Industry Situationer and the Bioactive Components of Cosmeceuticals and Pharmaceuticals from Seaweeds / Dr. Marco Nemesio E. Montaño

Industry Situationer and the the
Bioactive components of
Cosmeceuticals and
Pharmaceuticals from
Seaweeds
 Marco Nemesio E. Montaño, Ph.D.
 Retired Professor , UP MSI and
 Academician NAST

Number of
islands
7,107
Total land
area
298,170 km2
=22%
Sea area 1,039,190
km2
=78%
Coastline 36,289 km
Coastal
waters
226,000 km2
Coastal
provinces
64 (out of 79)
= 81%
Coastal
municipaliti
es
822 (out of
1,502)
= 55%
Population 94. 01 million
(2010)
Population
in the coast
65 million
(2000) = 74%

Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project: measured species richness at
the core of the Indo- Pacific hotspot
Marine Biodiversity: Example of Marine
Diversity of Philippines

Scientific Results of Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project
Mediterranean (300 million hectares)
340 species of decapods
2024 species of molluscs
Japan (whole)
1600 species of decapods
Panglao (15,000 hectares)
1200 species decapods
5000-6000 species molluscs
150-250 new species crustaceans
1500-2500 new species of molluscs
Marine Biodiversity: Example of Marine
Diversity of Philippines

Marine Natural Products
 Researchers have isolated
approximately 7000 marine natural
products (Kijjoa and Sawangwong, 2004)
 25 percent of which are from algae
 33 percent from sponges
 18 percent from coelenterates (sea whips, sea
fans and soft corals)
 24 percent from representatives of other
invertebrate phyla such as ascidians (also
called tunicates), opisthobranch molluscs
(nudibranchs, sea hares etc), echinoderms
(starfish, sea cucumbers etc) and bryozoans
(moss animals)

Kappaphycus spp.
 Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty
 Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty
Kappaphycus alvarezii
Kappaphycus striatum

Seaweed Industry
Association of the Philippines
Status of
Seaweed
Industry

Seaweed Industry
Marine Resources
Philippine water 220 million hectares
Shelf area (depth 200 meters) 18.6 million hectares
Coral reef area 2.7 million hectares
Coastline length 36,289 kms
Fishponds 254,000 hectares
Swamplands 246,000 hectares
Seaweed Industry Resources
Available Farmable Area 200,000 has. (along coastlines)
Available Farmable Area 500,000 has (Deep-sea)
Areas Farmed 60,000 has. (along coastlines)

Seaweed Industry
Industry Stakeholders
Input supply – nursery operators > 130
Farm Production - > 200,000 fisherfolks families
Postharvest – same as above
Marketing and trading - > 20,000 to 30,000 traders
Processing – 5 multinationals ( with rated plant capacity of 12,200 MT)
and 9 local processors ( with rated plant capacity of 25,800 MT)
Export – 14 processors and > 10 seaweed traders

Seaweed Industry
Seaweed Abundance
197 species in 20 families for green algae
153 species in 10 families for brown algae
543 species in 52 families for red algae
893 identified species in the Philippines
PHOTO SOURCE: © Joanna Michelle Chua
REFERENCE: Ang et al, 2013. A Verification of Reports of Marine Algal Species from the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science,
142, 5-49.

Seaweed Industry
Presently being cultured:
• Kappaphycus spp.
• Eucheuma spp.
• Caulerpa spp.
• Gracilaria spp.

Seaweed Industry
• Salinity >32ppt
• pH 7-9
• Clear, clean
and pollution
free
• 29-34 *
C
• 20-40
meters per
minute
• Full
sunlight
Light
Water
Motion
Water
Quality
Temperature

Seaweed Industry
Philippine Dried Seaweed Production 2011-2015
Year In Metric Tons
2011 72,927
2012 89,123
2013 90,734
2014 83,116
2015 101,900
Source: SIAP

Seaweed Industry
2016 Export
Total Volume in Metric Tons (MT) 49,200
Total Value in US$ Millions
197.4
US Share
Volume 19,500 40%
Value 42.5 22%

Seaweed Industry
Philippine Export Earnings in US$ (Amount in 000)
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Value US$
Volume (kg)
Source:

Seaweed Industry
World Export of Carrageenan and Agar by Major Supplier 2013

Seaweed Industry
Opportunities
Livelihood:
Employment of over 400,000 families (2.1 Million) along coastlines
Employment og 100,000 families (600 Million) for deep-sea farming
Potential Revenues:
Productivity enhancement of Existing farms– 1 Million MT
Coastlines - 2.8 Million MT
Deep-sea - 5 Million MT
Fresh - P 200 Million
Environmental Impact:
Marine coral preservation and protection
Water purification
Fish sanctuary and nursery
Carbon Dioxide sequestration

Seaweed Industry
Philippine Dried Seaweed Production
2011-2015
Year In Metric
Tons
2011 72,927
2012 89,123
2013 90,734
2014 83,116
2015 101,900
Source: SIAP
Hectarage
Low
High
4,500
9,100
5,600
11,100
5,700
11,300
5,200
10,400

Seaweed Industry
Summary of Imports
Volume
Value
in MT US$ 000
Peso 000
2014 9,805 30,717
1.4 Billion
2015 8,951 31,125
1.4 Billion
2016 - 1st half 5,793 16,411
0.8 Billion

Seaweed Industry
Philippine RDS Importation from Indonesia

Seaweed Industry
Other seaweeds Plan to be Cultured:
• Halymenia spp.
• Sargassum spp.
• Porphyra spp.
• Ulva Lactuca spp.

Seaweed Industry
Seaweed Non Food Applications
Global industry growth by 2030 - 14 Billion dollar ( current 5
Billion dollar)
Biofuel - ethanol/alcohol
Petroleum– hydraulic fracturing or Fracking
Fertilizer
Pharmaceutical
Textile
Paper
Water purification
Bioremediation
Cosmetics

Seaweed Industry
1.0 mg of pure r-phycoerythrin = U$
1,345/U$ 1,320

Seaweed Industry
No. of Mandays in 4 croppings 176
Net Income from Seaweed farming 8 months 53,487.86
Estimated Daily Wage Rate of Seaweed Farmer 303.90
2015 PSA
Food Threshold P6,329@mo. P50,632 – 8 months
Poverty Threshold P9,000@mo. P72,000 – 8 months

Seaweed Industry
Daily Wage Rate
Average Daily Wage Rate of Seaweed
Farmer

Source: livestrong.com
SEAWEEDS
Health benefits
• Weight control
• Digestive aid
• Anti-cancer
• Anti-inflammatory
• Lowers cholesterol and
triglyceride levels
• Prevents diabetes
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH FOODS
FROM THE SEA
28
LATO (CAULERPA) SALAD
Photo courtesy of
thepeachkitchen.com

PHOTO SOURCE: © Joanna Michelle Chua
REFERENCE: Ang et al, 2013. A Verification of Reports of Marine Algal Species from the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science,
142, 5-49.
Seaweed Abundance
197 species in 20 families
for green algae
for brown algae
for red algae
893 identified species in
the Philippines

Presently being cultured:
 Kappaphycus spp.
 Eucheuma spp.
 Caulerpa spp.

Plan to be cultured:
 Halymenia spp.
 Sargassum spp.
 Gracilaria spp.
 Porphyra spp.

Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Lowers cholesterolAntitu
mor
Lowers glucose
Lowers blood pressure
Antiviral
Antiwrinkle
Inhibit cell-cell adhesion
Antibacterial
Multitude of Effects of Dietary Algae

Acidic polysaccharides
(i.e. fucoidan, carrageenan)
Fibers
Seaweed pigments
(Carotenoids
like fucoxanthin)
Seaweed
Antiherbivore
Chemical
Defenses
Seaweed sterols
Phlorotannins
Phytochemicals Unique to Seaweeds
Unknown

OTHER COMMONLY USED
REPLACEMENT FOR GELATIN

AGAR
Is a galactose polymer obtained from the cell wall of
some red algae or seaweed.
Also known as agar-agar.
Dissolved in hot water and cooled, agar becomes
gelatinous.
The most potent gel forming agent.

Types of Agar
 microbiological
 sugar-reactive
 food-grade/industrial grade
Agar Sources:
Gelidium spp.
Gracilaria spp.

Structure of agar
Basic:
1,3-linked -D-galactopyranose and
1,4-linked 3,6-anhydro--L-galactopyranose units
O
OH
CH2OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH

Uses of agar
 Culture media (microbiology)
 Impression material
 Food applications
 Medical/pharmaceutical and
cosmetics industry
 Packaging

ALGINATE
Is a viscous gum that is abundant in the cell wall of
brown algae.
Also known as alginic acid, algine.
It can provide viscosity and form true gels without
any heating.
Its gel are thermally stable.

Brown seaweeds: source of alginates

Kelp farming in a temperate country
Kelps and rockweeds are sources of raw materials for alginateSpecial thanks to Dr. EGFortes

Raw materials of alginates
 Bacteria:
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
 Azotobacter vinelandii
 Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae)
 Laminaria
 Macrocystis
 Ascophyllum
 Sargassum

Alginate structure
 composed of two monomeric units of -D-
mannuronopyranosyl and -L-
guluronopyranosyl
 18-40% total plant(alginic acid)

Uses of alginates
 Food
 structured fruit
 restructured foods
 protein extrusion
 enzyme
immobilization
 binder
 stabilizer
 beverages
 Textile Industry
 strengthens yarn
 improves color
 Printing and Dyeing Industry
 thickening agents
 Medicine
 capsules
 dental impression material
 radiography agent

Uses of ALGINATE:
For dental impression
molds
Gauze with alginate –
for wound dressing
For casting
for ink used in printing
Special thanks to Dr. EGFortes

Uses of ALGINATE: in BEAUTY products

CARRAGEENAN
Family of sulfated polysaccharide typically obtained
by alkali extraction from red seaweed.
Also known as Irish moss.
In the Philippines, carrageen was discovered by
Prof. Maxwel Doty in 1960 upon searching for
tropical source of algal polysaccharide.
, the Philippine used to supply 70-80% of the
world demand for carrageen.
At present , we are number 3 in the seaweed production.

Sources of Carrageenan
‘indong’
Eucheuma
spp.
Kappaphycus
spp.

Carrageenan structures
O3SO
O
O
O
OSO
3
O
O
CH
2
OH
OH
O3SO
O
O
O
CH
2
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
O3SO
Iota - carrageenan
Kappa - carrageenan

Carrageenan structures
Lamba - carrageenan
O
OSO3
O
CH2OH
O
O
CH2
OSO 3
HO
OSO3
O
O
O
O
O
CH2OH
OH
HO
O
Beta - carrageenan

Types of Carrageenan
 Refined or Traditionally
Refined Carrageenan(TRC)
 Processed Eucheuma
Seaweed /Philippine
Natural Grade /
Alternatively Refined
Carrageenan(ARC)

Cleaned and washed seaweeds
Alkali extraction
washing & chopping
filtration
drying
Precipitation with alcohol or
potassium chloride
drying
PES / PNG Carrageenan
Refined Carrageenan
Carrageenan Production

Uses of carrageenan
Food Applications:
 Thickening agent
 Stabilizer/ emulsifier
 Improve palatability or “mouth feel”
 Improve appearance
 Improve freeze-thaw stability
 Enhances flavor retention/release
 Clarifying agent

Uses of carrageenan
 Film coating
 Culture media (agar substitute)
 Pet food products
 Air freshener
 Water-based paints
 Pesticide suspensions
 Ceramic glaze
 Industrial suspension and slurries
 Biotechnology (cell immobilization )
 Paper
 Textile and carpet printing
 Personal care and pharmaceutical product
(toothpaste, deodorant, gels, drugs, lotions, shampoos)

Uses of Carrageenan: in CONFECTIONARIES AND
DAIRY PRODUCTS
As stabilizer/ emulsifier,
thickener,
gelling agent

Uses of Carrageenan: in PROCESSED
MEATS
As binder/ stabilizer/ extender in
meat products and source of dietary
fiber

Stabilizer/
Emulsifier
Clarifying agent
Uses of Carrageenan: In BEVERAGES
In making of films
and coating for fish
and fruits to extend
shelf-life and to
maintain quality

In making of biodegradable food-grade packaging materials:
Carrageenan is interacted with other
polysaccharides extracted from
indigenous materials (e.g., ube) to produce
biodegradable food-grade packaging
materials.

Acknowledgements
 Seaweed Chemistry Staff
 The UP Marine Science Institute
 MSI Marine Plants Group
 DA-Biotech, DA-BFAR, DA-BAR
 BFAR - NFRDI
 DOST

Industry Situationer and the Bioactive Components of Cosmeceuticals and Pharmaceuticals from Seaweeds / Dr. Marco Nemesio E. Montaño

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Industry Situationer and the Bioactive Components of Cosmeceuticals and Pharmaceuticals from Seaweeds / Dr. Marco Nemesio E. Montaño