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Infection Control,
Fumigation,
Disinfection
By - Vikas
Sharma
DEFINITION:
The definition of infection is the process
of bacteria or viruses invading the
body or making someone ill or
diseased.
When you catch a cold, this is
an example of an infection.
INFECTION CONTROL
Infection control is the discipline
concerned with preventing nosocomial
or healthcare-associated infection.
It is an essential (though often under-
recognized and under-supported) part of the
infrastructure of health care.
Infection control addresses factors
related to the spread of infections within
the health-care setting, including
prevention, monitoring/investigation of
demonstrated or suspected spread of
infection within a particular health-care
setting, and management.
OBJECTIVES OF INFCTION CONTROL:-
To protect the patient and members of the
hospital team from contracting infections
during hospital procedures
To reduce the numbers of pathogenic micro-
organisms in the dental operatory to the lowest
possible level.
To implement a high standard of infection
control when treating every patient (universal
precautions)
STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE INFECTION
CONTROL:-
All patients must be screened.
Barriers for personal protection.
Careful aseptic techniques.
Sterilization & disinfection.
Disposal of contaminated waste safely.
IMPORTANCE OF INFECTION CONTROL
Prevents post procedure infections
Results in high-quality, safe services
Prevents infections in service providers
and other staff
Protects the community from infections that
originate from health care facilities
Prevents the spread of antibiotic-
resistant microorganisms
Lowers the costs of health care services,
since prevention is cheaper than
treatment.
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL
PROGRAMME
The aim of the Hospital Infection
Control Program is dissemination of
information, surveillance activities,
investigation, prevention and control
of nosocomial infections in the
hospitals.
Nosocomial infections affects approximately
2 million patients annually in acute care
facilities in our country and their annual
patient care costs several millions of rupees.
Studies shows that nearly one-third of
nosocomial infections can be prevented by a
well organised infection control programme.
But only less than 10% are actually
prevented.
To be effective the infections control
programme should include the following.
1. Organised surveillance and control
activities
2. One infection control practitioner
for every major Health Facility.
3. A Trained Hospital Epidemiologist
THE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF THE
INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM ARE:
Basic measures for infection control, i.e.
standard and additional precautions.
Education and training of health care workers;
Protection of health care workers, e.g.
immunization.
Identification of hazards and minimizing risks.
Routine practices essential to infection control
such as aseptic techniques .
Use of single use devices, reprocessing of
instruments and equipment.
Antibiotic usage, management of
blood/body fluid exposure.
Handling and use of blood and blood
products.
Surveillance
incident monitoring;
outbreak investigation;
infection control in specific situations; and
Research
sound management of medical waste;
ORGANIZATION OF AN INFECTION
CONTROL PROGRAM
As with all other functions of a health care
facility, ultimate responsibility for prevention &
control of infection rests with the health
administrator.
The hospital administrator/head of hospital
should establish an infection control committee
which will in turn appoint an infection control
team;
Provide adequate resources for effective
functioning of the infection control program.
In the majority of countries Infection
control program (ICP), typically operates
on two levels: an executive body – the
infection control team (ICT) – and an
advisory body to the hospital management –
the infection control committee (ICC) –
which adopts the ‘legislative’ role of policy
making.
1. INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE
2. INFECTION CONTROLTEAM
3. INFECTION CONTROLMANUAL
INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE:-
It is a multidisciplinary committee
responsible for monitoring program
policies implementation and recommend
corrective actions.
It includes representatives from different
concerned hospital departments &
management. They meet bimonthly.
It establishes standards for patient care, it
reviews & assesses IC reports and identifies
areas of intervention.
The hospital ICC is charged with the
responsibility for the planning, evaluation of
evidenced-based practice & implementation,
prioritization and resource allocation of all
matters relating to infection control.
The ICC must have a reporting relationship
directly to either administration or the
medical staff to promote ICP visibility and
effectiveness. The ICC should meet
regularly (monthly) according to local need
TEAM MEMBERS TO BE AUTHORISED:-
Team should have authority to manage
an effective control program.
Team should have a direct reporting
with senior administration.
Infection control team members or are
responsible for day-to-day functions of IC
and preparing the yearly work plan.
They should be expert & creative in their
job.
THE ICC HAS THE FOLLOWING TASKS:-
To review and approve the annual plan for
infection control
To review and approve the infection control
policies.
To support the IC team and direct
resources toaddress problems as identified
To ensure availability of appropriate supplies
To review epidemiological surveillance data
and identify area for intervention.
To assess and promote improved
practice at all levels of the health care
facility
To ensure appropriate training in
infection control and safety.
To review risks associated with new
technology and new devices prior to
their approval for use.
To review and provide input into
an outbreak investigation
THE ROLE OF ICN:-
Identify, investigate and monitor infections,
hazardous practice and procedures
Participate in the preparation of documents
relating toservice specifications and quality
standards.
Participate in training and educational
programs and inmembership of relevant
committees where infection control input is
needed
Educate individuals and groups about the
risk, prevention, transmission, and control of
infection, disease-specific care, appropriate
precautions, & appropriate assessments
Investigate, manage and conduct surveillance
of suspected and confirmed outbreaks of
infection
Training and education under the supervision
of ICO
Increase awareness among patients & visitors
about infection control
Maintain infection control standard & policies.
INFECTION CONTROL MANUAL:-
Every Hospital should have a nosocomial
infection prevention manual or a Hospital
associated infection prevention manual
containing recommended instructions and
practices for patient care.
The manual should be developed and updated
by the infection control team and reviewed
and approved by the committee.
It must be made readily available for
health care workers, and updated in a
timely fashion.
SERVEILLANCE
PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIE
STAFF TRAINING
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS:
These measures must be applied during every
patient care, during exposure to any potentially
infected material or body fluids as blood and
others.
Components:
A. Hand washing.
B. Barrier precautions.
C. Sharp disposal.
D. Handling of contaminated material.
HAND WASHING:-
Hand washing is the single most effective
precaution for prevention of infection
transmission between patients and staff.
Hand washing with plain soap is mechanical
removal of soil and transient bacteria (for 10-
15 sec.)
Hand antisepsis is removal & destroys of
transient flora using anti-microbial soap or
alcohol based hand rub (for 60 sec.)
BARRIER PRECAUTIONS
A general term referring to any method or device
used to reducec ontact with potentially infectios
body fluids, including.
facial masks, double gloving & fluid-resistant gowns
gloves;
protective eye wear (goggles);
mask;
apron;
gown;
boots/shoe covers; and
Cap/hair cover.
SHARPE DISPOSAL
Sharps are objects or devices that have been used in patient
care, medical, research, or industrial laboratories. Sharps can
be glass, metal, or plastic with rigid corners, sharp edges, or
protruding pieces that can slice, scrape or pierce the skin.
Sharps may include (but aren’t limited to):
Acupuncture needles
Broken glass or capillary tubes
Blood vials
Scalpel blades
Syringes with and without needles
Suture needles
Trauma scene waste that can cut,slice or pierce
Culture dishes and slides
Tubing with needles
Needles and tubing
ADDITIONAL (TRANSMISSION-BASED)
PRECAUTIONS:-
Additional (transmission-based) precautions
are taken while ensuring standard
precautions are maintained.
Additional precautions include:
Airborne precautions;
Droplet precautions; and
Contact precautions.
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Infection Control

  • 2. DEFINITION: The definition of infection is the process of bacteria or viruses invading the body or making someone ill or diseased. When you catch a cold, this is an example of an infection.
  • 3. INFECTION CONTROL Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection. It is an essential (though often under- recognized and under-supported) part of the infrastructure of health care.
  • 4. Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of infections within the health-care setting, including prevention, monitoring/investigation of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a particular health-care setting, and management.
  • 5. OBJECTIVES OF INFCTION CONTROL:- To protect the patient and members of the hospital team from contracting infections during hospital procedures To reduce the numbers of pathogenic micro- organisms in the dental operatory to the lowest possible level. To implement a high standard of infection control when treating every patient (universal precautions)
  • 6. STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE INFECTION CONTROL:- All patients must be screened. Barriers for personal protection. Careful aseptic techniques. Sterilization & disinfection. Disposal of contaminated waste safely.
  • 7. IMPORTANCE OF INFECTION CONTROL Prevents post procedure infections Results in high-quality, safe services Prevents infections in service providers and other staff Protects the community from infections that originate from health care facilities Prevents the spread of antibiotic- resistant microorganisms Lowers the costs of health care services, since prevention is cheaper than treatment.
  • 8. HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME The aim of the Hospital Infection Control Program is dissemination of information, surveillance activities, investigation, prevention and control of nosocomial infections in the hospitals.
  • 9. Nosocomial infections affects approximately 2 million patients annually in acute care facilities in our country and their annual patient care costs several millions of rupees. Studies shows that nearly one-third of nosocomial infections can be prevented by a well organised infection control programme. But only less than 10% are actually prevented.
  • 10. To be effective the infections control programme should include the following. 1. Organised surveillance and control activities 2. One infection control practitioner for every major Health Facility. 3. A Trained Hospital Epidemiologist
  • 11. THE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF THE INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM ARE: Basic measures for infection control, i.e. standard and additional precautions. Education and training of health care workers; Protection of health care workers, e.g. immunization. Identification of hazards and minimizing risks. Routine practices essential to infection control such as aseptic techniques . Use of single use devices, reprocessing of instruments and equipment.
  • 12. Antibiotic usage, management of blood/body fluid exposure. Handling and use of blood and blood products. Surveillance incident monitoring; outbreak investigation; infection control in specific situations; and Research sound management of medical waste;
  • 13. ORGANIZATION OF AN INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM As with all other functions of a health care facility, ultimate responsibility for prevention & control of infection rests with the health administrator. The hospital administrator/head of hospital should establish an infection control committee which will in turn appoint an infection control team; Provide adequate resources for effective functioning of the infection control program.
  • 14. In the majority of countries Infection control program (ICP), typically operates on two levels: an executive body – the infection control team (ICT) – and an advisory body to the hospital management – the infection control committee (ICC) – which adopts the ‘legislative’ role of policy making. 1. INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE 2. INFECTION CONTROLTEAM 3. INFECTION CONTROLMANUAL
  • 15. INFECTION CONTROL COMMITTEE:- It is a multidisciplinary committee responsible for monitoring program policies implementation and recommend corrective actions. It includes representatives from different concerned hospital departments & management. They meet bimonthly. It establishes standards for patient care, it reviews & assesses IC reports and identifies areas of intervention.
  • 16. The hospital ICC is charged with the responsibility for the planning, evaluation of evidenced-based practice & implementation, prioritization and resource allocation of all matters relating to infection control. The ICC must have a reporting relationship directly to either administration or the medical staff to promote ICP visibility and effectiveness. The ICC should meet regularly (monthly) according to local need
  • 17. TEAM MEMBERS TO BE AUTHORISED:- Team should have authority to manage an effective control program. Team should have a direct reporting with senior administration. Infection control team members or are responsible for day-to-day functions of IC and preparing the yearly work plan. They should be expert & creative in their job.
  • 18. THE ICC HAS THE FOLLOWING TASKS:- To review and approve the annual plan for infection control To review and approve the infection control policies. To support the IC team and direct resources toaddress problems as identified To ensure availability of appropriate supplies To review epidemiological surveillance data and identify area for intervention.
  • 19. To assess and promote improved practice at all levels of the health care facility To ensure appropriate training in infection control and safety. To review risks associated with new technology and new devices prior to their approval for use. To review and provide input into an outbreak investigation
  • 20. THE ROLE OF ICN:- Identify, investigate and monitor infections, hazardous practice and procedures Participate in the preparation of documents relating toservice specifications and quality standards. Participate in training and educational programs and inmembership of relevant committees where infection control input is needed
  • 21. Educate individuals and groups about the risk, prevention, transmission, and control of infection, disease-specific care, appropriate precautions, & appropriate assessments Investigate, manage and conduct surveillance of suspected and confirmed outbreaks of infection Training and education under the supervision of ICO Increase awareness among patients & visitors about infection control Maintain infection control standard & policies.
  • 22. INFECTION CONTROL MANUAL:- Every Hospital should have a nosocomial infection prevention manual or a Hospital associated infection prevention manual containing recommended instructions and practices for patient care. The manual should be developed and updated by the infection control team and reviewed and approved by the committee. It must be made readily available for health care workers, and updated in a timely fashion.
  • 24. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS: These measures must be applied during every patient care, during exposure to any potentially infected material or body fluids as blood and others. Components: A. Hand washing. B. Barrier precautions. C. Sharp disposal. D. Handling of contaminated material.
  • 25.
  • 26. HAND WASHING:- Hand washing is the single most effective precaution for prevention of infection transmission between patients and staff. Hand washing with plain soap is mechanical removal of soil and transient bacteria (for 10- 15 sec.) Hand antisepsis is removal & destroys of transient flora using anti-microbial soap or alcohol based hand rub (for 60 sec.)
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. BARRIER PRECAUTIONS A general term referring to any method or device used to reducec ontact with potentially infectios body fluids, including. facial masks, double gloving & fluid-resistant gowns gloves; protective eye wear (goggles); mask; apron; gown; boots/shoe covers; and Cap/hair cover.
  • 30. SHARPE DISPOSAL Sharps are objects or devices that have been used in patient care, medical, research, or industrial laboratories. Sharps can be glass, metal, or plastic with rigid corners, sharp edges, or protruding pieces that can slice, scrape or pierce the skin. Sharps may include (but aren’t limited to): Acupuncture needles Broken glass or capillary tubes Blood vials Scalpel blades Syringes with and without needles Suture needles Trauma scene waste that can cut,slice or pierce Culture dishes and slides Tubing with needles Needles and tubing
  • 31. ADDITIONAL (TRANSMISSION-BASED) PRECAUTIONS:- Additional (transmission-based) precautions are taken while ensuring standard precautions are maintained. Additional precautions include: Airborne precautions; Droplet precautions; and Contact precautions.