstem. A detailed history and examination is important to determine the cause and duration of cough. Common causes of acute, subacute and chronic cough are outlined. Investigations including sputum examination, chest imaging and pulmonary function tests may help diagnose the specific condition. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with additional options for antitussive agents
Upper respiratory infections
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections, including their anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, larynx, and trachea. Infections in this area are very common and are usually caused by viruses like the common cold virus. Symptoms include cough, runny nose, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Specific infections discussed include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, with antibiotics only used for bacterial infections. Nursing care involves education on medication use, humidification, avoiding irritants and rest.
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Recommended
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by varying degrees of reversible airway obstruction. It is triggered by allergens, infections, pollution and other irritants. The pathophysiology involves bronchospasm and airway inflammation. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is based on patient history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow after bronchodilator treatment. Management focuses on controlling triggers, medications to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation, and patient education on proper use of inhalers.
Bronchial Asthma
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, classifications, investigations, management, and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible obstruction. The summary is as follows:
1. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible obstruction that manifests with attacks of dyspnea, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness.
2. It has a complex etiology involving both environmental and genetic factors.
3. The pathophysiology involves an immune response triggered by allergens that leads to inflammation and constriction of the airways.
Bronchial asthma
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It then discusses the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic objectives of asthma. The mainstay of treatment involves reliever medications like short-acting beta-agonists for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to control inflammation and reduce exacerbations. The document outlines the specific drug classes used for treatment, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, anti-IgE, and anti-IL5 monoclonal antibodies
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment
Bronchial asthma and it's management
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
cough and dyspnea
This document discusses cough, its mechanism, phases, pathophysiology and approach to patients presenting with cough. It defines cough and outlines its mechanism as a sudden expiratory thrust interrupting breathing. It describes the inspiratory, compressive and expulsive phases of cough. The pathophysiology involves cough receptors in the airways activating afferent nerves that signal the cough center in the brainstem. A detailed history and examination is important to determine the cause and duration of cough. Common causes of acute, subacute and chronic cough are outlined. Investigations including sputum examination, chest imaging and pulmonary function tests may help diagnose the specific condition. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, with additional options for antitussive agents
Upper respiratory infections
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections, including their anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, larynx, and trachea. Infections in this area are very common and are usually caused by viruses like the common cold virus. Symptoms include cough, runny nose, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Specific infections discussed include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, with antibiotics only used for bacterial infections. Nursing care involves education on medication use, humidification, avoiding irritants and rest.
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Emphysema (COPD)
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. It develops due to long-term exposure to irritants that destroy the walls of the alveoli, reducing their ability to effectively exchange gases. The main cause is long-term cigarette smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and fatigue. The damage can be seen on chest X-rays and lung function tests. While it has no cure, treatments aim to improve symptoms and lung function through quitting smoking, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation.
Asthma
Simple Presentation on medical condition "asthma".
The presentation includes cause, prevention, and treatment of Asthma.
Used various references which are already mentioned in the presentation and various sources.
Hope the presentation will be of any help.
Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways involving various cells. The pathophysiology involves acute and chronic inflammation from triggers like allergens. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exam, and lung function tests showing reversible airflow obstruction. Management focuses on education, environmental control, and a stepped pharmacologic approach including bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
Bronchial Asthma in Pediatric
An old presentation that I made when I was an Intern in Pediatric department.
The presentation contains 71 slides. It discusses bronchial asthma in pediatric age group starting from the definition of bronchial asthma and its pathophysiology and ending by the management of acute attacks of asthma and long-term management of bronchial asthma patients.
Bronchial asthama
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Approach to chronic cough in children
* what to ask in chronic cough
* what investigations you would send
* characters of cough
* specific cough pointers
* undergraduate seminar in pediatrics
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by airway inflammation and constriction. It is the most common chronic childhood illness, with 50% of cases beginning before age 10. An asthma attack can be life-threatening and lead to respiratory failure if not properly treated. Nurses play an important role in quickly assessing severity, administering bronchodilators and other medications, monitoring the patient, providing education on triggers and ongoing management. The goals of treatment are to maintain normal lung function and prevent exacerbations and adverse effects of medications.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses. It causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid or pus, making breathing difficult. There are several types of pneumonia defined by their causes, including bacterial, viral, aspiration, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests and treated with antibiotics, oxygen, cough medication, and breathing exercises. Complications can include pleural effusion, abscesses, or spread of infection to the blood or brain.
Asthma
This document discusses asthma, including its classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and dietary recommendations. It defines asthma as an inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It classifies asthma as chronic or acute severe and extrinsic or intrinsic. The pathophysiology involves inflammation, airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and dietary changes like increasing antioxidant intake.
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Pneumonia
THE slides cover all the basic information regarding pneumonia including nursing management#MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING
Bronchial Asthma: Definition,Pathophysiology and Management
Definition and Pathophysiology of Asthma in addition to classification and recent updates in the management of asthma based on GINA-2019 Guidelines, by Dr. Marco Makram.
ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The pathophysiology involves activation of mast cells and macrophages by inhaled allergens, leading to airway inflammation and constriction. Clinical presentations range from mild intermittent symptoms to severe acute exacerbations. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and spirometry showing reversible airflow obstruction. Treatment involves patient education, environmental control, pharmacotherapy including short-acting beta-agonists, and management of acute exacerbations with supplemental oxygen and hydration.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in young children caused primarily by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It leads to inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and symptoms like wheezing. Risk factors for more severe disease include prematurity, lung or heart conditions. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support as needed. While symptoms often improve in a few weeks, bronchiolitis is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma later in childhood. Prevention strategies include handwashing, avoiding tobacco smoke, and immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants.
EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is caused by environmental triggers like dust, pollen, or viruses. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and tests like spirometry. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms using long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help patients live normal, active lives with minimal asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Asthma
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airway narrowing and obstruction. The pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, wall thickening, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in response to stimuli. Differential diagnoses include other lung diseases, infections, and restrictive lung disorders. Treatment involves inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Management is stepped up or down based on asthma control and severity.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing due to bronchospasm and airway obstruction. The symptoms are usually triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air or other stimuli and are at least partially reversible with treatment. It is caused by an inflammatory response in the airways mediated by TH2 cells and mast cells leading to increased mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy and bronchospasm. Common types include atopic asthma triggered by environmental allergens and non-atopic asthma triggered by respiratory infections.
Asthma
Adult asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It has been recognized since ancient times, with descriptions in Homer's Iliad and by Hippocrates. The understanding of asthma has evolved over centuries, with recognition of its inflammatory component in the 1960s. Asthma prevalence has increased 61% in recent decades and results in significant morbidity. It is classified based on severity and triggers. Pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include cough, wheeze, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Physical exam may reveal wheezing and prolonged expiration.
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Emphysema (COPD)
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. It develops due to long-term exposure to irritants that destroy the walls of the alveoli, reducing their ability to effectively exchange gases. The main cause is long-term cigarette smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and fatigue. The damage can be seen on chest X-rays and lung function tests. While it has no cure, treatments aim to improve symptoms and lung function through quitting smoking, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation.
Asthma
Simple Presentation on medical condition "asthma".
The presentation includes cause, prevention, and treatment of Asthma.
Used various references which are already mentioned in the presentation and various sources.
Hope the presentation will be of any help.
Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways involving various cells. The pathophysiology involves acute and chronic inflammation from triggers like allergens. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exam, and lung function tests showing reversible airflow obstruction. Management focuses on education, environmental control, and a stepped pharmacologic approach including bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids.
Bronchial Asthma in Pediatric
An old presentation that I made when I was an Intern in Pediatric department.
The presentation contains 71 slides. It discusses bronchial asthma in pediatric age group starting from the definition of bronchial asthma and its pathophysiology and ending by the management of acute attacks of asthma and long-term management of bronchial asthma patients.
Bronchial asthama
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Approach to chronic cough in children
* what to ask in chronic cough
* what investigations you would send
* characters of cough
* specific cough pointers
* undergraduate seminar in pediatrics
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by airway inflammation and constriction. It is the most common chronic childhood illness, with 50% of cases beginning before age 10. An asthma attack can be life-threatening and lead to respiratory failure if not properly treated. Nurses play an important role in quickly assessing severity, administering bronchodilators and other medications, monitoring the patient, providing education on triggers and ongoing management. The goals of treatment are to maintain normal lung function and prevent exacerbations and adverse effects of medications.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses. It causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid or pus, making breathing difficult. There are several types of pneumonia defined by their causes, including bacterial, viral, aspiration, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests and treated with antibiotics, oxygen, cough medication, and breathing exercises. Complications can include pleural effusion, abscesses, or spread of infection to the blood or brain.
Asthma
This document discusses asthma, including its classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and dietary recommendations. It defines asthma as an inflammatory airway disorder causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It classifies asthma as chronic or acute severe and extrinsic or intrinsic. The pathophysiology involves inflammation, airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Treatment includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and dietary changes like increasing antioxidant intake.
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Pneumonia
THE slides cover all the basic information regarding pneumonia including nursing management#MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING
Bronchial Asthma: Definition,Pathophysiology and Management
Definition and Pathophysiology of Asthma in addition to classification and recent updates in the management of asthma based on GINA-2019 Guidelines, by Dr. Marco Makram.
ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
Asthma
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The pathophysiology involves activation of mast cells and macrophages by inhaled allergens, leading to airway inflammation and constriction. Clinical presentations range from mild intermittent symptoms to severe acute exacerbations. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and spirometry showing reversible airflow obstruction. Treatment involves patient education, environmental control, pharmacotherapy including short-acting beta-agonists, and management of acute exacerbations with supplemental oxygen and hydration.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection in young children caused primarily by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It leads to inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and symptoms like wheezing. Risk factors for more severe disease include prematurity, lung or heart conditions. Treatment is supportive with oxygen, fluids, and respiratory support as needed. While symptoms often improve in a few weeks, bronchiolitis is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing and asthma later in childhood. Prevention strategies include handwashing, avoiding tobacco smoke, and immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants.
EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is caused by environmental triggers like dust, pollen, or viruses. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and tests like spirometry. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms using long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help patients live normal, active lives with minimal asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Asthma
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airway narrowing and obstruction. The pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, wall thickening, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in response to stimuli. Differential diagnoses include other lung diseases, infections, and restrictive lung disorders. Treatment involves inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Management is stepped up or down based on asthma control and severity.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
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Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing due to bronchospasm and airway obstruction. The symptoms are usually triggered by allergens, exercise, cold air or other stimuli and are at least partially reversible with treatment. It is caused by an inflammatory response in the airways mediated by TH2 cells and mast cells leading to increased mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy and bronchospasm. Common types include atopic asthma triggered by environmental allergens and non-atopic asthma triggered by respiratory infections.
Asthma
Adult asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It has been recognized since ancient times, with descriptions in Homer's Iliad and by Hippocrates. The understanding of asthma has evolved over centuries, with recognition of its inflammatory component in the 1960s. Asthma prevalence has increased 61% in recent decades and results in significant morbidity. It is classified based on severity and triggers. Pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness. Common symptoms include cough, wheeze, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Physical exam may reveal wheezing and prolonged expiration.
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This document discusses different asthma phenotypes and endotypes. It defines phenotypes as observable characteristics of a disease and endotypes as distinct subtypes defined by underlying mechanisms. Several asthma phenotypes are described, including early-onset allergic asthma characterized by atopy and eosinophilia, late-onset persistent eosinophilic asthma associated with severe exacerbations, and exercise-induced asthma related to TH2 processes. Non-TH2 asthma phenotypes such as obesity-related and neutrophilic asthma are also covered, noting their poor response to corticosteroids and involvement of innate immune responses. Distinguishing phenotypes and endotypes is important for prognosis, treatment targeting, and understanding disease mechanisms.
Update in Central Neuraxial Blockade in Pediatrics
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Anaesthetic Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatrics
This document discusses the anesthetic management of pediatric diabetes mellitus. The key goals are providing balanced glycemic control to avoid hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Various insulin regimens and preparations are outlined. Preoperative assessment focuses on blood glucose, metabolic control, and electrolyte balance. Intraoperatively, blood glucose is closely monitored and IV insulin may be used. Postoperatively, the child's usual insulin or oral medication regimen is restarted once oral intake resumes. Hypoglycemia is avoided through careful glucose monitoring during all phases of care.
Cuffed vs Uncuffed Endotrachael Tubes in Pediatric Anesthesia
The document discusses the debate around using cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric anesthesia. It summarizes the traditional view that uncuffed tubes should be used in children under 8-10 years old due to laryngeal anatomy. However, recent research shows the pediatric airway is more cylindrical than funnel-shaped, and the glottis is usually narrower than the cricoid. Studies find cuffed tubes can create a reliable seal, reduce the need for tube changes, and do not increase risk of post-extubation stridor compared to uncuffed tubes. Most textbooks now acknowledge cuffed tubes can be used safely in children of all ages if appropriately sized and monitored. The author concludes cuffed tubes should be
Quitting Smoking
The document provides information on how to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so. It states that within 20 minutes of quitting, heart rate drops and carbon monoxide levels return to normal. Various health risks are reduced over time, with stroke risk decreasing to that of a non-smoker within 5-15 years. It also outlines 5 steps to quitting smoking: getting ready, getting support, learning new skills, using medication if recommended, and avoiding relapse. Managing withdrawal symptoms and cravings is important, as is getting support and being prepared to make lifestyle changes. Quitting smoking significantly improves long term health and life expectancy.
Problem Based Learning in Pediatric Anesthesia
This document discusses the anesthetic approach for a 4 year old girl requiring a lumbar puncture who has a history of cough and fever. It recommends doing the case today with precautions to ensure safety. It also discusses causes, presentation, compression risks, evaluation, and anesthetic management of mediastinal masses in children, noting the high risk of cardio-respiratory complications during anesthesia. The objective in managing these cases is to minimize airway and cardiovascular compression through strategies like steroids, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, securing the airway, maintaining spontaneous breathing, and having facilities for decompression.
Problem Based Discussion in Pediatric Anesthesia
A 4 week old infant weighing 4.5kg is presenting with bilious vomiting for 24 hours and requires another laparotomy for malrotation repair. The surgeons want to take the infant to theatre that night after performing a circumcision on a 5 year old child. The document discusses assessing the infant's history and condition, preparing for the surgery including fluid resuscitation and monitoring, planning anesthesia and analgesia, considerations for critical care, and postoperative care.
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This document discusses anti-inflammatory agents and cough suppressants used to treat asthma. It outlines the pathogenesis of asthma as an inflammatory condition involving the airways. Treatment involves bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents like glucocorticoids that decrease cytokine formation and inhibit aspects of inflammation. Cough suppressants work by depressing the cough center in the brainstem and include opioids like codeine and dextromethorphan and pholcodine that have fewer side effects than codeine.
Smoking Cessation
1) Smoking is an addiction caused by nicotine binding to acetylcholine receptors in the brain. This results in the release of dopamine and creates dependence.
2) Smoking cessation requires motivation, easing withdrawal symptoms, and preventing relapse as smoking is a chronic disease similar to other disorders.
3) Effective smoking cessation approaches include counseling and pharmacotherapy. Combining the two gives the best results, such as using nicotine replacements and drugs like varenicline.
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This document discusses pediatric airway surgery, including:
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This document discusses anesthesia considerations for neonates and infants under 1 year of age undergoing surgery. It covers age-specific anatomical and physiological differences, preoperative evaluation and preparation, induction and maintenance techniques, monitoring, fluid management, temperature control, and postoperative care. Special conditions like congenital anomalies requiring surgery are also reviewed.
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Update in Central Neuraxial Blockade in Pediatrics
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Anesthetic management of Tracheo Esophageal fistula and Eosphageal Atresia
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Anaesthetic Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatrics
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Cuffed vs Uncuffed Endotrachael Tubes in Pediatric Anesthesia
Anti inflammatory agents used in asthma and cough suppressants
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COPD Lecture 9 spirometry of obstructive lung diseases
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. It affects millions of people worldwide and rates are increasing. While there is no cure, asthma can be controlled through avoiding triggers, medications like inhalers, and patient education. Proper management focuses on preventing symptoms and exacerbations to minimize impact on daily life.
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Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by widespread reversible airway obstruction. It is common, usually starts early in life, and has both genetic and environmental causes like allergens and viruses. Physically, it presents with symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and avoiding triggers to prevent attacks while chronic maintenance therapy is also needed. Complications can occur if not properly treated.
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Ultrasound has many advantages for critically ill patients in the ICU. It enables rapid, repeated, and inexpensive bedside evaluation. There are two main probe types: B-mode produces 2D images while M-mode shows motion over time, analogous to video. Ultrasound can assess volume status by measuring the diameter and collapse of the inferior vena cava. It can diagnose pneumothorax by lung sliding signs or stratosphere and seashore artifacts. Ultrasound is also used for vascular access, intubation, diaphragm assessment, and identifying pleural effusions and hemothorax. Critical care physicians should receive training to utilize ultrasound's benefits for critically ill patients.
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Sequelae & Complications of Pneumonectomy
Pneumonectomy, or surgical removal of an entire lung, carries several potential sequelae and complications. Post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema, which occurs within 72 hours of surgery and has a mortality rate over 50%, may be due to high oxygen levels or reperfusion injury. Over months, the remaining lung expands and the mediastinum shifts to fill the space, potentially leading to post-pneumonectomy syndrome through tracheal compression years later. Pulmonary function generally declines less than 50% with FEV1 and FVC decreasing the least. Mortality risk depends on preoperative lung function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise capacity.
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