Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3 + H2O + NO3→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field
experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand, district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1= 200 kg/ha, T2= 300 kg/ha, and T3 = 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded
in T3 in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were recorded in T1 plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Nearly 100 million rice farmers live in unfavorable rice environments. These communities are among the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. Solutions are urgently needed to avoid some of the worst impacts of climate change.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Effect of Algal Bio-fertilizer on the Vigna radiata: A Critical ReviewIJERA Editor
The continuous increasing demand of food crops and decrease in productivity due to continuous use of chemical
fertilizer has not only resulted in decline of crop yield, loss of fertility and degradation of soil but has also led us
one step back in achieving sustainable agriculture. The use of algal bio-fertilizer provides an effective, ecofriendly
and non-polluting approach in improving the productivity of crop by both nitrogen fixation and
photosynthesis. Algal bio-fertilizers improve soil structure and increase yield productivity even if applied in a
small area. The application of algal bio-fertilizers in plants has resulted in increase in root, shoot length with
number of leaves and hence overall growth of the plant has been increased. India being one of the largest
producer and consumer of pulses requires abundant amount of pulse production to fulfil the demands of ever
growing populations which can be achieved by using algal bio-fertilizers. This paper briefly underlines the usage
of algal bio-fertilizers as an important tool for sustainability and alternative usage against the chemical
fertilizers.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tons’ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Nearly 100 million rice farmers live in unfavorable rice environments. These communities are among the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. Solutions are urgently needed to avoid some of the worst impacts of climate change.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
A systematic review of biochar as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool in...Innspub Net
In arid and semi-arid regions limited water inputs, lower soil organic matter and carbon decreases the soil moisture retention which make soils of these regions difficult to sustain healthy crop. Moreover, intensive agricultural practices are depleting the soil of its organic matter and nutrients which is reducing the soil fertility even further. Pakistan has high rainfall variability during different seasons. The regions which remain dry in all seasons due to low precipitation are greatly vulnerable to drought. Organic farming provides a solution to mitigate this problem to some extent but in this case the yield is less as compared to the conventional agriculture system. Biochar serves as a novel method for increasing soil carbon content due to its enhanced carbon stability. Biochar being highly porous material has large surface area and it causes significant changes in soil physical properties such as water holding capacity, porosity, drainage and bulk density. Adding the biochar in soil have many advantages from reduction of pollutants and heavy metals concentration in soil, increasing soil carbon sequestration as a strategy to mitigate climate change and increased soil microbial diversity due to substrate enhancement. The incorporation of biochar in soil has a great impact on the soil texture, density, particle size distribution, and soil density and can be used as fertilizer to increase the crop yield due to its ability to slow release of the nutrients in soil.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
National rice production needs to be improved and maintained to meet the demands of fast growing population. One of the ways to meet this demand is through cultivating the rain fed land in many areas which its physical characteristics are challenging factor. This research aims at finding out the feedback of the rice production on the calcium fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat in ustic endoaquert. This research is implemented in rain fed field composed of vertisol soil in Sidomukti village of Mootilango Gorontalo, Indonesia. The subjects are randomly chosen and the treatments are separately implemented in two sub-group of vertisol soil. There are five treatments that were repeated three times, thus, there are 15 pieces of trials in each sub-vertisol groups. This research reveals that the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of river sand, beach sands, coco peat, and banana trunks fiber has significant effect on the number of grain, the weight of 1000 grains and the total weight of the grains. Meanwhile, the administration of K fertilizer following the administration of beach sand, coco peat and banana peat has significantly influenced the number of stalk, the length of stalk, and the total weight of the grains.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Performance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Different Supplementary Irri...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Field experiment was conducted in Humera in 2015 main cropping season in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the performance of sesame under different supplementary irrigation applications and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The study consists of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates (0kg N2/ha, 23kgN2/ha, 37.5kgN2/ha and 46kgN2/ha) and three levels of supplementary irrigation; rain-fed (I0), four irrigations (I4), and six irrigations (I6). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits, with the first half at sowing and the remaining half 30 days after emergence. Data on plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand seed weight, harvest index, aboveground biomass and grain yield were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), in indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) affected sesame grain yield. The highest grain yield 423.4kg/ ha, and 455kg/ha was obtained from application of 46kg nitrogen per hectare, and six supplementary irrigation. The results obtained in this experiment showed that, application of supplementary irrigation could be an important climate change adaptation strategy in areas where onset and cessation of rainfall occur.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Growth and yield performance of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) using ver...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to look into the efficacy of vermicast as soil amendments on the growth and yield performance of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.). It aimed to determine vermicast’s effect on the fruit quality of tomato and to determine which among the treatments gives significant results. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five (5) treatments replicated three (3) times. Treatment effectiveness was based on plant height, number of flowering days, weight yield per hectare, ROI, physico-chemical of tomato and NPK soil content. Results revealed that 10 bags of vermicast per hectare in combination with inorganic fertilizer (90-0-0Kg N ha1) was a good soil amendment or nutrient source because it improved soil quality, fruit quality, and physic-chemical properties of tomato, thus, producing better yield and cost return.
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on growth and yi...Premier Publishers
The experiment was implemented during the autumn season 2013, to study the effect of three methods of irrigation and fertilization on the development and yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Rivera. Two methods of drip irrigation (putting the pipe at the bottom and at the top of furrows) and furrow irrigation with three types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer at rate of 300 kg urea, 180 kg superphosphate triple, 240 kg potassium sulphate per hectare) and organic fertilizer at 30 kg.100 m2 -1 with half amount of the chemical fertilizers mentioned. The organic fertilizers were added in two ways: by scattering dry fertilizer and irrigation with fertilizer solution near plant roots. Results showed that the highest total water content of leaves was 86.665%, leaf area 2285 cm2, roots dry weight 13.60 g., average tuber weight 69.56 g., and the percentage of dry matter in tubers 19.26% was produced from applying organic fertilizer by irrigation, whereas the highest total tubers yield was 16.345 tons.ha-1 and water use efficiency 9.855 kg. ha-1 resulted from organic fertilizer by scattering method, also the treatment of drip irrigation by putting the pipe at the top of the furrows was superior in all studied parameters except the average tuber weight and total soluble solids compared with the other two treatments.
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2014-15 at Wheat Research Institute Sakrand, Sindh (WRI) on newly introduced Benazir-2013 wheat variety to evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes for growth and yield performance under district Shaheed Benazir Abad agro-climatic conditions. Five irrigation levels viz, L1=02 irrigations @ crown root initiation & tillering phase, L2=03 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering & jointing phase, L3=04 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[ jointing & booting phase, L4=05 irrigations @ crown root initiation [tillering[jointing [booting & grain development phase and L5=06 irrigations @ crown root initiation[tillering[jointing[booting[flowering & grain development stage were applied in randomized complete block design (RCBD). The significant (p<0.05) results were achieved. Maximum plant height 88 cm, number of tillers 400.20 m2, spike length 11.95 cm, 1000-grain weight 57.1 g, grain yield 6.0 t ha-1 and harvest index 42.70% were recorded in L5, followed by L4 with standard 05 irrigations produced 85 cm plant height, 11.3 cm spike length, 390.17 tillers m2, 53.5 g as 1000-grain weight, 5.8 t ha-1 grain yield and 40.7 harvest index. While, lowest all growth and yield traits measured in L1, L2 and L3. Figures demonstrating that there is no significant different between L4 and L5 treatments in term of all vegetative and reproductive constituents, Hence, It is reasoned that the five irrigations are necessary for maximum crop yield in district Shaheed Benazir Abad agronomical zone and lack of irrigation adversely affected growth and yield of Benazir wheat variety. Therefore, suggestion is given to the growers that optimum frequencies of irrigation must be applied to new Benazir wheat variety.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and productivity. Hence its judicious use in crop cultivation is essential for achieving desirable productivity of crops. A pot experiment was designed in the experimental site of the Horticulture Garden, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam during 2014-15, using Randomize complete design (CRD), where five cultivars of chilli (Kunri 1, Nagina, Ghotki, Tota puri and Longi) were evaluated to four nitrogen levels, including a control, (0, 50, 150 and 250 kg ha-1). The results exhibited that all growth and yield characters of chilli were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by N levels and cultivars. However, interaction between N levels × cultivars was only significant (P<0.05) for plant height (cm) and branches plant-1. The plants treated with higher N level of 250 Kg ha-1 produced maximum plant height (71.27 cm), number of branches (9.42), days to flower initiation (74.62), fruit length (3.12 cm), fruits plant-1 (142.00), weight of single fruit (3.44 g) and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (486.36). The plants fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 ranked second and showed plant height (70.56 cm), number of branches (9.06), days to flower initiation (exposed) 74.33, fruit length (3.02), fruits plant-1 (139.20), weight of single fruit (3.34), and fresh weight of fruit plant-1 (468.51). There was significant reduction in all the growth and yield attributed parameters at control, where N was not applied to plants. Among cultivars, Ghotki exhibited a better performance. Moreover, interaction of N levels and cultivars (250 Kg ha-1 x Ghotki) also displayed higher values for most of the traits. The findings of the current study demonstrated that although higher N level 250 kg ha-1 showed greater values for all traits, but these results were statistically similar to results obtained from 150 kg ha-1, Hence, it is concluded that N 150 Kg ha-1 is an economic dose for better growth and fruit yield of Chillies.
Generally, wheat productivity severely affected due to imbalanced fertilizer application, and on other hand NPB are 100%, 90% and 55% deficient in Pakistani soils as well as K deficiency appears rapidly. Therefore appropriate nutrient management is essentially required to obtain economic wheat yield. A field experiment was carried out at Student’s Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, during 2014-15. The trial was arranged on randomized complete block design, replicated thrice and treatments included: Control (untreated), NPK= 90:60:60 kg ha-1, NPK = 90-30-30 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 1% (tillering), NPK = 90:30:30 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering), NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 + B: 2% (tillering).The statistical analysis of data proved that various combinations of NPK and boron application displayed significant (P<0.05) effects on nearly all the growth and yield components of wheat. Thus, maximum plant height 86.7, more tillers 418.0 m2, increased spike length 11.6 cm, grains spike-1 51.0 and 49.0, grain weight plant-1 7.9 g, seed index (1000 grain weight) 41.7 g, biological yield 9131.7 kg ha-1, grain yield 3880.0 kg ha-1 and harvest index 42.5 were noted at NPK-120-60-60 kg ha-1 + B 2% at tillering phase, Whereas, all growth and yield parameters were measured poor under control (un-treated) plots. Hence, it was decided from the results that use of NPK = 120:60:60 kg ha-1 and 2% foliar application of boron at tillering stage proved better as compared to other treatments.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Laboratory experiment was laid out in Replicated Complete Design under laboratory condition during 2013-14 at Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. The results for mangbean varieties showed that maximum germination (86.78%), shoot length (10.71cm), root length (5.32cm), shoot fresh weight (1693mg), root fresh weight (658.0 mg), shoot dry weight (54.74mg), root dry weight (7.89mg), were observed in 4 hours priming. Whereas, the 2 hours priming ranked second with germination (84.78%), shoot length (10. 40cm), root length (5.19 cm), shoot fresh weight (1664mg), root fresh weight (642.6mg), shoot dry weight (52.81mg), root dry weight (7.71 mg). However, No priming (check) had minimum germination (68.88%), shoot length (7.53cm), root length (3.09cm), shoot fresh weight (1103 mg), root fresh weight (431.9mg), shoot dry weight (38.56mg), root dry weight (5.49mg).. The data further indicated that the maximum germination (86.52%), shoot length (11.12cm), root length (5.60cm), shoot fresh weight (1839mg), root fresh weight (664.7 mg) shoot dry weight (57.88mg), root dry weight (8.20mg), were recorded in 35oC temperature regimes as compared to 25oC temperature regimes which was produced germination (81.71%), shoot length (9.51cm), root length (4.48 cm), shoot fresh weight (1553mg), root fresh weight (591.8mg), shoot dry weight (49.09mg), root dry weight (6.89 mg). Whereas, the lowest germination (72.21%), shoot length (8.01cm), root length (3.51cm), shoot fresh weight (1068 mg), root fresh weight (476.0mg), shoot dry weight (49.14mg), root dry weight (6.00mg) were observed in 15oC temperature regimes. These results are statistically significant (P<0.05) probability levels. It is concluded that seed priming period 4 hours proved better for seed germination and early growth traits of mungbean. At 35 oC temperature regime early growth and yield of mungbean was determined.
Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants.They are mostly C4 plants (Extraordinary metabolize essential carbon) and have vigor growth. Due to vigorous growth and inordinate development, they compete with all type of crops including cereals, fiber, sugar, medicinal and vegetable crops as well as floricultural crops for nutrient, place, space, air, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), light, soil moisture and soil oxygen etc that result in causes of long or short stressful periods during growth and development of plant which have adverse influence on the harvest and
straightforwardly diminish the yield and quality of crops. Various methods are utilized to control the weeds but all methods are not efficient equally against weeds before they give
any damage to the harvests, with the exception of a few. These involves use of weedicides, hoeing, tillage operations, hand pulling, pure seed, seeding rate, mulching, Intercropping, cultivation of weed competitive varieties, mixed cropping, sowing time, sowing methods and use of fertilizer practices. However nowadays modern agriculture concept is giving recommendation to use all these practices combined which is known as integrated weed management (IWM). This review paper evaluates different weed management practices in different crops and suggests effective weed control methods for
good crop yield and its quality. This paper is also indicating challenges in integrated weed management practices with raising a question why a majority of farmers around the world are unable to apply integrated weed management (IWM) practices.
Indus valley which is famous from oldest civilization Mohan-Jo-Daro is a province of Pakistan. It is known as agricultural land in the world. Climate of Sindh favors cereal crops, oil seed
crops, fiber crops, sugar crops, vegetable crops and many flower crops. Among them unfortunately
flower crops are cultivated at very small scale. Its due to less attention is given to this crop by farmers
and agricultural institutions. That is a reason various flower species are unavailable for peoples use
and landscaping. Minor research work founding in research journals about flower cultivation in
Sindh. Therefore three weeks a rapid survey research work was started in 1st July 2015 in two
procedures, including 1: Verbal comments were obtained from farmers, 2: Comments obtained from
social media. Question was raised that what are causes of low level farming of flowers in Sindh.
Options were given as choice viz, A: low awareness, B: Low profitability, C: Unsuitable climate and
soil. According to the results of verbal comments from farmers, 55% answered low awareness, 30%
replied low profitability and 15% commented unsuitable climate and soil. While at social network (use
of internet), 50% said low awareness, 20% selected answer low profitability and 26% mentioned choice C which is unsuitable climate and soil.
Leaf colour chart (LCC) is known as one of the important
innovation in the agricultural sector of the world. It was the first time prepared by scientists of Japan. They used this for estimation of chlorophyll formation rate in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop and then more various investigations on leaf colour chart were done which showed that it is important for better nitrogen management. N deficiency can easily be rectified with no devastation of plant parts. Nowadays, the leaf colour chart is being successfully used worldwide for the proper rate of nitrogen application and thus boosting the greatest productivity. Study was begun in 2013 using of diverse literature available on leaf colour chart from various resources. The mirror, paper, painting colours, aluminium and plastic tape, glue, plastic shopper, pencil, geometrical instruments and camel brushes of different sizes were used as material. .......
The arsenic contamination has seriously affected public health in Pakistan, especially in highly contaminated
Sindh and Punjab provinces. Results of recent studies show that over 3% of the population in Punjab was exposed
to arsenic contamination of over 50 ug/L in drinking water, and 20% of the population is exposed to over 10 ug/L, with
the limited standard of WHO, same as the EPA also sets the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for drinking
water. The situation in Sindh province was worse than in Punjab province, as the results show that 16% and 36%
of population exposed to arsenic contaminated water over 50 ug/L and 10 ug/L respectively. According to a study
conducted and based on samples from 1,184 wells across the country that actually proved that the process of boiling
or filtration was not helpful to remove As from groundwater. Recent medical studies have confirmed 40 cases of
arsenicosis occurred in worst situation. The purpose of this paper is to make a review about the current situation of
arsenic contamination and its effect in the Pakistan.
All plants utilize nitrogen (N) in the form of NO3- and NH4
+. It is most imperative element for proper growth and development of plants. which significantly increases and enhances the yield and its quality by playing a vital role in biochemical and physiological
plant. Pivotal N is required in larger quantity about 1000 ug kg-1 dry matter, so, it is compulsory supplied to plants. It is top most 100% deficient in Pakistani soils due to low organic matter content, additionally,.................
Phosphorus (P) is considered as a second most vital plant nutrient as well as second most deficient about 90% in agricultural soils of Pakistan following the nitrogen which boosts and insures bumper crop yield. Hence, P is widely used in crop production. Without this element, the higher productivity is not possible and its role cannot be replaced due to no any substituent, since it is an essential element. Farmers have belief that profitability is only associated with an enormous rate, So, they greatly rely on pivotal nutrient P, which is a finite and in this way its consumption increasing demand causing the decline of its reserves due to rapid excavation. Many scientists are threathening that within 50 to 100 years phosphorus will be completely depleted and P from peak can occurs for a period of only 2030 or 2033. According to some surveys, world has 71 billion tons of P reserves and mine production is about 0.19 billion tons, some research analyst has perception that, the threat is not closer, as its propaganda. But increasing fertilizer demands per day may doublet or triplet or meet the level soon up-to 1.00 billion tons of production. Then decline can take place around 71 years (71÷1.00). From this microscopic angle, the danger can be observed most closely. Agriculture cannot afford such condition in the future and huge crises can be raised. Therefore, well organized agronomic strategy must be applied in this mean time, number of crop cultivation practices are available, they can minimize P use along with improve yield and can save P and extend the threat to several hundred years. This planning should be adopted together new reserves also discovered. Currently, it is need of time, a call ought to be given from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with them to ‘’Reduce P use and Save P’’ for sustainability of agriculture. This paper is well elaborating and indicating in detail, the threats to agriculture, challenges and providing possible remedies for food security under small bracket. Furthermore, paper identifying depletion of P reserves as a true story.
SAU-GROWTH METER:This growth meter is a broad invent in agriculture sector and can prove very much useful in agriculture throughout the world. Now we can measure growth speed of wheat crop plant per second, per minute, per hour, per day and per month as well, which helps us to estimate and maximize yield through proper use of input resources.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Infl uence of sustainable source of nutrient on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)
1. Journal of Plant Stress Physiology ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ● 2015 23
INTRODUCTION
Pakistan being agriculture country unfortunately facing a
deficitofedibleoil,itsmajorreasonissmalllevelfarmingof
oilseed crops in the country.This low-level oilseed farming
dosedoesnotfulfilltheedibleoildemandofthecountry,so
itneedsaremetthroughforeigneredibleoilimports(Nisar
etal.,2005).Thedomesticproductionofoilisverylowand
slow. In 2008-2009, it was 6.84 million tons, this is about
24%equaltodemand,completingtheedibleoilneedabout
76%isimportedfromforeigncountriesat80billionrupees
yearly (GOP, 2009). Keeping its important, government
agriculture department of Pakistan is continuing struggle
tomaximizeoilseedcropcultivationandpreferenceisbeing
giventothesunflowercropsbecauseofamongoilseedcrops
the sunflower is one of the major crop in the country and
most liked by the peoples of Pakistan.Ahmad et al.(2009)
reported that the sunflower crop is widely adoptable
at different agroecological zones; it is an extra drought
tolerance crop as well-compare to other crops.Sunflowers
wellutilizewaterandavailablenutrientsintherootzonedue
to its growth are vigor’s. However, nutrient management
is important for all crops and usually it is carried out
through fertilizers,but commercial fertilizer prices are day
by day increasing, mainly nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore,
farmers should be aware how various inputs affect the crop
productivity and how technically use different nutrient
sourcesofinputswithcombinedform.Inthisway,fertilizer
costs can be minimized and can obtain profitable farming
(Muzzammil et al. 2009). Babhulkar et al. (1980) worked
on a different source of nutrient for maximum production;
they reported that FYM manures are beneficial for growth
and yield and of sunflower.Rasool et al.,(2013) concluded
that 10 ton of farmyard manure plus 120 kg nitrogen per
hectare increases the seed yield and oil yield of sunflower.
Byrareddy et al. (2008) investigated that 8 tones of FYM
per hector resulted better crop growth and development
mainly taller plants height and maximum number of leaves
and seed yield were recorded as compare to the plot where
no FYM were applied additionally. For vigor growth and
maximum, the integrated use of nutrient source including
inorganic and organic is the best choice (Sharma et al.,
Influence of sustainable source of nutrient on
growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L)
Shah Jahan Leghari*, Umeed Ali Leghari, Ghullam Mustafa Leghari, Mehmooda Buriro
Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan
Received:Received: 17.07.2015
Accepted:Accepted: 19.07.2015
Published:Published: 19.07.2015
*Address for*Address for
correspondence:correspondence:
Shah Jahan Leghari,
Department of Agronomy,
Sindh Agriculture University
Tandojam, Pakistan.
E-mail: leghari222@
ymail.com
ABSTRACT
Sunflower is a one of the most important oilseed crop. Production of sunflower with the use of sustainable source
of nutrient is cheap as compared with the application of synthetic fertilizers and its quality and soil heath improved
by the application of organic chemical (OC) source of nutrient while chemical fertilizers are generally dangers for
our environment and soil health. The nutrient requirement of sunflower can easily be carried by the self-made OC
source of nutrient through this equation FYM + CaCO3
+ H2
O + NO3
→ OC (OC source of nutrient) with very
low cost, so a farmer can self-made and fulfill nutrient requirement of crop and can obtain higher yield. A field
experiment was carried out during 2013 at village Mir Khan Leghari near Agriculture Training Institute Sakrand,
district Nawabshah (Sindh). The sunflower variety HO-1 was sown by using randomized complete block design
with tree replications. Three levels of self-made OC source of nutrient viz: T1
= 200 kg/ha, T2
= 300 kg/ha,
and T3
= 500 kg/ha was used. Regarding to the result maximum plant height, stem girth, number of leaves,
head diameter, seed yield (140 cm, 7.60 cm, 16/plant, 15.70 cm, 1580.00 kg/ha, respectively) were recorded
in T3
in which high dose (500 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied. While the minimum plant
height 110 cm, stem girth 3.25 cm, leaves per plant 12, head diameter 9.50 cm, seed yield 1300.40 kg/ha were
recorded in T1
plot, where low dose (200 kg/ha) of self-made OC source of nutrient were applied in this plot.
KEY WORDS: Helianthus annuus L, organic-chemical, FYM, calcium carbonate, Pakistan
Original Article
JournalofPlantStressPhysiology2015,1(1):23-25
http://scienceflora.org/journal/jpsp/
doi:10.5455/jpsp.2015-07-013
2. Leghari, et al.: Influence of sustainable source of nutrient on growth and yield of sunflower
24 Journal of Plant Stress Physiology ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ● 2015
2008).Aninorganicmaterialsuchlimestoneisusefulagainst
acid soils. It reclaims the soil by decreasing soil acids and
increasesfertilizerefficiencyandsuppliestheessentialplant
nutrients such as Ca and Mg. limestone also prevents Mn
andAl to become toxic for plant growth and development
and makes many other nutrients available as well. Calcium
carbonate from limestone is used in agriculture all around
the world. For that ground, limestone is preferably and
commonly being used for agriculture purpose. This is
effectiveonvariousphysiologicalandbiochemicalfunctions
incropplantcellanditstissue(Bush,1995).Supanjanietal.
(2005) investigated and reported that CaCO3
at the rate
of 2 t/ha level was found suitable for plant growth, and
yield increased while excessive application reduced yield.
Calcium carbonate is effective for better plant growth and
developmentinaparticularsituationwhichmainlyinvolving
soil conditions. Similarly, N fertilizers with 8.0 pH are not
suitable higher pH soil for the longer health of the soil,but
these N fertilizers with high pH becomes best when they
arecombinedwithFYM.Inthisview,thepresentstudywas
startedtoevaluatetheeffectofself-madeorganic-chemical
(OC) source of nutrient on growth and yield of sunflower.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted at Ashfaque laghari
agriculture farm in village Mir Khan Leghari, town
Sakrand, district Shaheed Benazirabad (Sindh) Pakistan.
The layout of the experiment was randomized complete
block design with three replications.The sunflower variety
HO-1 was sown with bed furrow, plant to plant spacing
20 cm.Sowing time wasAugust 6,2013,and seed rate was
12 kg/ha.The soil was sandy loam. In this experiment,
mainly FYM in the form of fresh animal dung was stored
in river water continue 2 months in combination with a
concentration of CaCO3
(ground lime). After that just
before use of this rich material source of nutrient the
N at the rate of 100 kg in the form of Urea was mixed
together in liquid form material (FYM + CaCO3
+
H2
O + NO3
→ OC).This sustainable source of nutrient
for growth and yield of the sunflower crop was step by
step prepared in a certain period.All steps were carefully
completed and then final stage we got a solution which
was rich in macro and micronutrient, that solution can
directly applied in standing crop with the method of
Fertigation during the flow of irrigation and also that
solution further processed to make dry material. The
dry material can directly apply to crop by the method of
broadcasting as like other fertilizers other fertilizers are
applied in standing crop. The application of OC source
of the nutrient in case of solution is more suitable than
dry material because of it quick dissolve in irrigation
water and drains to available the root zone of the plant.
Therefore, self-made OC source of nutrient was applied
in liquid form in irrigation water flow.The first doze was
applied at second irrigation,and all doses were completed
in all irrigation.The irrigation requirement was fulfilled
by the requirement of crop plant of sunflower according
the climatic conditions. During the weed control, the
soft weeds were killed during the each application of
self-made OC source of nutrients, those were grown in
root zone of plant and would never germinate again at
the root zone of crop plant and there were no any side
effect noted to the crop plant, again for this reason OC
also applied on young cotyledon to observe that it may
kill the crop plant of sunflower,but sunflower plants were
found safe and healthy.The integrated self-made source
of nutrient supplies the nutrients till third irrigation and
moisture availability were continuing enhanced by the its
applications.The data of growth and yield was collected
by the standard procedure and parameter. There are
five plants were tagged randomly for the measurement
of parameters, which includes plant height cm, stem
girthcm,numberofleavesplant−1
,headdiametercm,seed
yield kg/ha were continually recorded till its maturing
stage.The height was measured with a meter stick.The
weeds were controlled through the traditional methods.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cultivation of sunflower crop in combination with
inorganic along with organic material increased plant
height, stem girth, the number of leaves, head diameter,
seed yield.The stored well decomposed FYM in water plus
concentration with ground lime (CaCO3
)and adding of N
inascientificprocessprovidesbetterresultsinsandy,sandy
loam soils and its influence on sunflower plant growth,
development and yield were significant. Soil heath and
its pH were noted maintained. Moreover FYM releases
nutrients rapidly.
Plant Height
The result showed significant effect OC source of the
nutrient. The maximum plant height of 140 cm was
recorded in treatment T3
plot in which split dose of
500 kg/ha OC source of nutrient were applied at all
irrigation andT2
in resulted 125 cm plant height,reduced
dose 300 kg/ha of OC were applied while lowest plant
height110cmwasrecordedinT1
,200kg/hawereapplied.
Stem Girth
Stem girth is significantly affected by increased level of
OC source of nutrients. Results proved that T3
showed
3. Leghari, et al.: Influence of sustainable source of nutrient on growth and yield of sunflower
Journal of Plant Stress Physiology ● Vol 1 ● Issue 1 ● 2015 25
maximum value 7.60 at 500 kg/ha dose of OC level.
FollowingT1
,theT2
provided higher value 5.08 (300 kg/ha
OC were applied) and highly minimum value were noticed
inT1
, in this plot 200 kg/ha OC source of nutrient were
applied.
Number of Leave Plant−1
T3
at application 500 kg/ha rate of OC source of nutrient
showed significant number of leaves per plant (16)
and T2
at application 300 kg/ha rate of OC source of
nutrient showed competitive result (13) number of leaves
plant−1
.T1
was found very a minimum number of leaves
plant−1
(12) compare toT1.
Head Diameter
According to the results the maximum head diameter
15.70 cm was recorded inT3
plot (500 kg/ha OC source
of the nutrient were applied).This is a significant result.
Smaller head diameter 9.50 showed by T1
plot, where
200 kg/haOC source of the nutrient were applied.
Seed Yield
Plot ofT3
showed significant results in term of seed yield
was determined 1580.00 kg/ha at 500 kg rate of OC
source of nutrients while at the rate of 300 kg/ha OC
in T2
showed some variable value behind T3
. Similarly,
T1
remained behind to the T2
and produced 1300.40 kg
seed yield ha−1
at the rate of 200 kg/ha OC source of the
nutrient were applied.
Overall statistically results proved that the OC source of
nutrients (FYM + CaCO3
+ H2
O + NO3
→ OC) is useful
for growth and yield of the sunflower crop.
CONCLUSION
ItisconcludedthattheOCsourceofnutrients(combination
oforganicandinorganicmaterial)canbesustainablesource
of nutrient for better growth and yield of sunflower crop
and its influence is significant which provides maximum
plant height cm,stem girth cm,number of leaves plant−1
,
head diameter cm, seed yield kg/ha. The responses
of sunflower plant were determined good, soil health
improved in each application, the moisture availability
continually observed on the soil surface and soil pH also
remains in balance. However, this experiment suggesting
that self-made OC source of nutrient (OC) is most suitable
in areas where irrigation water is insufficient and water
shortage is a problem including soils having not good water
holding capacity as well, such as sandy soils. Moreover, it
has a positive effect on the environment, it supports to
N2
fixation bacteria, and maintenances the soil fertility.
Through the use of OC source of a nutrient, a farmer is
able to supply macro and micronutrients simultaneously
and can avoid any nutrient stress.
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Table 1: Growth and yield components of sunflower are affected
by different levels of self-made organic-chemical source of
nutrient (OC)
Treatments
(OC levels)
Plant
height (cm)
Stem
girth (cm)
Leaves
(plant−1
)
Head
diameter (cm)
Seed yield
(kg/ha)
T1
110 3.25 12 9.50 1300.40
T2
125 5.08 13 12.33 1430.77
T3
140 7.60 16 15.70 1580.00
Result are significantly different at P<0.05. OC: Organic-chemical