briefly explained RTI

1. WELCOME

2. LESSON PLAN
ON
ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS

3. GUIDED BY
PRESENTESD BY
MS.JHANSI RUTH MADAM MS.D.BHARGAVI
PRINCIPAL AMERICAN NRI B.SC NURSING 4TH
COLLEGE OF NURSING YEAR

4. INTRODUCTION

5. INTRODUCTION
Infections of the respiratory tract
are perhaps the most common human
ailgnment. While they are a source of
discomfort, disability and loss of time
for most adults they are a substantial
cause of morbidity and mortality in
young children and elderly.

7. DEFINITION

8. DEFINITION
Acute respiratory infections may cause
inflammation respiratory system
including the nose, throat, sinuses,
Eustachian tubes, trachea, larynx and
bronchial tubes with wide range of
combination of symptoms and signs.

9. INCIDENCE

10. INCIDENCE
Epidemiology of ARI nearly 25% of all
deaths among children less than 5 years of
age. Every year ARI in young children is
responsible for an estimated 3.9 deaths in
world wide. 90% of ARI deaths due to
pneumonia.
In India 13% of patients
deaths in peadiatric ward. During the
2011 about 2.3 million cases are
reported which gives an incidence of
about 2,179 cases per lakh population

11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS

12. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Agent:
bacteria, virus
Host: Environmental
Small children, factors:
Malnourished children over crowding

13. CAUSES
CAUSES

14. CAUSES
Adenovirus causes ARI.
Pneumococcus causes pneumonia
Rhinovirus are the source of common cold.
Bacteria : Bordetella pertussis
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Hemophilus influenza
Klebsiella pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia
staphylococcus pyogens

15. Viruses: Enteroviruses
Influenza A, B, C
Measles
Coronovirus
Other agents: chlymidia type-b
mycoplasm pneumonia
coxiella burntti (Q-FEVER)

16. CLASSIFICATION

17. CLASSIFICATION
1. Acute upper respiratory infections
i. Rhinitis
ii. Otitis media
iii. Pharyngitis
iv. Tonsillitis

18. 2. Acute lower respiratory infections
i. Epiglottis
ii. Laryngitis
iii. Laryngotracheitis
iv. Bronchitis
v. Bronchiolitis
vi. pneumonia

19. RHINITIS

20. RHINITIS
It is the inflammation of the nose.
Causes: it is caused by 200 different
types of viruses. The most common
group are
Rhinoviruses
Coronaviruses
By inhalation

22. Clinical manifestations:
• fatigue
• Emotional stress
• Running nose
• Fever, chills
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Nasal congestion
• Hoarseness

23. Diagnosis: Through throat culture and by
observing symptoms.
Treatment:
Anti histamines
Decongestants
pain relievers(eg: aspirin)

25. PHARYNGITIS
It is an inflammation of the
pharynx. It may include the tonsils,
palate and vulva.
Incidence: Approximately 70% of cases
are reported as viral Pharyngitis. 5-15%
of adults are reported.
Causes: It can be caused by a viral,
bacterial, fungal infections
 prolonged use of antibiotics.

27. Clinical manifestations:
Scratchy throat
Pain is severe during swallowing
Fever and joint pains
Edematous pharynx
Diagnostic evaluation:
Culture
streptococcus antigen test
Treatment: Anti inflammatory drugs
Acetaminophen
prednisolone

28. TONSILLITIS

29. TONSILITIS
It is an inflammation of the
tonsils which are small glands associated
at the back of our throat.
Causes:
 Viruses e.g.: Measles, influenza
viruses etc...
 Bacteria: Group A beta hemolytic
Streptococcus, corynebacterium
Diptheria

31.  Fungi: Candida albicans.
Clinical manifestations:
• Fever
• Head ache
• Malaise, chest pain
• Shortness of breath on exertion
• Expiratory wheezing
Diagnostic studies:
Chest x-Ray
History
Physical examination

32. Treatment:
Antibiotics
Anti inflammatory agents
Cough suppressants.
bronchodilators
Antiviral drugs

33. Complications:
 pneumonia
Heart problems
Lung problems

34. LARYNGITIS

35. LARYNGITIS
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the
voice cord in the voice box.
Causes:
Common cold
Over use of vocal cords by talking
Singing , shouting
Gastro esophageal reflux disease.
Smoking
Exposure to polluted air

37. Clinical manifestation
Hoarseness
Loss of voice
Sore throat
Pain with swallowing
Feeling fullness of throat , neck
Fever , cough
Swollen lymph nodes

38. Diagnostic evaluation:
History
Laryngoscopy
Biopsy
CT scan
MRI
Chest x-ray
Treatment;
Pain medications
PCM or ibuprofen
Antibiotics
Pencillin , clarithromycin

39. Complications:
 GERD
 Pneumonia
 Vocal card paraylisis
 Chronic bronchitis

41. BRONCHITIS;
Bronchitis is a inflammation of the bronchi in
the lower respiratory tract due to bacteria
or viruses infection
Causes:
Viruses eg: rhinoviruses, influenza
Bacterial eg: streptococcus pneumonia,
hemophilus
Smoking
Rhinitis,pharyngitis
Mucoid sputum
Purulent sputum
Dust, fumes, vapors,
Air pollution

43. Types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitis: it is a shorter illness
that commonly follows a cold or viral
infection. It is usually a few days or
weeks.
Chronic bronchitis: is a serious ongoing
illness characterized by a persistent ,
mucus producing cough that lasts longer
than 3months out of year for more than
2 years.

44. Clinical manifestations:
Persistent cough which may produce
mucus
Wheezing
Low fever and chills
Chest tightening
Sore throat
Breathlessness

45. Diagnostic evaluation:
 History, physical examination
 Chest x-ray
 Pulmonary lung function test
 Blood tests
Treatment:
 Cough suppressants, Antibiotics
 Pain relievers, Mucolytics
 Bronchodilators,
 Anti inflammatory medicines
Complication : pneumonia

46. PNEUMONIA

47. PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is defined as an
infection in the lung parenchyma.
Causes:
Virus, bacteria or fungi
Most common bacteria streptococcus
pneumonia, influenza virus.
Inhalation of toxic chemicals
Life style factors-smoking, alcohol
Impaired immune system

48. Types of pneumonia:
They are 5 major types of
pneumonia.
1. Bacterial pneumonia:
It affects anyone at any age it is
caused by streptococcus pneumonia.
2.Viral pneumonia:
In most cases respiratory
viruses can cause pneumonia especially
in young children and elderly It is
caused by flu virus.

49. 3.Mycoplasma pneumonia:
It can occur by mycoplasma
organisms which are not viruses or bacteria
but they have traits common to both.
Other types:
I. Alveolar pneumonia: it is defined as the
inflammation mainly intra alveolar.
II.Intestitial pneumonia: it is usually
diffused and bilateral. It is caused by
viruses and mycoplasma pneumonia.

53. Clinical manifestations:
Hospital acquired pneumonia:
o Fever , chills
o Dry cough
o Wheezing
o Muscle aches
o Nausea
o Vomiting
o Difficulty in breathing
o Rapid heart rate , chest pain.

55. Diagnostic evaluation:
• History , physical examination
• Chest x-ray
• Complete blood count
• CT scan of the chest
• Examining the sputum
• Pulse oximetry
• Bronchoscopy
• Bacteriological study

57. Treatment:
Bacterial pneumonia:
Antibiotics are used to
treat this type of pneumonia .
Viral pneumonia:
Antibiotics won’t respond if a
virus is the cause of pneumonia.
.however certain antibiotic drugs can
help to treat within 3 weeks.
eg:tamiflu.

58. Nursing management:
Monitor respiratory status every 2
hours
Give appropriate o2 therapy.
Give comfortable position (fowler’s
position)
Create comfortable environment.
Monitor Blood gas analysis.
Observe level of consciousness.
Prevent the occurrence of fatigue.
Maintain normal body fluids.
Maintain intake output chart.

59. Prevention:
Any one with DM, asthma and other
severe or chronic health problems is at
risk for pneumonia.
It can be prevented with vaccines
against bacterial pneumonia and flu.
Keep a healthy immune system through
proper rest, diet and exercise.
Immunization for children and adults.

60.  Pneumonia vaccine
 Influenza vaccine
Staying away from people who have a
cold, measles, chicken pox.
Wash the hands to prevent spread of
viruses and bacteria.

61. Complications:
• Sepsis
• Pleural effusion
• Empyema
• Lung abscess
• Bacteria in the blood stream
(Bacteremia)
• Difficulty in breathing.

66. THANK
YOU