World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
The document summarizes the work of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF) on Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM). It discusses TSBF's goals, definition of ISFM, impact zones, activities, progress against outputs in different crop systems, collaboration with CRPs, statistics on funding and challenges, and future plans. The overall aim is to improve livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa through sustainable agricultural production systems based on ISFM principles.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
The document summarizes the work of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF) on Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM). It discusses TSBF's goals, definition of ISFM, impact zones, activities, progress against outputs in different crop systems, collaboration with CRPs, statistics on funding and challenges, and future plans. The overall aim is to improve livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa through sustainable agricultural production systems based on ISFM principles.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
This document summarizes a student's research project on the effects of weed competition on the growth and yield of maize. The student aims to determine the impact of weed emergence patterns, duration of weed competition, and optimal time of weeding on maize growth rate and yield. A literature review covers descriptions of maize and its ecological requirements, characteristics of weeds and their negative impacts on maize through competition for resources and hindering harvesting. The experiment will be conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania to evaluate yield losses from weeds at different stages of maize development.
Agronomic approaches for managing drought stress include:
1. Choosing drought tolerant crop varieties that escape drought conditions through early flowering.
2. Adjusting planting dates to avoid drought periods. Delaying sowing dates can reduce yield.
3. Optimizing sowing depths from 4-8 cm depending on the crop to maximize yields.
4. Seed priming treatments like water soaking or salt solutions can improve seed germination and establishment.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Title: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): New Agronomy for Rice Production
Poster by: SRI-Rice
Date: November 10-15, 2015
[Poster presented at the 2015 Agritechnica Conference in Hanover, Germany.]
This document discusses recent developments in teff production in Ethiopia. It begins by explaining the economic and dietary importance of teff as Ethiopia's most important cereal crop, which is a staple food for over 50 million people. It then outlines some of the main production constraints of teff such as low yields due to lodging, labor-intensive practices, and lack of government investment. The document proposes several innovative approaches to address these constraints, such as reduced planting density, mechanization, irrigation, fertilization, and conventional and non-conventional breeding. It concludes by highlighting some promising new tools and technologies being tested, and calls for further work and funding to realize teff's unexploited potential.
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield of sorghum. The study consisted of different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied to two soil types and measured various growth parameters. The results showed that irrigation regimes of 100% and 75% performed better in terms of growth, water use efficiency, and economic returns compared to 50% and 25% deficit irrigation. Additionally, there were some interaction effects observed between deficit irrigation and soil type. Overall, the study recommends the use of 75% regulated deficit irrigation for optimizing sorghum growth in this agricultural zone.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Achieving self sufficiency in pulse p...ICRISAT
On average, over the last three years Indian’s consumed approximately 22 million tonnes of pulses per annum but produced only 18 million tonnes, leaving a shortfall of 4 million tonnes.Pulse self-sufficiency means food security, greater wealth for Indian farmers and a more favourable balance of trade for the nation.Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health problem in India. The prevalence of stunting among under fives is 48% and wasting is 19.8% and with an underweight prevalence of 42.5%, it is the highest in the world.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Production of food in resource-constrained environments that have poor inherent soil nutrition depends on tillage and cropping systems that provide high yields, preserve soil, water and biodiversity. This research was conducted in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana, during the 2015-2016 cropping seasons to evaluate the impact of tillage and cropping systems on sustainable production of maize and soybean by resource-poor farmers. The experiment was a split-split plot design with four replications. The factors consisted of tillage system at three levels (plough, ripping and direct-seeding) laid out as main plots, fertilizer rate at three levels (0 kg/ha, half the recommended rate of 30-15-15 kg/ha and the recommended optimum rate of 60-30-30 kg/ha NPK) laid as sub-plots and cropping system at two levels (sole maize, maize-soybean intercrop) laid on the sub-sub plot. Apart from leaf area that had significant three-way interaction of tillage, cropping system and fertilizer rate (p < 0.05), all other growth parameters were affected by either two factor interaction or a sole factor. Grain yield of maize was significantly influenced by sole maize and fertilizer rate with highest yield occurring under the full rate (3.4 t/ha) compared with the half rate (2.7 t/ha), amounting to yield difference of about 700 kg/ha. Yield of soybean under the integrated production was affected by interaction of tillage system and fertilizer rate. Highest soybean yield (1.4 t/ha) was recorded under the ploughed condition at the full rate of fertilizer application. Though sole maize, ploughed and with full rate of fertilizer application, gave similar benefit/cost ratio as that of the integrated production with half rate of fertilizer application, the intercropped system with half fertilizer rate resulted in 45% more increases in profit compared to the sole production with full fertilizer rate. Integrated production of maize and soybean, with half the recommended rate of NPK (30-15-15 kg/ha) is therefore recommended to resource-poor farmers in northern Ghana.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Integrated soil fertility management: definition and impact on productivity a...SIANI
This document discusses integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in sub-Saharan Africa. It defines ISFM as the application of soil fertility practices adapted to local conditions, including the use of fertilizer, organic inputs, and improved crops, to maximize nutrient use efficiency and productivity. The paper explores: (1) expected fertilizer responses under different soil types; (2) combining organic resources with fertilizer; and (3) adapting practices to local conditions like soil acidity or drought. Examples are provided for sorghum, millet, legume-maize, and cassava systems. Both crop yields and soil carbon impacts of ISFM are examined.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Lowland rice water stress management in GhanaPatrickTanz
This study investigated the effects of different water saving management methods on the growth, yield, and water productivity of lowland rice. The treatments included continuous flooding (control), flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading, and alternate wetting and drying until booting followed by flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading. Results showed that withholding water 20 days after heading (treatment 5) saved 24.3% and 25.2% of water in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while producing similar grain yields as the continuously flooded control. Treatment 5 was the most water efficient method with no reduction in yield.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
This document summarizes a student's research project on the effects of weed competition on the growth and yield of maize. The student aims to determine the impact of weed emergence patterns, duration of weed competition, and optimal time of weeding on maize growth rate and yield. A literature review covers descriptions of maize and its ecological requirements, characteristics of weeds and their negative impacts on maize through competition for resources and hindering harvesting. The experiment will be conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania to evaluate yield losses from weeds at different stages of maize development.
Agronomic approaches for managing drought stress include:
1. Choosing drought tolerant crop varieties that escape drought conditions through early flowering.
2. Adjusting planting dates to avoid drought periods. Delaying sowing dates can reduce yield.
3. Optimizing sowing depths from 4-8 cm depending on the crop to maximize yields.
4. Seed priming treatments like water soaking or salt solutions can improve seed germination and establishment.
Effect of partial rootzone drying technique on yield and yield components of ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) irrigation techniques on yield and yield components of sorghum grown on two soil types. PRD consisted of four irrigation regimes with varying levels of irrigation (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%). The study found that sorghum grown under 100% and 75% irrigation regimes had higher yields and yield components compared to the 50% and 25% regimes. Water use efficiency was also highest under the 100% regime. There were no significant differences between the soil types. Economically, the 100% and 75% irrigation regimes were more profitable due to higher yields. Therefore, the study concluded that PRD irrigation can optimize sorghum production in semi-arid regions
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Title: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): New Agronomy for Rice Production
Poster by: SRI-Rice
Date: November 10-15, 2015
[Poster presented at the 2015 Agritechnica Conference in Hanover, Germany.]
This document discusses recent developments in teff production in Ethiopia. It begins by explaining the economic and dietary importance of teff as Ethiopia's most important cereal crop, which is a staple food for over 50 million people. It then outlines some of the main production constraints of teff such as low yields due to lodging, labor-intensive practices, and lack of government investment. The document proposes several innovative approaches to address these constraints, such as reduced planting density, mechanization, irrigation, fertilization, and conventional and non-conventional breeding. It concludes by highlighting some promising new tools and technologies being tested, and calls for further work and funding to realize teff's unexploited potential.
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of sorghumAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield of sorghum. The study consisted of different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of full irrigation) applied to two soil types and measured various growth parameters. The results showed that irrigation regimes of 100% and 75% performed better in terms of growth, water use efficiency, and economic returns compared to 50% and 25% deficit irrigation. Additionally, there were some interaction effects observed between deficit irrigation and soil type. Overall, the study recommends the use of 75% regulated deficit irrigation for optimizing sorghum growth in this agricultural zone.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Achieving self sufficiency in pulse p...ICRISAT
On average, over the last three years Indian’s consumed approximately 22 million tonnes of pulses per annum but produced only 18 million tonnes, leaving a shortfall of 4 million tonnes.Pulse self-sufficiency means food security, greater wealth for Indian farmers and a more favourable balance of trade for the nation.Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health problem in India. The prevalence of stunting among under fives is 48% and wasting is 19.8% and with an underweight prevalence of 42.5%, it is the highest in the world.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Production of food in resource-constrained environments that have poor inherent soil nutrition depends on tillage and cropping systems that provide high yields, preserve soil, water and biodiversity. This research was conducted in the Guinea savannah agroecology of Ghana, during the 2015-2016 cropping seasons to evaluate the impact of tillage and cropping systems on sustainable production of maize and soybean by resource-poor farmers. The experiment was a split-split plot design with four replications. The factors consisted of tillage system at three levels (plough, ripping and direct-seeding) laid out as main plots, fertilizer rate at three levels (0 kg/ha, half the recommended rate of 30-15-15 kg/ha and the recommended optimum rate of 60-30-30 kg/ha NPK) laid as sub-plots and cropping system at two levels (sole maize, maize-soybean intercrop) laid on the sub-sub plot. Apart from leaf area that had significant three-way interaction of tillage, cropping system and fertilizer rate (p < 0.05), all other growth parameters were affected by either two factor interaction or a sole factor. Grain yield of maize was significantly influenced by sole maize and fertilizer rate with highest yield occurring under the full rate (3.4 t/ha) compared with the half rate (2.7 t/ha), amounting to yield difference of about 700 kg/ha. Yield of soybean under the integrated production was affected by interaction of tillage system and fertilizer rate. Highest soybean yield (1.4 t/ha) was recorded under the ploughed condition at the full rate of fertilizer application. Though sole maize, ploughed and with full rate of fertilizer application, gave similar benefit/cost ratio as that of the integrated production with half rate of fertilizer application, the intercropped system with half fertilizer rate resulted in 45% more increases in profit compared to the sole production with full fertilizer rate. Integrated production of maize and soybean, with half the recommended rate of NPK (30-15-15 kg/ha) is therefore recommended to resource-poor farmers in northern Ghana.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Integrated soil fertility management: definition and impact on productivity a...SIANI
This document discusses integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) in sub-Saharan Africa. It defines ISFM as the application of soil fertility practices adapted to local conditions, including the use of fertilizer, organic inputs, and improved crops, to maximize nutrient use efficiency and productivity. The paper explores: (1) expected fertilizer responses under different soil types; (2) combining organic resources with fertilizer; and (3) adapting practices to local conditions like soil acidity or drought. Examples are provided for sorghum, millet, legume-maize, and cassava systems. Both crop yields and soil carbon impacts of ISFM are examined.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Lowland rice water stress management in GhanaPatrickTanz
This study investigated the effects of different water saving management methods on the growth, yield, and water productivity of lowland rice. The treatments included continuous flooding (control), flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading, and alternate wetting and drying until booting followed by flooding until 10 or 20 days after heading. Results showed that withholding water 20 days after heading (treatment 5) saved 24.3% and 25.2% of water in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while producing similar grain yields as the continuously flooded control. Treatment 5 was the most water efficient method with no reduction in yield.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
AGRA aims to trigger an African Green Revolution by promoting conservation agriculture practices for smallholder farmers. Key principles of conservation agriculture include minimum tillage, crop rotation, permanent soil cover, and use of improved seeds and fertilizers. A successful project in Zambia increased maize yields by 30% using these practices. Going forward, AGRA will support scaling up best practices through projects in 13 African countries targeting 20,000-30,000 farmers each. The goal is to have 2 million farmers practicing conservation agriculture by 2012 to help Africa adapt to climate change.
This document is a seminar paper submitted by Md. Parvez Kabir to several course instructors on the topic of nano-fertilizer for smart agriculture. The abstract indicates that the paper will discuss nano-fertilizer based smart agriculture, addressing scientific gaps and questions around the safe and effective use of nano-fertilizers for crop production. The paper contains sections on the objectives, approaches, literature review findings, summary and conclusions. The findings section defines nano-particles, nano-fertilizers, and discusses their advantages over conventional fertilizers including improved nutrient uptake efficiency and controlled release. It also discusses the concept of smart nutrient delivery systems using nano-fertilizers.
Integrated Management of Soil Fertility - Prerequisite for Increased Agricult...SIANI
This document discusses integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), defining it as "a set of soil fertility practices that include fertilizer, organic inputs, and improved seeds combined and adapted to local conditions." It aims to maximize nutrient use efficiency and productivity while improving soil carbon. The paper covers mineral fertilizer responses under varying soil conditions, combining organic inputs with fertilizer, and integrating legumes. It provides examples for African farming systems and discusses both crop productivity and impacts on soil carbon stocks from each practice. Finally, it notes that fully achieving ISFM is difficult and the realistic goal is to "move towards" ISFM through demonstrations, education, and addressing non-responsive soils and supply chain issues.
Improved soil fertility management in the Limpopo province South AfricaICRISAT
1. A public-private partnership between ICRISAT, LPDA, SASOL Nitro and Progress Milling aimed to improve smallholder farmers' access to fertilizer in South Africa's Limpopo Province by making smaller, more affordable fertilizer packages available.
2. On-farm trials showed that using these small packs and microdosing techniques increased crop yields by at least 25%.
3. Farmers preferred the smaller packs because they were more affordable and allowed first-time users to experiment with less financial risk.
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field
experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1= 200 kg/ha, T2= 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded
in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
This document summarizes a study on improving the productivity and nutrition of baby corn through evaluating the effects of intra-row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study found that narrower intra-row spacing of 15cm and a higher nitrogen rate of 200kg/ha led to taller plants, thicker stems, higher leaf area index, ear weight and length, and highest baby corn and stover yields. This treatment combination is proposed for baby corn production in the study area and similar agro-ecologies. Further evaluation of additional varieties and nitrogen rates above 200kg/ha is recommended for future work.
1) The document discusses innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit, focusing on irrigated rice systems in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes techniques for crop establishment, nutrient management, soil-water-weed management, and direct wet seeded rice.
2) Key recommendations include using a modified rice mat nursery to produce robust 15-day old seedlings, transplanting these seedlings at wider spacing, and using site-specific nutrient management guided by the leaf color chart to optimize fertilizer application.
3) Adopting these integrated crop management practices can increase yields by 32-50% and profits by Rs. 12,000/ha compared to conventional methods.
This document discusses conservation agriculture and its potential benefits for increasing food production in Africa. It notes that Africa's population is projected to increase substantially by 2050 while food production has been declining. Conservation agriculture principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations can help build soil health and increase yields while making agriculture more sustainable. The document questions whether high external inputs alone are a sufficient solution given issues of access and risk for smallholder farmers. It highlights some lessons from other agricultural development programs and the need for diversification beyond a focus on crop yields. Examples from other regions show conservation agriculture being adopted at large scales, and there is potential for it to be scaled up appropriately in Africa.
Two thirds of Africa's arable lands could be lost by 2025 due to climate change negatively impacting soils. Soil erosion, loss of organic carbon, and nutrient depletion are key threats. Africa loses 3% of agricultural GDP annually from soil and nutrient loss. Small family farms dominate agriculture in Africa. Climate change is projected to significantly reduce agricultural productivity in Africa by 2080, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adaptation measures like climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and indigenous practices like Zai pits can help increase resilience and food security if widely adopted.
Enhancing NUE through site specific nutrient management and in problematic soilsSangramsingRrajput
This document discusses techniques to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) through site specific nutrient management and in problematic soils. It defines NUE and discusses common indices used to measure it, like agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency. Reasons for low NUE in India are outlined. Techniques to improve NUE discussed include fertigation, foliar application, nanotechnology, nutrient briquettes, and seed priming. Fertigation and seed priming are described in more detail regarding their advantages and processes. The overall document focuses on defining NUE and exploring soil-specific and technological methods to enhance NUE.
The document discusses the importance of bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture. It notes that over 31 million hectares of land worldwide are currently managed organically by over 6 million farmers. Bio-fertilizers play a vital role in maintaining long-term soil fertility and sustainability by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, mobilizing macro and micronutrients, and converting insoluble phosphorus into plant-available forms. Mycorrhizal associations have been shown to alleviate aluminum toxicity, increase nutrient uptake, and maintain soil structure. Liquid bio-fertilizer technology now offers advantages over conventional bio-fertilizers and could see greater acceptance.
This document discusses soil amendments in Africa and strategies to improve soil quality and agricultural productivity. It notes that Africa's low adoption of inorganic fertilizers has decreased agricultural yields per hectare. While over-fertilization has negative environmental effects in the US, under-fertilization has greater negative effects in Africa. Studies have found nutrient depletion in Africa is likely due more to poor farming practices than deforestation. What is needed are programs to increase access to lime and mineral fertilizers as well as technologies that make use of human capital. Agroforestry techniques that plant trees like sesbania which fix nitrogen in the soil during the dry season and provide fuelwood, can help address issues of hunger and deforestation.
Farmers in Ethiopia participated in research evaluating different seeding rates for teff production using a seed spreader. Over two years, farmers preferred lower seeding rates of 5-20 kg/ha mixed with sand compared to the recommended 30 kg/ha or typical 35 kg/ha rate. An economic analysis also found the lower 15 kg/ha rate mixed with sand to have the highest benefit-cost ratio. Both the farmer preferences and economic analysis support using the lower 15 kg/ha seeding rate mixed with sand as the most feasible option for farmers in the study area.
This document discusses organic farming and its benefits compared to intensive farming. It notes that intensive farming can lead to soil fertility loss, nitrate runoff, soil erosion, high fuel requirements, use of toxic pesticides and loss of biodiversity. Organic agriculture avoids synthetic inputs and relies on ecosystem management instead. Key features of organic farming include protecting soil quality, providing nutrients indirectly, weed and pest control through methods like crop rotation and rearing livestock sustainably. The document discusses implementation of organic farming through organic fertilizers, cover crops, beneficial insects and crop rotation. It also discusses organic livestock and certification requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of organic farming practices and their environmental and economic benefits compared to intensive farming.
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Gainful Human Empowerment Reform in Managerial EngineeringIJASRD Journal
This paper describes the corporate-wide approach to gainful human empowerment reform at engineering. Gainful policy is a part of gainful human empowerment reform. The gainful human empowerment reform is a culture-specific human empowerment reform style that is prevalent in managerial engineering. Gainful human empowerment reform, referring to the internal systematic approach of the organization’s human empowerment reform to strive for daintiness performance excellence, and gainful policy referring to all those measures through which one creates and strengthens confidence and trust in outsiders, especially customers, towards the organization’s abilities and products. The daintiness managers are those who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests, and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers. The paper reviews the daintiness strategy implementation, strategic control, daintiness metrics, and daintiness channels.
A Study on Quality of Life and Social Support Breast Cancer Women in Greater ...IJASRD Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about gainful human empowerment reform in managerial engineering. It discusses gainful policy and human empowerment reform, focusing on creating trust and confidence. It also reviews strategic control, metrics, and communication channels used in gainful human empowerment reform. The paper examines how reducing information asymmetry and improving board development can increase strategic involvement. It concludes that investing in director development affects gainful human empowerment reform strategy.
Road Accident Analysis and Prevention in Nigeria: Experimental and Numerical ...IJASRD Journal
This paper empirically analysed road accident and its prevention in Nigeria. Data for road traffic crashes trend was sourced from Federal Road Safety Corps in Nigeria from 1960 - 2017. The data was tested for stationarity using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, while the co-integration was conducted using Johansen’s methodology. Least Square estimate was employed for the empirical analysis. The results show that there is long run equilibrium relationship between total number of casualties, total number of fatal cases and total number of minor cases of accidents in Nigeria. The results show that there is positive and significant relationship between fatal cases, severe cases and total number of casualties, while minor cases have negative and significant relationship with total number of casualties. The study therefore recommends that government should invest massively in road transportation infrastructure in order to repair dilapidated roads, expand narrow roads and construct new ones. Government should legislate and enforce installation of speed limit devices for all vehicles operating on Nigerian roads to reduce reckless speeding on the highways which will definitely reduce total number of accidents and casualties on Nigerian roads.
Leadership by Humanistic Approach in Workplace ManagementIJASRD Journal
The form and structure of an organization's human resources system can affect employee motivation levels in several ways. Organizations can adopt various systems type leadership humanistic approach empowerment practices to enhance employee satisfaction. The systems type leadership revolution moves recording and analysis activities that were traditionally professional performance lines of activities focused to high operational content. The scientific and systems type leadership progress, growth and internationalization of markets, processors are processes in which the accounting profession plays a leading role of humanistic approach in workplace management. This paper considers the humanistic approach in workplace management. The strategic importance of workers is discussed and their interaction, as an asset, with other important organization assets. The basic methodologies for workers are then explained and their limitations are considered.
Time Evolution of Density Parameters for Matter and Dark Energy and their Int...IJASRD Journal
In the framework of Brans-Dicke (BD) theory, the first part of the present study determines the time dependence of BD parameter, energy density and Equation of State (EoS) parameter of the cosmic fluid in a universe expanding with acceleration, preceded by a phase of deceleration. For this purpose, a scale factor has been so chosen that the deceleration parameter, obtained from it, shows a signature flip with time. Considering the dark energy to be responsible for the entire pressure, the time evolution of energy parameters for matter and dark energy and the EoS parameter for dark energy have been determined. A model for an effective interaction term, between matter and dark energy, has been proposed and calculated. Its negative value at the present time indicates conversion of matter into dark energy. Using this term, the time dependence of the rates of change of matter and dark energy has been determined. It is found that the nature of dependence of the scalar field upon the scale factor plays a very important role in governing the time evolution of the cosmological quantities studied here. The present study provides us with a simple way to determine the time evolution of dark energy for a homogeneous and isotropic universe of zero spatial curvature, without involving any self-interaction potential or cosmological constant in the formulation.
An Experimental Investigation on Normal Concrete using Rice Husk Ash, Dolomit...IJASRD Journal
Generally concrete is good in compression and weak in tension. The fibre in concrete generally increases both the compression and tension in concrete cement is the most important constituent material, since it binds the aggregate and resists the atmosphere action. Since the production of Portland cement clinker is an energy intensive process a partial substitution of clinker by mineral like dolomite and abundantly available agriculture wastes like Rice husk ash obviously represents considerable energy servings and reduction of Co2 emission. In this project work banana fibre are added with 2% by volume of cement, dolomite powder and Rice husk ash is partially replaced by 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% by the volume of cement. The concrete was determined for mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength they are also tested and studied.
A Novel Implementation for Radio Resource Allocation on Mobile Access Based o...IJASRD Journal
The proposed technology can reduce network costs by allowing optimized use of radio resources in mobile wireless networks. The system provides reliable and high-capacity channels, while the wireless part allows user mobility. Solving the problem involves an attempt to determine an optimal distribution of radio resources to the RAUs (radio allocation unit) and network cells can be split or merged dynamically to optimize this distribution as a function of the fluctuation of demands.
The Internet of Things (IoT) can be able to incorporate a large number of different end systems and it have the ability to transfer data over internet without human interaction. One of the main concerns with our environment has been solid waste management which in addition to disturbing the balance of the environment. it also has adverse effects on the health of the people in the society. The detection, monitoring and management of wastes is one of the primary problems. The traditional way of manually monitoring the wastes in garbage bins is the complex process and also it utilizes more human effort and time. This is an advanced method in waste management since it is automated. This IoT garbage monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to prevent overflowing of wastes from the bin and keep cities clean. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of garbage collected in garbage bins. The data is transfer through internet to the control room.
IoT Based Accident Avoidance and Detection System for Two WheelersIJASRD Journal
This document describes an IoT-based accident avoidance and detection system for two-wheelers. The system uses an accelerometer to sense vehicle tilt and activate supporting wheels to prevent falls. A vibration sensor senses accident severity. An IoT modem then sends this data to an Android app, which notifies the nearest medical center and friends via text with the accident location. This allows for timely medical aid. The system can also monitor speed and trigger an alarm if speed exceeds a threshold, helping avoid accidents. The goal is to reduce accident fatalities by facilitating immediate emergency response.
Internet of things (IoT) has started growing due to the developments in RFID, sensors, communication technologies and Internet protocols. The basic aim is to connect sensors in a straight line devoid of human association in the vicinity of help in creation of new types applications. The revolution in mobile, Internet in addition to machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies preserve is seen when the primary step towards IoT. Internet of Things (IoT) is forwarding the association among the objects (the “things”) and the backend systems passing through the Internet. Every object can become connected and smart. As a result, the background is monitored via sensing the background furthermore the data are transferred toward cloud with internet connectivity of the things. The monitoring environment comes closer in spite of distance. There are several platforms that provide services such as data analytics, business analytics, notification, etc. Each platform provides a specific service In this expose, we examine a delegate section of these platforms, together open- source and proprietary, on the source of their capability to convene the potential of dissimilar IoT users. The evaluation focuses on how prepared and functional these platforms are for IoT ecology players, other than on the peculiarities of the essential scientific layers. This paper mainly aims to provide a summary of different platforms and stages for IOT. This paper would help the IoT users to decide their best platform to suit their application.
Realization of Direct Digital Synthesis in Cordic AlgorithmIJASRD Journal
Nowadays the modern communication system and software defined radio-based applications needs Trans receiver consisting of fully programmable circuit which performs modulation and demodulation process. The method which does not need memory for realizing modulators and demodulators is CORDIC algorithm. The CORDIC algorithm is a versatile algorithm which calculates only adder and shifter operations instead of using multiplier. So, this algorithm is mostly used for VLSI and digital signal processing. The main concept used in this project is Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) which generates the analog waveform in digital format based on CORDIC algorithm approach .This paper focuses on analysis and simulation of Binary phase shift keying (BPSK), Binary amplitude shift keying (BASK), Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme using DDS based on CORDIC algorithm instead of ROM look up table which greatly reduce the number of slices and no of look up tables. The whole simulation is done on Modelsim and Xilinx-ISE using Verilog descriptive language and these modulation schemes are implemented on Spartan-3 FPGA kit.
Virtual Reality Based Requirement Distributions for Disaster Affected PeoplesIJASRD Journal
The general aim of the development of virtual reality technology for automation applications at the IRF is to provide the framework for Projective Virtual Reality which allows users to “project” their actions in the virtual world into the real world. Based on this virtual reality requirement distribution for disaster affected people system is proposed. In this system, it displays the basic need of affected people. Through this the concerned authority will know their requirement and distribute their need. The proposed system gets user’s height and change buttons’ vertical position. In addition, users can change a button label and type.
Implementation of Low Complex Universal Filtered MulticarrierIJASRD Journal
In 5G technology for enhancing the high speed data process the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered multicarrier (UFMC), and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) techniques are used in effective manner. The FIR filter plays an important role in 5G mobile communication technology. In this paper, the hardware complexity reduced by using the FIR filter. In previous technique, 73 multipliers are required to the filtering process. Here to reduce the number of multipliers by using the multiplexers. The 73 multipliers to be replaced with the 5 number of 16:1 multiplexers, 5 multipliers and 4 registers. The Multiple Constant Multiplication (MCM) scheme is also presented for the block implementation FIR filters. Reducing the memory usage for using the less number of multipliers. Use the less number multipliers the difficulties are to be reduced. The overall implementation has a result of 42% reduction in hardware complexity.
Uncompressed Video Streaming in Wireless Channel without Interpolation using ...IJASRD Journal
This document summarizes an article that proposes methods for uncompressed video streaming over wireless channels using search algorithms without interpolation. It introduces full search and logarithmic search algorithms to estimate pixel motion for video transmission. The full search algorithm provides optimal estimation but is computationally expensive, while the logarithmic search algorithm reduces complexity. Experimental results show the full search algorithm achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratio than existing methods. The proposed methods improve video quality for wireless transmission without increasing computational complexity.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
Voice Based Search Engine for Visually Impairment PeoplesIJASRD Journal
World Wide Web (WWW) is unexpectedly emerging because the accepted records supply for our society. The WWW is normally reachable the usage of an internet-browsing package from a networked pc. The layout of facts on the net is visually orientated. The reliance on visible presentation locations excessive cognitive demands on a person to function this sort of system. The interaction might also sometimes require the whole attention of a consumer. The design of information presentation at the web is predominately visible-oriented. This presentation technique requires most, if no longer all, of the person’s attention and imposes significant cognitive load on a user. This technique isn't always sensible, in particular for the visually impaired persons. The awareness of this challenge is to develop a prototype which supports net browsing the use of a speech-based interface, e.g. A telephone, and to degree its effectiveness. The command input and the delivery of web contents are totally in voice. Audio icons are constructed into the prototype so that users will have higher knowledge of the original shape/purpose of a web page. Navigation and manage commands are available to decorate the net browsing enjoy. The effectiveness of this prototype is evaluated in a consumer take a look at involving both generally sighted and visually impaired humans. Voice browsers allow human beings to get right of entry to the Web the usage of speech synthesis, pre-recorded audio, and speech reputation. This may be supplemented via keypads and small presentations. Voice may also be supplied as an accessory to standard computing device browsers with high resolution graphical presentations, presenting an on hand alternative to the use of the keyboard or screen, as an instance in cars in which palms/eyes unfastened operation is crucial. Voice interplay can get away the bodily obstacles on keypads and shows as cell devices turn out to be ever smaller. The browser will have an integrated textual content extraction engine that inspects the content of the page to construct a structured illustration. The inner nodes of the structure constitute diverse tiers of abstraction of the content. This enables in easy and bendy navigation of the page so that it will hastily home into gadgets of interest.
Developing countries like India needs a significant improvement in infrastructure such as Roads or Highways. An express high way, for physical improvement, is one of them. Regardless, we experience a long queue at each toll plazas on expressway which wastes a lot of experience time, fuel and surges of co2. In order to check the issue basic in light of the present manual toll gathering system, Automated Toll Collection structure is exceedingly required. In this venture, we will look at the separate data from the client and it will be prepared for toll gathering framework, to make progressively productive and perfect. Beginning at now, at each toll both the vehicle needs to stop for paying the toll. We have proposed a structure that would pay the toll subsequently and diminish the line at the toll corner. For this purpose we have used the RFID tags to identify the user and so that the amount is automatically deducted from the users wallet. SMS is send to the user after deducting the amount form the user wallet. In addition to this, we have used the GPS to find the user location.
Secure Medical Data Computation using Virtual_ID Authentication and File Swap...IJASRD Journal
PHR provides users with a great deal in leakage of sensitive information. However, securing the sensitive medical data also brings very serious security problems, especially for the data security which is stored in the medical cloud data. Once the data is leaked to a third party, then the data privacy has become a major problem, mainly such as authentication, availability of data, confidentiality etc., and which is to be taken into consideration very effectively. An authentication scheme based on virtual smartcard using hashing function for medical data is proposed to solve the problem of in which the illegal users access the resources of servers. Here, we also maintain PHR sensitive data in the cloud by using file swapping concept. Once the user access the data. The user data will be swapped into different places by file swapping concept, so the file will be more secured and no one can hack or theft our data.
Secure Video Processing using ROI Extraction and ECC EncryptionIJASRD Journal
Video encryption is the process of encrypting videos to hide the object in video for secure video sharing. To hide privacy from sensitive areas in video frame, ROI extraction techniques are proposed. Lightweight encryption algorithm is performed on every ROI to make the privacy sensitive information. To implement ECC encryption for encryption of extracted ROI. Provide secure video communication between sender and receiver.
An Approach to Detect and Avoid Social Engineering and Phasing Attack in Soci...IJASRD Journal
Digital physical frameworks are the key advancement driver for some spaces, for example, car, flight, mechanical procedure control, and industrial facility mechanization. Be that as it may, their interconnection possibly gives enemies simple access to delicate information, code, and setups. In the event that aggressors gain control, material harm or even damage to individuals must be normal. To neutralize information burglary, framework control and digital assaults, security instruments must be implanted in the digital physical framework. The social building assault layouts are changed over to social designing assault situations by populating the format with the two subjects and articles from genuine precedents while as yet keeping up the point by point stream of the assault as gave in the format. Social Engineering by E-Mail is by a wide margin the most intensely utilized vector of assault, trailed by assaults beginning from sites. The aggressor in this way misuses the set up trust by requesting that consent utilize the organization's remote system office to send an email. A social designer can likewise join mechanical intends to accomplish the assault goals. The heuristic-based discovery method examines and separates phishing site includes and recognizes phishing locales utilizing that data .Based on the robotized examination of the record in the informal organization, you can construct suppositions about the power of correspondence between clients. In view of this data, it is conceivable to compute the likelihood of achievement of a multistep social building assault from the client to the client in digital physical/digital social framework. Furthermore, the proposed social designing assault layouts can likewise be utilized to create social building mindfulness material.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Fertilizer Microdosing Technology in Sorghum, Millet and Maize Production at Small-Scale Level in
Africa: A Review
Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018 40
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the dominant economic activity mainly by smallholder farmers who
have two hectares or less comprise 80% of the farms in Africa (Delaney et al., 2011). African
farmers have been unable to move out of poverty because of the failure to increase
agriculture productivity. It is caused by lack of adoption and application of modern
agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides and irrigation.
Soils in Africa are inherently less fertile as compared in Asia where the Green
Revolution took place (Voortman et al., 2000). In Africa, the low inherent fertility (Giller et
al. 2006; Tittonell et al. 2005; Zingore et al. 2007) is exacerbated by low, poorly distributed
rainfall and high temperatures. Inorganic fertilizers have been responsible for an increased
agricultural productivity. However, the cost of fertilizers in Africa are unaffordable by the
small-scale poor farmers. The cost of inorganic fertilizers is increasing enormously, to the
extent that they are out of reach for resource poor farmers. The high cost of inorganic
fertilizer and the risk (the low and erratic rainfall and unfavorable market condition) are
the major constraining factors for fertilizer use in Africa. Hence, farmers are not willing to
apply fertilizer at all or they add smaller than recommended rates which result in low in
yield.
In Africa, mainly in semi-arid areas, the farmers grow maize (Zea Mays L.), sorghum
(Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R.Br.) as the
major cereal grain. Application of small amounts of mineral fertilizer in the planting hole
has been practiced in some West Africa. The technology has found to be a more efficient way
to apply mineral fertilizer as compared to broadcasting. This technique increases yields at a
low cost (Aune et al, 2007, Aune and Bationo 2008). This method would give a great
opportunity for small-scale farmers to produce cereals at low production cost and that
minimize risks associated to production failure due to unfavorable climatic conditions.
Moreover, this technology would reduce the loss of nutrients through leaching because this
technique also increases nutrient use efficiency. Therefore, the technology has a huge
contribution in protecting environmental pollution. The current global scenario firmly
emphasizes the need to adopt eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable food
production. Although the technology has such merits, still it is limited only in certain Africa
countries. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to summarize and show the
opportunities and constraints in utilizing the microdosing fertilizer application technology.
FERTILIZATION AND LIMING
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed a growing population, farmers
must increase food production. Increased use of inorganic fertilizers has been responsible
for an important share of world-wide agricultural productivity growth (Kelly, 2015).
However, some farmers do not apply the recommended rate of fertilizer. The reason could
be lack of knowledge about fertility status of their farm and cost of fertilizers.
Soil pH is one of the factor that determine availability of nutrients. Low pH or high
pH of soils have detrimental effect on availability of some nutrients. In acidic soils, for
instance, because phosphates and some micronutrients bind strongly to clay particles and
are therefore unavailable to crops. Excessive application of fertilizers, to meet the crop
3. Demisie (2018)
41 Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018
nutrient requirements, may cause wastage and environmental pollution. Liming must be
taken priority than addition of more fertilizers. Liming adjust the pH neutral and increase
the availability of nutrients thereby reduce fertilization.
Root growth of crops are limited in acidic soils. Roots of plants grown in acidic soils
are consistently shorter than when they grow in neutral soils (Caires et al., 2008). Increase
in surface area of roots of crops have significant effect on uptake of water and nutrients.
Liming of acidic soils neutralize and improve roots of crops. Application of lime in acidic soil
improved water use efficiency in maize, due to an enhanced root surface area and hence,
enhanced water uptake (de Barros et al., 2007).
High cost of fertilizer and the requirement of high amount of lime (6 tons’ lime per
hectare) (Kormawa et al., 2003) is challenge to poor farmers. To reduce the quantities to an
affordable and small, adoption of relevant technology is unquestionable. The International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) developed a precision
fertilization technique called fertilizer ‘microdosing’. Microdose technology is the application
of small mineral fertilizer doses in the seed hole (pocket) during sowing or next to the
seedling after emergence (10 days after sowing) (Figure 1 and 2). The technology makes use
of small quantities of fertilizers (reduce environmental pollution) and increase yield of
cereal crops and make agriculture more sustainable.
Figure – 1: Planting Pockets (Holes) (Source: ECHO, 2013)
Figure – 2: Millet Growing in Planting Pockets in Burkina Faso (Source: ECHO, 2013)
4. Fertilizer Microdosing Technology in Sorghum, Millet and Maize Production at Small-Scale Level in
Africa: A Review
Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018 42
EFFECT OF MICRODOSING ON GRAIN AND FODDER YIELD
Application of fertilizer microdosing produces higher grain yield as compared to
control and banding fertilizer application (table 1). In these specific countries yield
increased in range of 31.3% to 90.3 % in millet using 10 kg ha-1 to 60 kg ha-1NPK fertilizer,
and 40.9 % to 167 % in sorghum using 7.5kg ha-1 to 37.5 kg ha-1 NPK fertilizer. Application
of 0.3g NPK per pocket to 6 g NPK per pocket were used in the study areas of different
African countries (table 1). This indicates that microdose application of fertilizer is more
efficient in increasing yield of cereals than conventional fertilization. Adding fertilizer close
to the seed in soil could contributed in increase fertilizer uptake by crops. There is a
threshold or limit to the dose of fertilizer application in planting pocket microdose
techniques. High level fertilization has negative effect on seed germination and plant stand
count. That could be due the burning effect of fertilizer.
Table – 1: Rate of Microdose NPK Fertilization and their Respective Yield Increase in Millet
and Sorghum Crops at different African Countries
Fertilizer (NPK)
Country Crop
Yield Increase
Source
g/pocket Kg /ha Kg/ha %
0.3g NPK 5kg NPK Mali Millet 122 55.7 Aune et al. 2007
4g NPK 80kg NPK Mali Millet 491 79.4 Tabo et al., 2006
6 g NPK 60kg NPK Niger Millet 394 90.3 Hayashi et al., 2008
0.3g NPK 10Kg NPK Sudan Millet 104 31.3 Aune & Ousman 2011
0.3g NPK 7.5kg NPK Mali Sorghum 281 40.9 Aune et al., 2007
0.6g NPK 25kg NPK Sudan Sorghum 282 68.7 Aune & Ousman 2011
4g NPK 125kg NPK Burkina Faso Sorghum 317 63.1 Tabo et al., 2006
4g NPK 120kg NPK Mali Sorghum 567 83.0 Tabo et al., 2006
0.9g NPK 37.5kg NPK Sudan Sorghum 859 167 Abdalla et al., 2015
Different fertilizers can be applied to increase productivity of crops. The most
frequent fertilizers used in conventional fertilization in Africa are NPK, DAP and DAP +
urea. Although the type of fertilizer to be applied depends on the type of soil and quality of
the soil, multi-year results indicated that application DAP + Urea increased yields by 91%
compared to the control and by 10% with respect to DAP and NPK treatments (Tabo et al.,
2006). Application of DAP alone or along with urea showed increase in yield compared to
conventional fertilizer application and control. Millet increased in yield from 28.7% to
107.5% using DAP fertilizer at rate of 20 kg DAP ha-1 (table 2) in Niger. Although similar
rate of fertilizer (20 kg DAP ha-1) was applied, yield variations were recorded that could be
due to spatial variability in rain, variation in length of growing seasons, (Sime and Aune,
2014) agroecological variation and soil quality variation. The response of crops to
fertilization depends on the soil quality, yield decrease with increasing soil quality (Giller et
al., 2006).
5. Demisie (2018)
43 Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018
Table – 2: Rate of Microdose DAP Fertilization and their Respective Yield Increase in Millet,
Sorghum and Maize Crops at Different African Countries
Fertilizer (DAP)
Country Crop
Yield increase
Source
g/pocket Kg /ha Kg/ha %
2g DAP 20kg DAP Niger Millet 230 61.4 Tabo et al., 2006
2g DAP 20kg DAP Niger Millet 69 28.7 Bielders & Gerard, 2015
2g DAP 20kg DAP Niger Millet 329 40.0 Ibrahim et al., 2015a
2g DAP 20kg DAP Niger Millet 548 107.5 Ibrahim et al., 2015b
0.3g DAP 7.5kg DAP Mali Sorghum 281 40.9 Aune et al., 2007
0.5gDAP &
Urea
27kg DAP &
27 kg Urea
Ethiopia Maize 1205 19 Sime & Aune, 2014
0.5gDAP &
Urea
27kg DAP &
27 kg Urea
Ethiopia Maize 1810 45 Sime & Aune, 2014
0.5gDAP &
Urea
27kg DAP &
27 kg Urea
Ethiopia Maize 1671 46 Sime & Aune, 2014
Farmers apart from grain yield, they need the biomass yield to use it as fire wood,
construction material and animal feed. Microdosing increase not only the grain yield of
crops but also increase the biological biomass of the crops. Tabo et al (2006) reported that
microdosing increase fodder yield as compared to control and conventional fertilization. This
would have its own contribution to farmers practicing crop-livestock farming.
EFFECT OF MICRODOSING ON STRIGA SPP
Cereal crop productivity in African is low due to lack access to improved cultivars,
fertilizers, and attack of the crops by pest and parasitic weed such as Striga Spp. Striga
reproduce from seeds (Csurhes et al., 2013). Seeds remain viable in soil for long years. Seeds
only germinate in close proximity to the roots of a suitable host. These species attack the
major cereal crops (such as sorghum and maize) in Africa. From 70 to 100% of crop yield
loss was recorded due to Striga infestation (Frederick et al., 2011). Musselman et al. (2001)
reported that Striga spp are causing annual crop losses estimated at US$7 billion annually.
Striga attack has a direct relation with the nutritional status of the soil (Jamil et al.,
2011a). Infertile soils have resulted to high infestation of Striga. It implies that Striga is
known as an indicator of low soil fertility. To minimize the negative effect of Striga attack
in cereals, mineral nutrients should be applied in soil (Yonli et al., 2011). Research findings
(Kim et al., 1997; Pageau et al., 2003) showed that fertilizer has direct or indirect effect on
Striga infection. In other words, improving the fertility status of the farm by fertilizer
application would have positive effect in suppressing weed infestation. Esilaba (2006)
reported that 64% reduction in S. hermonthica emergence in maize using 39 kg N ha-1 as
calcium ammonium nitrate. However, availability of fertilizer to African farmers is low due
to poverty. Therefore, a technology that tackle such challenge must be adopted.
Microdoisng, low doses of fertilizer application in small holes close to the host plnat, is a
promising strategy to lower the destructive effect of Striga on cereal (Jamil et al., 2014).
6. Fertilizer Microdosing Technology in Sorghum, Millet and Maize Production at Small-Scale Level in
Africa: A Review
Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018 44
Decreasing strigolactone secretion and Striga infection were recorded in sorghum with
increasing microdosing of DAP fertilizer (Jamil et al., 2013).
PROFITABILITY OF MICRODOSING
Profitability is an essential condition for adoption of technologies. To make the
economic analysis, a value-cost ratio (VCR) is used. A VCR is a mathematical method to
evaluate the effectiveness of micro dosing. The VCR for fertilizer treatment measures the
increase in revenue relative to the increased cost of fertilizer compared to the control
treatment. Although a VCR of 2 set as the minimum ratio needed to minimize financial risk
of resource poor farmers, a VCR above 4 is required in order to have an acceptable level of
risk in dryland areas (Koning et al., 1998).
Climate change poses real challenge to African agriculture. Most African countries
farmers’ livelihoods depend on rainfed agriculture. Erratic rainfall distribution and low in
amount of rainfall decrease the productivity of crops. This is because soil moisture ensures
the availability of nutrients and uptake by plants readily. Rainfall variability and increase
in temperature is therefore a threat to the economy African countries and livelihoods of
millions of the poor African farmers.
The unfavorable market condition is another challenge that farmers face. The low
cost of farmers’ products in the market discourage them. Therefore, to minimize the low
rainfall and unfavorable market risks the profitability of the farmers must exceed so that it
covers the risks. Crop productivity can be increased at a low cost and very moderate risk to
farmers. Application of small quantities fertilizer with microdosing become more profitable
and minimizes risk than application of large quantities of fertilizer.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MICRODOSING
Microdosing requires a lot of labor and is time consuming (Tabo et al., 2006;
Twomlow et al., 2010). To apply microdosing fertilizer application, farmers must prepare a
number of small holes depending on the farm size, intra and inter-row spacing of each crop.
The labor demand in microdosing is nearly twice that is needed to banding fertilizer
application (Sime and Aune, 2014). However, in majority of African countries availability of
labor is high and labor cost is low. Therefore, microdosing is feasible and profitable than
banding techniques in Africa.
Fertilizer is costly for poor African farmers, they cannot afford to buy the
recommended quantities of fertilizer required for their crops, so they apply reduced levels or
none at all. The poor farmers wait applying the fertilizer until they are able to afford the
fertilizer during the growing season. Delayed application of the fertilizer has showed no
reduction in millet yield in microdosing fertilization (Hayashi et al., 2008). It indicates that
microdosing technique provides opportunities to the farmers to apply fertilizers within 10 to
60 days after sowing (Hayashi et al., 2008).
In Africa, grain costs are relatively low and fertilizer cost are relatively high. The
cause for high cost of fertilizer could be transportation and distribution cost which are
significant component of the total cost of fertilizer (Bumb et al., 2011). Fertilizers in Africa
are found in 50kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The
7. Demisie (2018)
45 Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018
availability of the fertilizer at the right time and in affordable package is very crucial in
expanding the technology.
The frequency of the prevalence of drought is increasing which has negative impact
on productivity of crops. The existence of social safety nets and functioning financial
markets ensure that farmers are either insured against losses, can borrow around them, or
can receive help from the government to maintain livelihoods during bad times. Being most
African countries lead rainfed agriculture, they start sowing when the farmers run out of
money. They must survive and therefore they buy food than fertilizers. On contrary, in next
year to have food they must produce crops. Thus, there must be a system that enable them
continue growing without food shortage. Hence, the farmers must have insurance and
involve in warrantage system.
Chart – 1: The Integrated Approach of Microdosing Fertilizer Application and Finance
System to Ensure Sustainable Development
Environmental
Protection
Warrantage
System
Microinsurance
Microdosing
Sustainable
Development
Crop
Farmer Livestock
Profit
Poverty
Reduction
Reduce Loss of
Nutrients
Input
Feed
Food
Labor
Lack of insurance or warrantage system make the farmers reluctance to purchase
fertilizer. The low-income households can manage their risks through microinsurance.
Microinsurance can assist them to maintain a sense of financial confidence even in the face
of significant vulnerability. Micro-insurance can be developed and delivered by insurance
companies, mutual funds, MFIs, NGOs, and governments or semi-public bodies (Demessie,
2016). However, it is only the insurance companies and deposit-taking MFIs which are
allowed, by law, to issue microinsurance policies in Ethiopia (Demessie, 2016). Policies
should be amended in such a way that cooperatives become insurers.
ICRISAT introduced warrantage system to solve the financial problem related to the
farmers’ incapability to afford fertilizers, and to use them in microdosing. The system allows
farmers to store crops, using them as inventory credit at a time when crop cost is low,
typically right after harvest, and then to resell the safely stored crops when the prices are
high (ICRISAT, 2009). The system enables the poor farmers to buy fertilizers. This system,
together with the accessibility of fertilizer in small or affordable package (example: 5kg,
10kg bag), can contribute in solving the challenges farmers would face in adopting of the
technology.
8. Fertilizer Microdosing Technology in Sorghum, Millet and Maize Production at Small-Scale Level in
Africa: A Review
Volume 05, Issue 04, Version I, Apr’ 2018 46
Although the fertilizer microdosing is promoted in semi-arid areas in Africa but
widely adopted in west Africa. The technology believed to have a tremendous contribution
in economy, environmental protection and even would be taken as climate adaptation
mechanism. The finance system (warrantage and microinsurance) must be integrated with
application microdosing technology to ensure sustainable development in Africa (Chart 1).
In general, microdosing is simple and low-cost technology for increasing yields. The
use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application
methods, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy
makers. The knowledge transfer would be more productive if it becomes part of the
respective national agricultural extension system (Sime and Aune, 2014). Some major
constraints to the widespread adoption of microdosing technology include access to
fertilizer; access to credit; insufficient flows of information and trainings to farmers; and
inappropriate policies (ICRISAT, 2009). Agricultural extension is one of the main policy
instruments used to accelerate the dissemination of knowledge and skills and promote the
adoption of modern technologies among farmers.
CONCLUSIONS
Microdose technology is the application of small mineral fertilizer doses in the seed
hole (pocket) during sowing or next to the seedling after emergence (10 days after sowing).
Microdosing technology has a number of advantages. It makes nutrient uptake easier,
reduce nutrient leaching, increase nutrient use efficiency, improves plant growth, increase
yield, minimize production cost, increase income of small-scale farmers. The technology
would have its own contribution on increasing the number of farmers to participate due to
low production cost and low risks related to erratic rainfall distribution and low rainfall
amount in semi-arid areas. To ensure sustainable development, microdosing technology
should be supported by finance system (warrantage system and microinsurance). Therefore,
countries should focus on key policy areas that emphasize availability of inorganic fertilizer
in affordable package, and access to credit and microinsurance. To ensure food security and
reduce poverty in small holder African farmers, microdosing fertilizer application
technology should be adopted.
REFERENCES
[1] Abdalla, E. A., Osman, A.K., Maki, M.A., Nur, F.M., Ali, S.B., & Aune, J. B., (2015). The
Response of Sorghum, Groundnut, Sesame, and Cowpea to Seed Priming and
Fertilizer Micro-Dosing in South Kordofan State, Sudan Agronomy, 5, 476-490.
[2] Aune, J. B., & Bationo, A., (2008). Agricultural intensification in the Sahel - the ladder
approach. Agricultural Systems 98(2):119–125.
[3] Aune, J. B., Doumbia, M. & Berthe, A. (2007) Microfertilizing sorghum and pearl millet
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