Infantile Cognitive Development

Infantile Cognitive Development
Early in their lives, infants' interactions and exposure dictates what learning experiences they retain
and maintain through early childhood. Perhaps more interestingly, the question of why and how
these learning experiences develop is relatively unexplored and promises new understandings of the
natural growth of memory and learning structures within the infant brain. To this end, the works of
Rebecca L. Gómez in her academic article titled "Do infants retain the statistics of a statistical
learning experience? Insights from a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective" help
explore the nature of Statistical Learning (SL) in regards to infantile cognitive growth. This piece
asks how can we determine the apparent inconsistency of constant ... Show more content on
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Therefore it can be inferred from from these two academic works that ASC theory and infants with
insufficient sleep allude to the finding that sleep possesses a specific function for the construction of
connective memories and learning that impacts a child's development even into adulthood. This is
further reinforced through Doctor Gómez and Doctor Edgin's studies in which children, who all that
were tested were "habitual nappers" (Gómez, Edgin), did "not generalize when tested or four hours
later once they had slept, but they generalized after being awake for four hours afterwards". They
hypothesized that elevated levels of NREM in the naps of children cemented the infrequent features
they learned such as the coloration of the object and its surroundings, preventing generalization after
sleep. Comparatively, the children who went without napping "failed to remember veridical details
from interaction when they were awake" (Gómez) enabling them to generalize new exemplars again
under differing
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Sleep : Memory And Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or
encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be
consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of
learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of
memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping.
Memory
Sensory, short–term, and long–term are the three types of memory. Together they work to encode,
consolidate, store, and recall information. Short–term memory is the temporary place that
information is stored before forgetting or further encoding occurs. Long–term memory consists of
subcategories that relate to different types of information with different activation sections of the
brain. These include Explicit/Declarative memory and Implicit/Non–Declarative memory. The
Declarative memory is responsible for holding episodic and semantic memories. Episodic pertains
to experiences and autobiographical events. Semantic memories involve facts, concepts, and verbal
symbols. While the implicit (unconscious) memory is involved in procedural memories such as
skills, tasks, use of objects, and movements of the body. It is also involved in emotionally
conditioned memories as well. Each type of memory demands activity in particularly different areas
of the brain. (CITE)
Short–Term

Argumentative Analysis
In 2014, the average percent of students returning from freshman to sophomore year for a bachelor's
degree was 64% (National). This means that over one third of college freshman do not return. Many
factors hurt a student's chance of returning because the change of college life from high school is
drastic. To ease the transition from high school to college, students need to learn how sleep,
independent learning, and their mindset affect their success. With a better understanding of how
these things can improve their lives, there will be a higher retention rate. Many young people forget
the importance of sleep in their lives when they begin their college career and should be reminded of
how necessary it is. It has been estimated that "40% of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Top performance is achieved with moderate stress at intermittent times, which grows new brain cells
that better memory (Bradberry). Stress is usually thought of as damaging, but a certain amount of
stress is needed to caution students that they have work to do and deadlines to meet. Having a
healthy amount of stress motivates people to remind them to be working. Without enough stress,
students will lose inclination to school work, and with too much stress, students can, and sometimes
do, have a breakdown. The threat of a collapse means students need to have "coping strategies" that
help them manage overwhelming amounts of stress (Bradberry). Moving to a new environment
without family, friends, and teachers that know every students' name is stressful on its own, but
college students also have to be prepared for new, tougher assignments. This is enough to make a
freshman feel as though they are drowning, so every individual needs to find a way to relieve stress.
There are healthy ways to relieve stress, like exercise, listening to music, or meditation, that allow
students to feel comfortable in their new life. Finding a balance in life that also gives them a good
attitude and confidence is worthwhile. Attitudes about their intellect can alter the ability to learn for
many

Classroom Observation
Sleep, attention, learning, and memory all go hand–in–hand when trying to improve the ability to
learn and remember things. First of all, getting adequate sleep is beneficial in many ways. According
to the National Sleep Foundation, adequate sleep for people age 18–25 is 7–9 hours per night.
Getting enough sleep allows a person to have more energy to do daily tasks such as going to class
and learning. The more sleep you get, the more awake and focused you will be during the day.
Focusing your attention is also an important aspect of learning and remembering. Attentional focus
basically means focusing on the things relevant to the task at hand and suppressing distractions. If
you do not get enough sleep, your attentional focus will be decreased ... Show more content on
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While in class, students who are well rested will often be more focused and able to take in more
information. Also, students who do not get enough sleep at night may try to make up for it by
sleeping during class, which would hinder the students learning even more. In order to pay attention
in class, you need to be conscious and focused. At times, classrooms can present a lot of distractions
to students. It is essential for students to be able to focus their attention on the task at hand, which is
learning, and ignore distractions. Students who have reached all necessary stages of development
will excell in the classroom. Students have to be able to learn to be able to remember things. Having
a strong memory can be very beneficial in a testing situation. Students who have better memories
will be able to recall information from class and complete the test accordingly. Exercises using
memory tools, or mnemonics, such as creating rhymes or flashcards can help students strengthen
their memories and excel in class. As you can see, each of these concepts is essential and helpful in
learning and remembering things. Which each concept is used to its full potential, students are very

Sleep Can Improve Learning And Memory Essay
Abstract Sleep can improve learning and memory. However whether the length and type of sleep
whether this correlates to academic performance is unclear. Therefore the aim of the proposed
experiment is to research whether length and type of sleep experienced correlates with academic
performance It is hypothesised that longer sleep with more Non–REM sleep will correlate with
higher academic performance. Participants will be randomly selected 1st year psychology students
taking a mandatory 100 level psychology paper. The results showed a correlation between a longer
sleep time and more Non–REM sleep and higher academic performance which supported the
hypothesis Learning and memory is an important part of our lives. From the moment we are born we
start to learn. We learn who our parents are, who our family is. As we grow older we keep learning
more about the world around us and about unknown mysteries that have still yet to be answered.
There have been numerous studies researching sleep and it has been shown that sleep improves
memory and learning. Sleep in humans can be categorised into two types of sleep, rapid–eye
movement (REM) sleep which can be characterised by rapid eye movements and Non–REM sleep.
Non–REM sleep can be further categorised into sleep stages 1–4 (S1–4) which relates to the depth
of sleep. The deeper sleep you are in the less responsive you are to external stimuli. S3 and S4 are
what is known as slow wave sleep which can be characterised by slow wave

Why School Should Start Later Research Paper
School Needs to Start Later When the alarm goes off at 5:50 A.M., it's just another morning
followed by a boring day of school. Wouldn't it be a more effective day of learning and not being
tired getting even 30 more minutes of sleep? Most schools start really early, and it's so early kids
wake up before 6 A.M. This is way too early for children sleep schedule. It causes students to have
bad grades because they don't get enough sleep. Lack of sleep really negatively affects students. It
can be easily resolved if school started later. School should start later in the morning because kids do
not get enough sleep and will improve academic grades. At this point, a lot of children do not get a
healthy amount of sleep each night because school starts way too early. "Teens bodies' inner clocks
make it hard for them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children do not learn when they're tired, so it affects their whole learning experience. "Lack of sleep
doesn't seem to just have a negative effect on grades, but learning as a whole" (Mccullough). It
affects the whole learning experience which affects grades. That is not good when the problem can
be very easily resolved. Kids don't really pay attention how long they're awake, they just notice
when they're tired and can't sleep. "Although we spend 33% of our lives asleep, we barely give it a
moment's notice until we can't sleep" (Better Sleep Council). This statistic is important because we
don't notice how long we are awake until kids are tired. Sleep is extremely important because not
getting enough can be just as bad as doing drugs. "Researchers found that insufficient sleep had just
as negative an effect on students grades as binge drinking and marijuana use" (Mccullough). School
needs to start later because not getting enough sleep is extremely bad for your health and overall
self. Therefore school needs to start later because it affects grades and learning as a

Post Learning Sleep Improves Cognitive Emotional Decision...
Have you ever been told to "sleep on it" when confronted with a serious decision? The study done
by Seeley, C. J., Beninger, R. J., & Smith, C. T. titled "Post Learning Sleep Improves Cognitive–
Emotional Decision–Making: Evidence for a 'Deck B Sleep Effect' in the Iowa Gambling Task" sets
out to answer if sleeping helps improve decision making. For this study, they used the "Iowa
Gambling Task (IGT)" on participants. After the IGT, participants had 12 hours of being awake, 12
hours of sleep, or 12 hours of sleep followed by 12 hours of being awake before taking the IGT
again. This experiment is important because it would show if we make better decisions after
sleeping on it. For important decisions, such as laws, business decisions, and even jury decisions, we
want the best results, and sleeping on these decisions may provide better results. The main questions
the researchers tried to answer were when starting out do people choose the deck with a more
constant chance of winning, when learning more about the game do people change their choices,
and does sleeping after the first session improve the participant's performance in the next session.
Their hypothesis, based on their previous experiments, was that initially more participants would
choose from decks B and D, but after they learn more about the game they will start to choose more
cards from decks C and D. They also hypothesized that sleeping after learning about the game
would improve their results for the next

A Brief Note On Pain And Prescription Drugs Essay
Kline
Group topic: Pain and Prescription Drugs
*** Last IOP Group *****
Group activities included learning the side effects and symptoms of missed use of prescription
medications, and discussing alternative ways to cope with physical/mental pain, and sleep
disturbance without the use of AOD and prescription medications. Ms. Kline moderately
participated. She described a history of using heroin to cope with stress and overwhelming feelings,
but stated "I never missed use prescription drugs". She indicated that she uses over the counter
medications for stomachache or headache. Good treatment progress. Ms. Kline successfully
completed IOP treatment as of today.
Decker
disturbance without the use of AOD and prescription medications. Mr. Decker moderately
participated in the group activities. He stated "I am very health, and only use pain killer when the
physical injuries is too much to handle". Good treatment progress.
Cameron
disturbance without the use of AOD and prescription medications. Mr. Cameron

Sleep Apnea And Its Effect On Life Expectancy
The article by Peikoff (2015), 9 Things You Never Knew Your Body Does While You Sleep in
Cosmopolitan magazine provides general explanations on the various processes the body cycles
through while individuals are sleeping. The article outlines process such as the body's tendency to
lower in temperature, toxin cleanses, paralysis, neural cell repair, and immune system activation
which occur during sleep (Peikoff, 2015). It goes on to outline many statistics concerning sleep
apnea and its effect on life expectancy in females (Peikoff, 2015). Moreover, many of the claims the
article makes, as outlined above, have a biological and psychological scientific basis; however, the
article fails to mention the sources from which its conclusions was drawn from. That said, in this
paper three differing journal articles will be presented that focus on the different processes that take
place during sleep. The scientific journal articles will be analyzed and compared to the
Cosmopolitan article. as summarized above. The journal article by Motivala and Irwin (2007), Sleep
and Immunity: Cytokine Pathways Linking Sleep and Health, published in Current Directions in
Psychological Science journal, details the mechanism sleep influences the immune system. The
study analyzes the role of immunological signalling molecules cytokines and interleukin on
regulating sleep(Motivala & Irwin, 2007). Cytokine molecules are crucial to sleep regulation in that
higher levels of the signalling molecule are

Personal Narrative: Biology Of Learning
We have been learning information and receiving knowledge since we were an infant, but how did
we learn? What does the word information and knowledge mean? How does our brain process
information into knowledge? Information is something we first receive and knowledge is what we
know for a long period of time. We all learn in some form way but not everyone's way of learning is
similar. Some people learn in the same way, or maybe they learn the material in such a silly or
ridiculous way that we can't even imagine why they do it. Learning is a challenge; not only because
you have to understand it, but because there are obstacles to learning. Learning can be difficult if
there are distractions, like noises or some object that is attracting to you. Learning can be disrupted
not only by distracted, but by sleep and hunger.
To start off, we need to know what learning really is and how it is done. According to "Biology of
Learning", to learn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Personally, I am not good at taking notes often, but I do learn better in lectures. To enhance this, I
usually write cursive words while I take notes because I tend to write notes faster and more
efficiently. To understand the material in the book better I often read ahead of the class so, when the
teacher gives a lecture about the lesson I can make connections and understand it much more
clearly.
At the introduction of this essay it state that sleep can affect learning. But, how does sleep affect
learning? According to Wikipedia about sleep, it states that sleep is the information you got from the
day is processed. However, if you don't get enough sleep, then the brain waves that make
connections slow down, so it is harder to process information. If you cannot process information,
then it can't be easily stored into your memory which causes you to easily lose the information.

Short Term Memory Analysis
We are depended on our ability to learn, memorize, and ultimately remember information that we
accumulate over the course of our lives. Our brain undergoes many changes, physically and
mentally, when it is learning or trying to comprehend or remember new or past learned information.
The changes are filtered through where our information goes, as there are a number of ways for one
to learn or remember information, and how that person could use the gathered information in real
life situations. Sleep also plays a big role in the ability to recall information, as well as the ability to
study consistently over a period of time.
Our brain is one of the most important organs in our body. It, being so important, changes
tremendously from what we are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I can support this conclusion because I do like to make Quizlets on subjects that I have trouble with.
Quizlet allows for me to make a visual connection with the information, which ultimately helps me
with remembering and memorizing the material. However, I tend to make Quizlets on the night
before the test, which isn't a good thing. Not only will the information go into my short term
memory, but it will also cause for my sleep time to be decreased. I can easily fix my problem by
making the Quizlets as soon as I get news of a test, and will study it consistently. Not only will this
allow for the information to be transferred into my long term memory, but it would also cause for
me to have enough sleep on the night before the test. We are depended on our ability to learn,
memorize, and ultimately remember information that we accumulate over the course of our lives.
Our brain undergoes many changes, physically and mentally, when it is learning or trying to
comprehend or remember new or past learned information. The changes are filtered through where
our information goes, as there are a number of ways for one to learn or remember information, and
how that person could use the gathered information in real life situations. Sleep also plays a big role
in the ability to recall information, as well as the ability to study consistently over a period of

Sleep In High School
Wake up, go to school, study, and repeat. For many students, this is their daily agenda. First,
students wake up for school, at times widely considered too early. Then, during school, sleep
deprivation (lack of sleep) from the previous night affects many students ability to learn during the
school day. Finally, many students go home and stay up late doing homework and studying. Many
students wake up early, getting less sleep, therefore affecting learning. Then students choose to
study while still tired, due to a poor sleep schedule, which may affect learning capabilities. Finally,
students choose to study instead of sleep, even though sleep may have more benefits than its
counterpart. A number of sleep students get is a factor relating to how well they learn. To begin with,
early school hours affects students sleep. In a study of 18,360 high schools, the average school start
was 7:59 (nces.ed.gov). According to pediatrician Judith Owens, "Adolescents who get enough
sleep have a reduced risk of being overweight or suffering depression . . . and have better grades,
higher standardized test scores and an overall better quality of life,"(Owens). The recommended
amount of sleep by the national sleep foundation for an adolescent to fully operate during the day is
8.5–9.25 hours (Bethune), whilst the average amount of sleep in teens is 7–7.5 hours
(nationwidechildrens.org). When teens/children do not have enough sleep, the brain becomes prone
to poor memory, lack of ability to be

The Roles of NREM and REM Sleep On Memory Consolidation...
The Roles of NREM and REM Sleep On Memory Consolidation
All mammals exhibit Rapid–Eye–Movement, or REM, sleep, and yet on certain levels this type of
sleep would seem to be disadvantageous. During REM sleep, which is when most dreams occur, the
brain uses much more energy than during non–REM (NREM) sleep. (1) This "waste" of energy
coupled with the increased vulnerability of this state on account of the body's paralysis at this time
suggests that there must be a very important reason, or reasons, for the existence of REM sleep and
in extension of dreams. Determining the function of dreams, however, has proved very problematic
with many arguments which directly oppose each other. Some of the primary functions of dreaming
have been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although newborn infants spend about half of their sixteen to eighteen hours of sleep time a day in
REM sleep, adults spend only about an hour and a half in REM sleep. (1) This difference in both
amount and percentage of REM sleep between infants and adults indicates the importance of REM
sleep, or of dreams, in development. Several dream researchers have hypothesized that REM sleep
may play an important role in infant brain development by providing an internal source of powerful
stimulation which would prepare the baby for the almost infinite "world of stimulation it will soon
have to face" and also by facilitating the "maturation of the nervous system." (1)
The relative amount of REM sleep in other mammals exhibits in connection with their level of
development at birth also supports the idea that REM sleep must aid in development. (1) Typically,
animals born relatively mature, such as dolphins, giraffes, and guinea pigs, demonstrate low–
amounts of REM sleep, while animals born relatively immature, such as ferrets, armadillos, and
platypuses, exhibit higher levels of REM sleep. (3) Humans fall in between the spectrum of amounts
of REM sleep with platypuses having the most REM sleep and some species of dolphin and whale
exhibiting none. (3)
Partially because infancy is the time when most new information must be taken in as a part of
development, scientists have

Sleep Dependent Memory And Its Effect On Children
What was interesting about the article?: What was interesting about the article was that the
researchers decided their participants to be children because when people discuss about the
importance of sleep they mostly direct it to older teenagers and adults. People do not pay close
attention to the importance of sleep for children as much. Then the researchers decided to show two
different ways of learning style to suggest how sleep improves learning ability, because those are
factors one would not consider. The possibility that sleep may affect one learning style and not the
other. Also, the researchers had shown a common belief of majority of people about the importance
of sleep to be false was quite surprising. Abstract: The journal is about sleep–dependent memory
and its effect on children 's learning abilities. Sleep–dependent memory is how memory is
strengthened during sleep and is easier to retain and retrieve. The article discusses how sleep is
necessary because it strengthens explicit memories in children. However –when it comes to implicit
memory – children often do not show improvement of having retained the information. A study
examined the effects of sleep–dependent memory on children by having them complete two tasks
that were implicit and explicit, in order to see if they retained the information they learned before
having gone to sleep. (302). Introduction: The problem for this study was that most research about
sleep enhancing memory has been done

Effects Of Sleep Walking And Night Walking
Abstract
One of the most frightening sleep occurrences to a family is when a family member is having a night
terror, or sleep walking. It's difficult to understand how someone could have their eyes open,
walking, and talking but not really being awake. For the person that has the sleeping issue, they have
no memory of the occurrence. However, observing a person going through one of these episodes
makes it appear that the person is witnessing pure horror, not to mention the confusion if they
happen to wake up. This paper will explore the psychophysiological aspects of parasomnia with a
focus on night terrors and sleep walking. Including psychological aspects that pertain to the mind,
and the physiological aspects that pertain to the living system of sleepwalking and night terrors. The
paper will also examine an actual current case of a 4–year–old that currently has night terrors, and
an 18–year–old young adult that sleep walks almost nightly. Finally, the paper will conclude with
current treatments for both night terrors and sleeping walking when the person doesn't just grow out
of the sleep disturbance. Taking a closer look into parasomnias, will offer more clarity in
understanding how important good quality sleep is to all people of all ages.
Keywords: Slow–Wave Sleep, REM Sleep, Memory, Learning, Sleep Deprivation, Parasomnia,
Night Terrors, and Sleep Walking
Sleep Disorders: Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
The one human need that all organisms require is sleep. The body will eventually shut down to get
rest because it requires sleep to function properly. Adequate sleep is what keeps our learning and
memory on point. Sleep–deprived people can't focus their attention to its full potential, because
there is a lack in a basic human need. Studies done on both animals and humans suggest that the
quantity and quality of sleep have a profound impact on learning and memory. According to the
article, "In the study, findings suggest that sleep disturbances can be detected using both subjective
and objective measures and that, for these individuals, fluctuations in sleep duration may have real
consequences for daytime anxiety" (Mullin et al., 2017). When sleep lacks the other areas fall short.
Good

The Importance of Sleep Essay
Sleep is an extremely interesting phenomenon in which the mind almost completely departs from
the usual realm of consciousness. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness and a decreased ability
to react to stimuli where we become less aware of our surroundings. However, it is more easily
reversed than being in hibernation or a coma. It is a function that has been extensively researched by
many. After all, we would not have evolved a mechanism that forces us to spend one–third of our
lives sleeping unless sleep did us some good. What good does it do tough? Over the years, many
theories have been proposed as to why we need sleep. The simplest is that it saves energy. An
individual's energy expenditure and demand is reduced during the day, ... Show more content on
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A sleep deprived driver, believe it or not, is as dangerous as a drunk driver. Sleep also strengthens
learning and memory, including both motor skills and language related tasks. When you learn
something, your memory improves if you go to sleep within the next 3 hours, and it deteriorates
after a sleepless night. A good night's sleep can also improve learning the next day. When people
learn a new difficult motor task, such as a video game skill, the brain areas that are active during the
learning become reactivated during one's sleep that night. The brain replays the same patterns they
had during the day, only faster. The amount of functioning and activity in those areas during sleep
predicts the amount of improvement the next day. In learning, wakefulness and sleep play
complementary roles. Researchers have demonstrated that learning strengthens the appropriate
synapses during wakefulness and weakens other synapses during sleep. Therefore, REM sleep is
crucial for organizing pieces and the associations between them needed for forming lasting
memories. Organizing these pieces within your brain requires information gained through learning.
Learning is a complicated process that is completed subconsciously by gaining new knowledge and
skills and modifying previous ones. Three basic parts of learning include acquisition, consolidation,
and recall. During acquisition, the brain receives information and stores it within its neural circuits
as memory. This

Sleep And Its Effect On Children
Sleep is extremely beneficial and plays an important role in every person's health. Mostly, sleep is a
crucial component in an infant's first year of life, however there is very little research done on sleep
and its effect on learning in motor development in infants. Motor development is defined as the
ability to move and to develop those movements over time. Even though studies that address how
sleep impacts infant's new motor skills are very few, sleep does play a role in multiple factors during
an infant's development. Blumberg (2015) states that movements during sleep are affecting our
motor development. Since infants spend most of their time asleep than awake, it is important to
study the effects of sleep on development and to learn more about how infant develop their motor
problem–solving skills. However, we cannot assume that infants learn new motor skills the same
way adults do because infants are rapidly changing on day to day basis.
The few studies that have been done on sleep in infant did not look at the effect it has on motor
development. However, previous research on sleep discussed that sleep has a positive effect on
memory, language and solving everyday tasks in infants (Konrad, Seehagen, Schneider, & Herbert,
2016). Similarly, the more sleep an infant gets at night, the higher the scores for problem solving
skills and the higher development of communication an infant will have (Gibson, Elder, & Gander,
2012). Gibson et al. (2012) also concluded that

Why School Should Start Later
Many students today face a widespread chronic health problem: sleep deprivation. It's important for
teens to get 8 hours of sleep every night, but with having to get up early for school and staying up
late doing homework most teens get around 4–5 hours causing them to be sleep deprived. Not
sleeping enough and not sleeping well is very unhealthy, especially as a teen. As a matter of fact,
there is quite a price to pay. School should start later because students would be more alert, get
better grades, and have better mental and physical health.
One of the reasons that school should start later is because studies show that you need 8 or more
hours for your brain to be fully alert. It is quite evident that mental functions and learning are the
primary victims of not getting a good night sleep. Scientists have for long suspected that the main
function of sleep is related to learning and memory. However, only recent decades and years brought
an exponential increase in evidence demonstrating the role of sleep in memory. Some researchers
insist that only a conscious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Sleep Foundation did a poll reported that 28 percent of teenagers have fallen asleep in
class at least once due to lack of sleep. If you are falling asleep in class, you are not learning, and if
you're not learning you're getting bad grades. Not getting enough sleep or having sleep difficulties
can limit your ability to learn, listen, concentrate and solve problems. You may even forget
important information like names, numbers, your homework or a date. Teens' natural sleep cycle
puts them in conflict with school start times. Most high school students need an alarm clock or a
parent to wake them on school days. They are like zombies getting ready for school and find it hard
to be alert and pay attention in class. Because they are sleep deprived, they are sleepy all day and
cannot do their

Sleep Deprivation Essay
Sleep is a biological rhythm that provides consciousness and alertness for people. When people are
deprived of sleep, their bodies' ability to maintain homeostasis is disrupted. Sleep deprivation is a
serious problem among many young people these days. It seems to affect the young people more
than those of other age groups. With a heavy loaded schedule, young people often allow themselves
to stay up all night finishing tasks. Most college students stay up late, trying to cram in the study for
their important exam they have the next day. While students might think that the more they study,
the more material they will memorize, having sleep deprivation proves the opposite. Most
information students thought they memorized was lost, resulting in more information loss than gain.
This may differ from person to person, due to the fact that the total hours of sleep each person needs
is different. Typically, adolescents need around seven to nine hours of sleep each night in a twenty–
four hour period. People can stay up as late as they want to, but eventually, they would need to sleep
and cannot function well without it. Sleep deprivation can lead to serious mental and physical
malfunctioning, such as memory loss, learning problems, emotional symptoms like depression and
irritability, and diabetes.
Sleep is essential for the formation of memories. According to Harvard University, sleep enhances
synaptic connections from neurons to neurons thus increases the plasticity of the

Rm Sleep And Memory Essay
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the
relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate
how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep
patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. As the night goes
on, the normal brain has shorter periods of time in the deepest level of sleep, NREM–3, and longer
periods of time in REM sleep. Relative to younger people, older people spend very little time in
NREM–3, and their individual periods of REM sleep are abbreviated. 1b. Both men and women
with normal brains experience genital arousal during REM sleep. There are no differences between
the effects of REM on genital arousal of older people and of younger people. 1c. When an average
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a complete understanding of the roles of REM and non–REM sleep in learning and
memory has been elusive. 2a. One piece of evidence suggesting the importance of REM sleep to
consolidate learning after studying is that neural activity recorded when learning is repeated in the
subsequent period of sleep. Another piece of evidence suggesting the same importance is that REM
duration increases after learning. This research does not suggest that non–REM sleep is unimportant
in learning. 2b. Animals who are kept from sleeping don't learn as well. We know that is not because
animals that are kept awake just feel more stressed because sleep deprivation only affects learning
when the deprivation happens during REM sleep. 2c. One neurotransmitter that might enhance
learning after REM sleep is acetylcholine. Researchers know that acetylcholine affects learning
during REM because when acetylcholine antagonists are administered as drugs during REM,
learning performance is impaired during the subsequent

How Does Sleep, Learning And Memory Affect The Brain
Sleep is a period where it gives your body time to rest and recharge. According to a research done
by Howard LeWine, at Harvard's Health Publishing medical school, both too much and too little
sleep is not good. Though sleeping may also be crucial for your brain's ability to learn and
remember, too much sleep can also affect their memory (Sleep Deprivation and Memory Loss).
While sleeping the body rests, and the brain gets busy processing information from the day and
forms memories (Sleep Deprivation and Memory Loss). Research suggests that sleep helps learning
and memory in two distinct ways (Sleep, Learning, and Memory).
First, a sleep–deprived individual cannot learn efficiently if he or she cannot focus attention
optimally (Sleep, Learning, and Memory). Secondly, sleep alone has quite a role in the consolidation
of memory, essentially for learning new information (Sleep, Learning, and Memory). There are three
terms to describe the functions of learning and memory: acquisition, consolidation, and recall.
Acquisition is the introduction of new information into the brain, consolidation then makes a
memory become stable. Lastly, recalling gives the ability to access the information in a conscious
and unconscious state of mind after it has been stored (Sleep, Learning, and Memory).
Research done by Harvard's medical school indicates that each one of these steps is necessary for
proper memory function. According to Harvard's medical student's research, acquisition and recall

Sleep, Learning, Attention, And Memory Analysis
There are a few things dealing with sleep, learning, attention, and memory that can improve people's
ability to learn, and remember information in certain college courses. In chapter three it states how
sleep helps us to to strengthen our neural fastenings, and also repeats what we learned that day.
Another thing sleep does for us is it helps turn the things we learned that day into memories to
remember for later. Sleep also helps us to re energize our bodies, and minds for the next day, REM
sleep is also something that gets our minds in a deep sleep, and our bodies tend to not wake up as
easily during this cycle.
Learning, by definition, is the process of accumulating through experiences new and relatively
enduring knowledge or behaviors.

Early School Start Times Essay
School start times for adolescents in the United States are typically too early to be healthy for this
age group. There is significant evidence from the research literature that early starts have serious
negative impacts on students. In particular, early education start times in adolescence cause chronic
sleep deprivation, which damages both adolescents' education and health. Fortunately, chronic sleep
deprivation is one of the more preventable public health issues facing the nation.
Adolescence starts with the onset of puberty that ends in the early 20s. During this period,
adolescents are driven to later wake/sleep times by their biological clock. Because education start
times do not adjust for this change, early school start times effectively ... Show more content on
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This message, especially the potential reduction of risk for children, can be powerful for families.
Indeed, evidence of consultations with families has shown positive responses from families and
students once a change to later start times is implemented.
Finally, in an increasingly accountable education environment, a powerful means to increase test
scores, reduce health risk and improve faster than other states or districts must have at least some
appeal.
Just out of this class, a majority of you said that you didn't get enough sleep. School start times for
this age group is way too early. It is just not very healthy. Schools all around the world should take
this on and start schools later not only because it feels good to get more sleep than we are getting,
but because it improves the student's learning ability and it improves the teacher's teaching ability
too! Therefor, schools should start later if they would like to see better results in their testing with
the students at the

The Possibilities of Brave New World in Our Society
The dystopian novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, displays a controlled society where
people have a designated position. Everyone is conceived in test tubes and placed in different caste:
Alpha, Beta, Gama, Delta, or Epsilon. The upper caste, Alpha, is intelligent and have managerial
jobs, where as the lower caste, Epsilon, do the manual labor. The people within the society are
conditioned to love, hate, or certain things their caste requires. For instance the Alphas are set to
believe that they have the best jobs despite how much work they have, whereas the Epsilons believe
their jobs are better because they have to work less than the other castes. The science and
technology within Brave New World is what makes this society possible. The science and
technology being invented today have the potential to make our real world society end up like the
society much like in Brave New World. It all starts with the genetic modification of bacteria leading
up to genetically modified humans, and then eventually having children being conceived in test
tubes. All these studies, experiments, and inventions being done today are the stepping stones to a
controlled society in Brave New World. Genetic modification in our world all started with the
genetic modification of bacteria
according to Theresa Philips of Nature Publishing Group. After bacteria has been genetically
modified it lead up to yeast, insects, plants, and eventually fish. For organisms to be considered
genetically

Personal Narrative: The Biology Of Learning
For humans, there are many different types of ways they think they can "learn". Learning is a
biological process and starts by communication. The brain undergoes many changes throughout the
process of learning. Factors like studying, repetition, sleep, multitasking, and planning can be an
impact on what you learn, and how much you learn of it. The brain is the control system of all the
parts in our body. When the brain receives information from the outside, it sends signals (neurons)
down and transfers/changes it into proteins. The proteins then make the cells turn on the DNA in the
nuclei, and makes new material. When this happens information turns into knowledge.
There are two types of processes of learning. These are remembering and understanding. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When you sleep, neurons are sent down to different parts of your body. As said in the websites, you
should not cram all your studies in 12–18 hours. You should train before, not on the last day. When
you sleep you get rapid eye movement. The REM sleep is where you dream. The body undergoes
REM sleep and is being used by the brain to make the short term and working memory into the long
term memory as said in the brain website. Since REM sleep has a big impact, it is recommended to
study small parts beforehand, so that these small parts will be slowly turned to long term memory
little by little.
As sleep was mentioned to be one of the greatest impacts on learning, there is one mysterious
subject that many people argue about. This is the myth of multitasking. According to the biology of
learning, multitasking is a myth and does not exist. Multitasking has been found by researchers to
increase the production of stress in your hormones which can stimulate the brain too much and
cause messed up memory. Multitasking creates dopamine and makes constant searches for external
stimulation. Multitasking will always stay a myth and be non–existent. Its problems do not help the
process of learning at

Research Paper On Why School Should Start Later
Does the school day start too early? Well, a lot of people would agree that it starts way too early.
The school day should start later because students are not focused in the mornings, they don't get
enough rest, and more learning would be done. First of all, students are not focused in the mornings.
Being at school at eight in the morning is starting the day too early. The students are still half asleep
when school starts. If classes started at nine or ten then they would be more focused and ready to
learn. I think everyone could agree that students don't get enough sleep. Teenagers need more sleep
than most people. They definitely need more rest, and the school day starting at eight doesn't give
them the enough amount of sleep

Thesis Statement : Sleep Deprivation
Efosa Iyore Eng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement:
Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes
their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b.
Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily–living activities and it is one of the most
important factors contributing to a person's health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical,
cognitive and psychological well–being of a person. Learning, memory processing and maintenance
of the brain are among the most important functions of sleep. In addition to maintaining the brain,
sleep has important roles in controlling the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weaver from Oklahoma State University. According to the authors "the purpose of the present study
was to determine if sleep deprivation and/or poor sleep quality in a sample of non–depressed
university students was associated with lower academic performance" (Gilbert, Cameron. 295). The
study was also made to determine the relationship between sleep deprivation, sleep quality, and
academic performance (Gilbert, Cameron. 298). It was hypothesized that by the end of the study,
participants who had higher levels of sleep deprivation and poorer sleep quality would have lower
academic performance (as indicated by grade point average [GPA] and course incompletions–drops,
withdrawals, and incompletes) than participants with little sleep deprivation and good sleep quality
(Gilbert, Cameron. 298). By the end of the study, the authors discussed the results in the following
narration: To our knowledge, this is the first study to have found a relationship between poor sleep
quality and lower academic performance using a large sample size and, importantly, for
nondepressed students alone (controlling for depression). The significant negative correlation
between GSQ score and GPA supports our initial hypothesis that poor sleep quality is associated
with lower academic performance for nondepressed students. This hypothesis is also supported by
the finding that in our subject population nondepressed students with clinically poor sleep quality
had significantly lower GPAs than

Sleep Deprivation Persuasive Essay
If a teenager were to drive down the road with six or fewer hours of sleep the previous night, he or
she would be left as impaired as if driving under the influence of alcohol with a blood alcohol
concentration of 0.08% (Hunter 42). In any other situation it would be against the law to drive like
that but so sleep deprivation is an extremely dangerous thing. Sleep deprivation has become a huge
problem recently because teenagers have many events after school to do like homework, sports and
other things. People usually made themselves a full schedule but they don't know how to make them
good"only 15% of teenagers receiving an adequate nine hours of sleep according to the National
Sleep Foundation" (Stickgold 55). Teenagers need a good amount of sleep because of without
getting the right amount of sleep it can do harm to teenagers developing brains. Teenagers today
need eight or nine hours of sleep if they don't the way teenagers think would be slower than it
should be. There long–term health problems and horrible effects on physical issues to your body.
While Some people believe that teenagers can be perfectly fine and well without nine hours of sleep.
However, because of the above reasons," teenagers need the right amount of sleep to remain in
mental, academic, and strong well–being "(Vyskocil 68). There are many reasons why sleep
deprivation happens to teenagers they have stressful life's, family issues, things they eat in they eat
daily can all affect them from sleeping well all that can affect how they sleep and when they sleep
Sleep deprivation in teenagers happens mostly because they have a lot on their plate to deal with and
they forget that they need rest but instead they get little bits of sleep (Holt 152). These days
teenagers multitask to get things done things like how they not only study in the university but also
work and this does not finish there, they have family and sometimes they have friends, so one single
day is not enough for them to be able to finish with all the responsibilities they have gotten, but all
this busy life continuous at night. For example, things, like doing homework or trying to do what
they like to do, are the most common activities they use to do at night (Hunter 42).

Dreams and Memory Consolidation Essay
Sleep is an extremely interesting phenomenon in which the mind almost completely departs from
the usual realm of consciousness. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness and a decreased ability
to react to stimuli where we become less aware of our surroundings. However, it is more easily
reversed than being in hibernation or a coma. It is a function that has been extensively researched by
many. After all, we would not have evolved a mechanism that forces us to spend one–third of our
lives sleeping unless sleep did us some good. What good does it do tough? Over the years, many
theories have been proposed as to why we need sleep. The simplest is that it saves energy. An
individual's energy expenditure and demand is reduced during the day, ... Show more content on
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A sleep deprived driver, believe it or not, is as dangerous as a drunk driver. Sleep also strengthens
learning and memory, including both motor skills and language related tasks. When you learn
something, your memory improves if you go to sleep within the next 3 hours, and it deteriorates
after a sleepless night. A good night's sleep can also improve learning the next day. When people
learn a new difficult motor task, such as a video game skill, the brain areas that are active during the
learning become reactivated during one's sleep that night. The brain replays the same patterns they
had during the day, only faster. The amount of functioning and activity in those areas during sleep
predicts the amount of improvement the next day. In learning, wakefulness and sleep play
complementary roles. Researchers have demonstrated that learning strengthens the appropriate
synapses during wakefulness and weakens other synapses during sleep. Therefore, REM sleep is
crucial for organizing pieces and the associations between them needed for forming lasting
memories.
Organizing these pieces within your brain requires information gained through learning. Learning is
a complicated process that is completed subconsciously by gaining new knowledge and skills and
modifying previous ones. Three basic parts of learning include acquisition, consolidation, and recall.
During acquisition, the brain receives information and stores it within its

The Effect Of Sleep For Procedural Formation Of Memory And...
The current essay will primary focus on the effect of sleep for procedural formation of memory and
subsequent consolidation. The choice of procedural memory is based upon the large amount of
conflicting prior research with boundless amounts of evidence for both effects of sleep in memory
formations and explanations for the varying effects during stages of sleep. Sleep is composed of
many different stages, with each having variable impacts on memory formation. Deprivation in
some sleep stages, even during small sleep stage time windows can cause significant deficits in
memory consolidation (Smith & Butler, 1982), so specific areas of sleep must play a larger part in
memory consolidation that others. De Koninck, Lorrain, Christ, Proulx and Coulombe (1989) found
that following the concentrated learning of another language, participants showed a significant
increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which further correlated with the degree of effective
learning in participants. These effects in memory formation due to sleep are not just exclusive to
nocturnal sleep, brief periods of daytime sleep have been found to be beneficial in procedural
memory learning (Mednick, Nakayama, Cantero, Atienza, Levin, Pathak & Stickgold, 2002).
Memory consolidation increases during sleep, indicating that additional learning has taken place
without further rehearsal. Brashers–Krug, Shadmehr and Bizzi (1996) measured participants
performance after a 24 hour period (including sleep)

The Association Between Sleep Quality And Pre Sleep
Learning and information consolidation not only depends on brain activation but also on sleep to
convert the highly plastic, novel information into long–term storage. The research question under
investigation is: What is the association between Sleep Quality and Pre–sleep Encoding on Learning
and Encoding during Sleep and Successive Performance? This topic is important to study due to the
fact that, at the very basic level, sleep is crucial for proper brain functioning; after an influx of
highly new events become encoded in the hippocampus, mental performance on following tasks are
reduced (Anderson, 2010). Being that sleep deprivation and postponed sleep is a prevalent topic for
university student, as students are often low on high–quality sleep, this was an interesting topic to
investigate and findings can be extended to benefiting real–life university students.
The two papers being reviewed take differing approaches to examine the research question:
Talamini and colleagues (2008) examined how sleep immediately after learning benefited the
consolidation of spatial associative memory, while Galambos, Howard and Maggs (2011)
investigated the different factors that impact quality of sleep and academic success.
The first paper being analyzed is Sleep Directly Following Learning Benefits Consolidation of
Spatial Associative Memory (Talamini et al., 2008) which investigated the effects of sleep directly
after learning and the benefits of sleep for consolidation of spatial

Sleep Deprivation Theory
Advantages of sleep come from many different theories of sleep. Although we don't know exactly
what the purpose of sleep is, several theories show the positive side of the purpose of sleep. The first
theory is preservation and protection. This does not directly impact Tamara's studying, but it is based
off of an evolutionary adaptation that causes us to sleep to stay out of harm's way. Growth theory
deals with the release of growth hormones at night. Body restoration deals with the body repairing
itself after the day such as the brain tissue repairing itself during sleep. This could directly impact
Tamara's studying as her body needs the rest in order to repair itself from the information it took in
that day. The theory of memory is a giant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Partial reinforcement "is a method of reinforcement in which responses are sometimes reinforced
and sometimes not" while continuous reinforcement is "a method of reinforcement that ensures that
a desired response is reinforced every time it occur" (Baird 109). Although continuous
reinforcement results in rapid learning, extinction happens rapidly as well. We also do not
experience continuous reinforcement in our daily lives often. In partial reinforcement, the initial
learning is slower, but extinction is less rapid. I believe this is the best reinforcement schedule for
Tamara in the case of studying if she has a good amount of time to study before her exam. Her goal
is to do well on her exam, but she also needs to retain the information. Continuous reinforcement
would help her learn the material quickly, but if she faltered on her studying, she might not pick
back up on her study habits as well. If she only had a few days before her exam, continuous
reinforcement might be the better choice of the two reinforcement schedules for her. If she had more
than a week to study for the exam, partial reinforcement would be a more gradual learning process
where she would retain information and be less likely to falter in her studying habits and retain the
information she

Essay On Nutrition And Sleep
The Impact of Nutrition and Sleep Upon the Learning Process
The effects of nutrition can begin before birth, with the nutrition of the mother. Under nutrition can
result in negative effects of the development of the brain that can become permanent and
irreversible. One example is the lack of iron, which is a necessary part of the brain's tissue. When
iron deficiency is present nerve impulses tend to move slower. "Iron deficiency...is associated with
behavior changes and delayed psychomotor development" (Nutrition and Cognitive Development,
2001), as well as decrease attention span, irritability, fatigue, and difficultly with concentration. "
Anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders in the world, affecting nearly one ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An increase in poverty contributes to the lack of nutritional care within low birth weight children.
The rise in poverty and how it has affected young ones:
The rise in poverty has led to the increase in nutritional needs for young ones.
Children who live in low–income housing tend to be under nutrition which results in lost of
knowledge, brain power and productivity. The children's ability to learn in school fails because of
diminished attention spans and memory due to the lack of nutrition.
Many school districts have tried to improve low–income children's learning by providing programs
such as the School Breakfast Program. The School Breakfast Program is a wonderful program that
allows children to receive the nutrition they need. It is shown that 'children who participate in school
breakfast have lower rates of absence and tardiness' (Nutrition for Learning, 2004). Children who
have eaten breakfast also tend to show a general increase in math and reading scores. Unable to
distinguish among similar images, increase in error and slower memory recall are all associated with
children who skip breakfast. Overall, 'the effects of breakfast program participation on school–
related outcomes, such as student achievement, cognition, attendance, and psychosocial measures'
(Designs for Measuring How the School Breakfast Program Affect..., 2000) have shown to be
positive outtakes from the School Breakfast Program. The only

How Does Sleep Does In-Fact Effect Memory
Many Studies have been conducted dealing with sleep and memory. Research results prove time and
time again that sleep plays a role in memory and how we retain information. Bunney and Potkin
suggest that declarative memory is improved by sleep (Bunney and Potkin, 2012), while Benson and
Feinberg suggest that memory is retained more after Full–relaxed sleep (Benson and Feinberg,
1975). This paper will examine Bunney and potkin's research findings and Benson and Feinberg's
research findings to prove that sleep does in–fact effect memory.
Bunney and Potkin wanted to test how auditory declarative memory was effected by sleep in
adolescents. They knew that visual declarative memory had been studied and reported before.
Bunney and Potkin's (2012)

School Should Start Later Essay
We all would love to sleep a few more minutes, but we know we shouldn't... Or should we? Getting
enough sleep on school nights can have positive effects on education. Many school related things
could benefit off of later start schedules such as the grades of students. Bad things happen when you
don't get enough sleep. Being sleep deprived can affect one's mood, decision making, and more.
Depression can be a result of sleep deprivation, and sleep deprivation can be a result of depression,
turning it into an almost endless cycle (Teens and Sleep 4). "When we are sleep deprived, our focus,
attention, and vigilance drift, making it more difficult to receive information" (Sleep, Learning, and
Memory). The whole point of school is to learn, so why have to go if learning is limited? Sleep
deprivation can also cause irritability and aggressive behavior (Teens and Sleep 2). Irritability and
aggressive behavior can lead to more fights and other bad things, inferring that teachers wouldn't
want to deal with fight. So if schools gave students more time to sleep in the morning with later
school start times, many school related issues ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current average amount of sleep every night is about 6.8 hours, when in 1942, the average was
8 hours (Friedman). "Teens need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night to function best. Most teens
do not get enough sleep." (Teens and Sleep). One good thing that would be that all the negative parts
of sleep deprivation would be an opposite of what would happen if a student were to sleep enough.
So there would be way less fights, more learning, and things are easier to remember. One's attention
span would be longer and would make active and responsible decisions. Something that wouldn't
affect school much but is still a large problem is that depression would be way less likely. All these
improvements could be brought into schools just by letting students sleep

Spatial Learning And Memory At Acute And Chronic Sleep...
Spatial learning and memory are very important to humans in their everyday life. It helps them
remember where they parked their car, how to get from home to work, or how to get to the hospital
in an emergency. It was a difficult topic to study until Richard Morris created the Morris water maze
in 1981. Since then, it has become simpler to observe not only rats, but also human's spatial learning
and memory. There have been a lot of studies on spatial learning and memory and how to enhance it
or what improves it. A study done by Azogu et al. (2015) looked at acute and chronic sleep
deprivation and how it affected spatial memory. They tested the rats in the Morris water maze and
found that rats had improved spatial memory when acutely sleep deprived. In another study done by
Merriman, Ondřej, Roudaia, O'Sullivan, and Newell (2016), it was tested if the familiarity of an
environment affected spatial memory. They tested this on older and younger adults. They found that
older adults did worse than younger adults on all aspects of the study. They also found that being in
a familiar environment provided a benefit on their performance of recognizing novel objects. This
was found in both the younger and older adults. These types of studies are important because they
help expand the current understanding of spatial learning and memory. The more studies and tests
done on this subject, the better we know what does and does not work in regards to spatial learning.
One area that has had

The Effect Of Stress On The Brain
Review 3: Text
CPR Learning Essay
In our entire life or even a day, our brain goes through more and multiple processes than us. There
are things it is capable of doing and something it can't even handle doing. The brain is probably the
second most important organ in our body, following the heart, and it is responsible for the things we
do and how do those things. It controls the way we walk, talk, the language we speak, the pain we
feel, and most importantly, gives us the ability to learn new information and keep the memories that
we want to keep. The stressing things we do to ourselves also stress out our brain which keeps us
under the influence of pressure. But if we take advantage of the powerful ability of our brain, we can
learn, memorize, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, there is a network between two parts of the brain, the hippocampus and the nucleus
accumbens. Have you ever gotten the feeling that if you do something longer, such as working, will
give you a greater reward? That is what goes on between those two brain parts. These two parts
interplay with each other to make critical decisions about time, the hippocampus takes charge of
memory and planning while the nucleus accumbens takes charge of the feeling of pleasure. These
two parts have a network that gives you the thought of having a greater reward if you work a little
more. The same thing happens when you learn, but using the other two types of memory, short–term
and long–term. Short term memory is used when you need to accomplish something you have to do
(i.e. A chess player's turn) or when you need to make up something shortly after someone else says
to reply (i.e. A debate or phone call). In our brain, the most active part when using the short–term
memory process is the prefrontal lobe. This prefrontal lobe is more developed in humans than in any
other mammal such as monkeys. Initially when you receive and read newer information, it is stored
as short–term memory, but when you better understand it and get interested into it, it is transferred
to long–term memory through the hippocampus. Our hippocampus actually strengthens the
sensation or connection whenever we repeat it until it no longer needs to. Specifically stated in "The
Brain: How Memory Works", "The cortex will have learned to associate the various properties itself
to reconstruct what we call a memory". To better facilitate the learning process and our memory, we
go through a process that everyone knows as

Non Rem Sleep Enhances Memory Consolidation
Non–REM Sleep Enhances Declarative Memory Consolidation in a Dose–Response Manner in
Diurnal Sleep Episodes Rachel Cox PSYC*4470 11/22/14 0763535 Abstract Both nocturnal and
diurnal sleep enhances memory consolidation. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhances
procedural memory traces, whereas non–REM (NREM) sleep, particularly slow wave sleep (SWS),
enhances declarative memory aspects. It is speculated whether an increase in time spent in the
NREM stage would provide additional memory benefits. The goal of this research design is to
establish whether declarative memory is dose–dependent on the length of the NREM episode
achieved during sleep. First, a visuospatial object recognition task and a procedural finger sequence
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These stages are characterized by bursts of electrical activity on electroencephalogram (EEG)
recordings. EEG readings monitor electrical activity representing neuronal activity in specific
neurophysiological regions. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is characterized by desynchronized,
saw–toothed theta rhythm waves and heightened cognitive activity. Comparatively, high amplitude,
synchronous delta waves, and sharp hippocampal waves characterize slow wave sleep (SWS) sleep
(stages 3–4 of non–REM sleep) (Tucker et al. 2006). A greater understanding of these complex and
dynamic brain states has helped clarify the ways in which sleep enhances memory processing. An
increasing number of sleep studies have behaviourally assessed the facilitative role of REM and
NREM sleep on declarative and procedural memory performance in humans. The preliminary
results provided initial evidence to the idea that hippocampal–dependent declarative memories, such
as memories of personal events and fact–based information, are facilitated by NREM sleep
(specifically SWS) and hippocampal–independent procedural memories are facilitated by REM
sleep (Plihal & Born, 1997). Researchers tested this idea by monitoring several individuals'
performance declines on memory tasks following selective sleep deprivation or administration of
drugs that hinder the NREM–REM cycle. Performance on procedural memory

My Thoughts On My Brain
Before this psychology class I never really thought about how our brain works and the different
components that it controlled. I just kind of figured it was there and it did things automatically
beyond my control. I knew that your brain in the key component of your body that made everything
function and controlled every little detail of our bodies. The brain is something that's always been
just the brain to me, there was no real detail beyond that. I never really gone in depth with the
different things that it controls and how it works. Memory, sleep, learning, emotions, etc. has always
been just words that I knew the basics of. The way our memory works has always been something
that I never thought about in great detail. I always just thought it was something that our brain did
automatically. I just knew that I had moments in my life that always pops up or I could think about
in my head. There would be small flashbacks from when I was younger that to this day I still
remember. I remember waking up on Christmas morning when I was three and running down the
stairs. I remember falling off my bike when I was five because I was too scared to ride down a hill. I
remember all these things and never really knew why I remember so many random portions of time
while everything else was just kind of jumbled up into this ball of stuff I don't remember. There
would be these memories that are so vivid and clear while others would be kind of fuzzy.
It is also a way to recall information

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