induarial trainin report

L.E.S.L
COOPLAG GARDEN ESTATE
FOUR MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
SUBMITEDIN THE FULFILMENT OF THE REQUEST FOR
FOUR MONTH INDUSTIAL TRAINING
AT
LEGRANDE ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMIDED
(FROM 27 AUG 2015 TO 31 NOV 2015)
SUBMITED BY
ABDULRAZAK YUSUF
KPT/C0E/13/5797
CIVIL ENGINEERIG DEPERTMENT
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC KADUNA
KADUNA STATE

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at L.E.S.L.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Training
letter, whichmade my training possible at LEGRANDE ENGINEERING SERVICES LTD.
I would like to express my gratitude to ENGR.NNADI UCHE for his invaluable
suggestions, motivation,guidance and support through out the training. His
methodology to startfrom simple ant then deepen through made me to bring out
this projectreportwithoutanxiety.
Thanksto all other L.E.S.L officials, operatorsand all other membersof L.E.S.L, yet
uncounted for their help in completing the SIWES PROGRAM and see the light of
success.
I am very thankfulto friends, colleaguesand all other personswho rendered their
assistance directly or indirectly to complete this projectwork successfully.
I extended my duethanks to DEACON JIDE
DUROJAIY(M/D) who gave mevaluable time and suggestions and
guide me a lot at various stages of my Industrial Training.
Dated-NOVEMBER 2015

INDEX
S.NO DESCRIPTION
1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION INTRODUCTION
2.0 INTRODUCTION
3.0 STUDENT INORMATION
4.0 INFORMATION OF PROJECT
5.0 SITE LAYOUT
6.0 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
7.0 Methodology Of Work
 A) Site Clearance
 B) Positioning Of Coordinate
 C) Excavation
 D) BLINDING
 E) Raft Foundation
 F) Construction Of Pedestal
 G) Construction Of Plinth Beam
 H) Column Construction
 Beam And Slab
 J) Stair And
8.0 ESTERBLISHMENT AT SITE
9.0 INFORMATION ABOUT
10.0 INFORMATION ABOUT TEST
11.0 INFORMATION ABOUT EQUEPMENT
12.0 SAFEFTY MEASURE AND CAPAIGN
13.0 Inspection and Quality Control
14.0 SITE DRAWING
15.0 OVERALL BENEFITS OF TRAINING
16.0 CONCLUTION
17.0 REFRENCES

1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION
The Practical Training Conducted By The Engineering And Non Engineering Students At The
Respective Industrial Units Related To Their Subjects Is Termed As "Industrial Training". For
Example A Civil Engineering Student Requires Practical Exposure At The Building Construction
Sites, Road Construction Projects Etc.
The Industry-Institute Interaction Is A Need Of The Hour. No Institute Or Technical Board Could
Ever Boast Of A Perfect Syllabi Scheme Without The Inclusion Of Industrial Training Format. The
Industrial Training Is A Part Of Continuous Learning Process. So This Field Exposure That Uplifts
The Knowledge And Experience Of Students Needs To Be Properly Documented In The Form Of
Report, Which Can Be Termed As “Industrial Report".
A Properly Prepared Industrial Training Report Can Facilitate The Presentation Of The Field
Experience Is An Orderly, Precise And Interesting Manner, Which Can Off Course Well Serve As
A Guide To The New Entrant Engineers.
The Purpose Of Industrial Training As:-
1) To Provide Field Exposure To The Students.
2) To Have Better Understanding Of Engineering Practices.
3) To Make Them Adapt To Industrial Conditions.
4) To Provide Opportunities To The Students To Handle Tasks Independently.
5) To Help Students To Understand About The Duties Of An Engineer And Other Supervisory
Staff In An Organization.
6) To Make Them Aware With The Common Industrial Problems.
7) To Impart Intensive Training To The Students To Enable Them To Learn And Use Working Of
Latest Field Equipments Machine.

2.0 INFORMATION ABOUT COMPANY
About
Legrande Engineering Services Limited is a multi disciplinary engineering construction
company.
The company is involved in the following activities:
Estate development - design, construction & management
Design & construction of roads - urban and rural
Design & construction of drainage works
Water supply & treatments works
Sewage treatment works

Bore hole projects - supervision, monitoring and consultancy
Drilling, maintenance and re-activation of bore holes
Pipe laying h- AC, PVC and Ductile
Design and fabrication of storage tanks
Supply and installation of submersible pumps
Mechanical and Electrical installation works
The philosophy of Legrande Engineering Services Limited is to ensure environmentally
friendly and unique solutions to all planned projects. The company identifies that
success requires the development of human resources within a safe environment that
encourages creativity and the enhancement of each employee's personal and
professional standards. Therefore, at Legrande Engineering Services Limited, we
engage extensively, state of the art computer and communications equipment, thereby
enhancing project implementation and delivery.
We believe that in a dynamic and ever evolving world, new methods should be
acquired. Thus, by constant training of our staff, in continued professional development
Programmers, we keep abreast of developments in the industry, ensuring effective and
efficient project delivery standard.

3.0 Student Profile
1. Name of the student: YUSUF
2. Father's Name: Mr. ABDULRAZAK
3. College: KADUNA POLYTECHNIC
4. Class: CIVIL ENGINEERING
5.MATRIC NUMBER.: KPT/COE/13/5797
6. Date of Birth: 18/05/1994
7. Session/Year: 2014-15
8. Address ofCommunication: LAGOS STATE
9. Contactno: 07060948126
1O. E-mail Id: Abdulyusuf959@gmail.com
11. Name of organization L.E.S.L Construction

12. Period of Training: 27/07/2015to 31/11/2015
4.INFORMATION OF PROJECT
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4.TYPES OF BUILDING: TERECES AND SEMI-DITERCH
5.DATEOF START: JUNE-2015
6. STIPULATED DATEOFCOMPLETION: MARCH -2016
7.COMPLETION: (80% Work is Completed)
5.0 SITE LAYOUT
6.0 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
These are the steps which are mainly followed for the beginning of construction.
1) Types of building:- The types of building I the site here are semi-detach and
terraces and it divided into 5 sections (A-E)
2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be selected according to the
Space required and whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the
Population and bearing in mind the geographical and industrial point of view for Further
development
3) Survey: - By survey we measure all the dimensions and plot the real position or
place wherever we want to construct our structure.

4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type of the soil, bearing capacity
Of the soil, nature of the bed, the topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps
the structural engineer to design the foundation suitable for structure.
5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the heart to the project, which
Is the master document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and do
Accordingly; these drawings have all the plans and construction details about the
Particular project.
6) Structure Design: - Structural plan is the drawing that shows the reinforcement
details which gives stability to the structures. It suggests the type of foundation,
columns, beams and slabs etc. which are needed for the construction and also provides
the amount of steel and reinforcement arrangement and its size.
7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the proposed project starts.
The construction is done at the site in which different section is divided like Civil,
Electrical and Mechanical work.
7.0 Methodology of Work
a) Site Clearance: - The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of
grass /stump /trees and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there
in the site location.
b) Positioning of Central coordinate and layout: - The centre point was marked with
The help of a TOTAL STATION thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With
Respect to this centre point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its
exact Position is very critical.
c) Excavation: - Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically.
Adequate precautions are taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage
the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and
Dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so
it was dumped and was not used for back filling. The filling is done in layer not
exceeding 20 cm layer and then it’s compacted. Depth of excavation was 2.0 meter
from Ground Level. There are some points which should be kept in mind at the time of
excavation:-
1. Upon identifying warning tape of any service, mechanical excavation shall be stopped
and manual excavation shall be done.
2. In areas where the trench is close to the buildings, depending on the type of
Foundation of the building, shoring shall be done by planking, strutting or trench
Sheets.
3. In other areas it will be stepped open excavation with battered slopes.
4. Dewatering system shall continue to run until backfilling is completed up to the level
of the natural water table.
5. Bottom of the trench shall be cleaned, free of loose material; rock projections and the
surface will be levelled and moistened uniformly before commencing compaction.
Levelled bottom surface shall be compacted as per the specification.
d) Blinding: - After the process of excavation, placing of plain cement concrete
(blinding) is done. A layer of 100mm with projection was made in such a manner that it

was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of
1:4:8 that is, 1 bag of cement to 4 parts of sand and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by
weight were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete
placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing.
When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30
and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower
surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.
e) Raft Foundation: - Raft foundations are used to distribute the load from a
Structure over a large area. Normally raft foundation is used
Arrangement of reinforcement bars.

f) Raft Foundation Formwork:-
This is a structure, usually temporary, used to contain poured concrete and to mould it
to the required dimensions and support unit is able to support itself.
*Bars used--- 12mm for the Beams
10mm for Rings/stirrups
g) Casting Of Raft Foundation Beam
Mix Ratio 1:4:8

h) Filling Of The Raft Foundation
i) Compaction:-
This the process of applying energy to loose soil to consolidate it and remove any any
voids, thereby increasing the density and consequently its load-bearing capacity.
Benefit of Compaction
*Increase Load-bearing capacity
*Prevents soil settlement (Better Stability)
*Reduce water seepage
*Reduce shrinkage and others
j)Blinding:-
After the process of filling, laying of plain cement concrete that is blinding is done. A
layer of 100mm with projection was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with
the soil. It provides a solid base for the raft foundation slab and a mix of 1:4:8 that is, 1
bag of cement to 4 parts of sand and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by weight were used
in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below
ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing. When joint in a
layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of
different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower surface is made
rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
.

k)Ground Floor Slab Reinforcement :-
This the arrangement of steel bars that reinforces the columns and it transfer load to
the foundation.
Process
Using of 12mm steel bars as top bars and retune bars.
And use of binding wire to tie them together.
Mechanical and Electrical pipes
Casting of the Slab

l) Column: - A column is an important component of RCC structure. It is a vertical
Member which is used to transfer the load of super structure such as super structure,
floor, balconies, slab etc.
The method of construction of column is follow:-
I. Placing vertical steel of columns: - As according to structural drawing (column
Schedule) vertical bars were placed through top reinforcement of raft on the
Position marked earlier (6.5) above the bottom reinforcement of raft.
II. Layout of columns: - After casting of raft again the layout of column is done in
order to check the actual position of vertical bars of columns. The layout is also
helpful to place the shuttering on actual position, so that the column should be in
proper position according to drawing (Column layout drawing).
III. Bar binding and column starter: - Shear reinforcement was tied as according to
structural drawing (column schedule) up to the height determined from framing
plan. At bottom instead of making column starter a T shaped bar was weld with
vertical steel on the layout of column so the shuttering can be fixed on desired
accurate position.
IV. Kickers:- This are the low plinth at the base of a column that alow the formwork to be
fix easily
Formwork and a casted Kicker

Formwork:-
This is a structure, usually temporary, used to contain poured concrete and to mould it
to the required dimensions and support unit is able to support itself.
Plumb and Line were used to check the alignments
Casting of the column
j) Beams and Slab: - A structural member which supports lateral load and
Resist bending is known as beam. Slabs are plane structural member whose thickness
is quite small as compared to its other dimension. Slab support mainly transverse loads
and transfer them to end supports by bending action in one or more directions.
The steps which are followed for the construction of column are written as below:-
I. Fixing Beam bottom and slab formwork: -
Beam bottoms are fixed along with the vertical reinforcement of columns using a
specially made arrangement called “BEAM SUPPORTER”.
Then sides of beams are fixed and then main slab’s shuttering is laid according to
architectural drawing (framing plan). The gaps are filled and uniform horizontal platform
is made to support the slab. Generally, beam bottom and slab’s shuttering is made of
plywood (marine board) and rests on vertical steel pipe arrangement called “probes”.
Note: All the sunken portions and sections according to co-ordinate framing plan should
be taken into consideration while fixing the beam bottoms and slab’s shuttering.
II. Placing of reinforcement of beams and slab: - First of all reinforcement of primary
Beams is laid and then secondary beams on a certain height above the shuttering
according to structural drawing (beam detail). After all beams are tied and are placed on

their respective position slab reinforcement is laid according to structural drawing (slab
reinforcement detail) and bar bending schedule. Cover blocks are placed in between
shuttering and slabs reinforcement. Note: All the section should read carefully and
dowel required for any section or staircase should be placed before casting.
III. Leveling of slab: - To check exact level of slab (both bottom and top) a certain level
is marked above the finished floor level on columns bars as convenient. A thread is tied
throughout that mark on the column bars at the marked level and level of slab (bottom
and top) is measured by measuring the perpendicular length from thread level to the top
level of slab by the help of measuring tape or a graduated bar.
g) Construction of Stair
Properties of a flight
Stair: This is a series of steps that link from one level to anoder.
Staircase: - A flight steps include landings rails stringers posts newel posts and
balustrade.
Form Work

Bar binding and Bending
8.0 Establishment at Site
Establishment refers to recruitment of permanent or temporary work force in the
department of engineer, office staff, skilled and unskilled for carrying out works.
Construction industry can only function steadily and satisfactory if there is a good
rapport and co-operative relationship between the construction workers and their
employers.
Permanent establishment
Permanent establishment constitutes employee working against the sanctioned
permanent posts in the department, drawing the regular pay bill without any time limit.
The permanent establishment include:-
Assistant General Manager
Accountant
Project Manager
Site Engineers
Store keeper
. Lab technologist
Temporary Establishment
Temporary establishment are the employees recruited directly for the actual execution
of a specific work and whose pay is directly charged to the work for which they are
employed.
The temporary establishment include:-
Supervisor
Bar benders
Electricians
Labourers
. Plumber

9.0 Information about Material
The various materials used for construction and supporting the building are termed as
Building Materials. The different building materials include cement, coarse aggregate
(gravel) fine aggregate (sand) and high yield bars are to be tested before using them in
building construction. The materials which are used at site as below:-
a) Cement: - Cement is a binding material that has cohesive and adhesive property in
the presence of water. The brands of cement used are Elephant (Portland cement) and
Dangote 42.5 grade Portland cement.
b) Brick: - An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared is
Called a brick. The main constituents of brick are 9” and 6”
225x225x450 and 150x225x450
c) Sand: - Sand is a filling material which is used in concrete, mortar and plastering.
Sand is basically consisting of small grains of silica which is formed by the
decomposition of sandstones due to various effects of weather. The coarse gain is
sharp, angular and certainly free from salt etc which is employed in concreting.
d) Aggregate: Is the inert material which forms the bulk of cement concrete. The
aggregate are bound together by mean of cement. The size of aggregate which is used
at the site is 10mm and 20mm.
e) Admixture: - Admixture is the materials which are used to improve the quality of
Concrete. The admixture which is used at the casting of column is coming from Dr. Fix
Limited company. The capacity of one drum is 20litres. This admixture is helps to
increase the setting time and maintains the strength of concrete.
F) Miscellaneous: - Miscellaneous materials are those which are also important except
basic materials. There are numbers of materials which are used for construction at site
which are:-
1) Plastic pipes 2) G.I. pipes
3) Electric Wires 4) Fiber Sheets
5) Bitumen 6) Water proofing
7) Termite proofing 8) Fire resistance
9) Paint and Varnish 10) Glass
11) Wooden Doors 12) Chips
13) Marble 14) POP

10.0 Information about Test
There are number of tests which are performed at the site on different material. The
tests which we have performed at the site are below:-
a) Compressive Test: - The compressive strength of a cube is an indication of the
strength of concrete. With the help of this we can check the characteristics strength of
concrete. The size of cube is taken as 15cm3. At least three specimen should be made
for
testing which is to be performed at 7, 21, 28 days.
Observation and calculations:-
Proportion of concrete = M25
Cross-section Area = 15x15=225 cm3
Breaking Load = 770 KN
Compressive strength after 28 days = 34.2 KN/mm2
Result:- Compressive Strength of concrete sample after 28 days is 34.2N/mm2
. Whereas Strength requirement is 25 N/mm2
, hence tested sample is safe.
b) Silt Content: - Silt is a material of particle sizes between 0.002mm to 0.06mm. It is
Usually found in sands obtained from natural sources such as river bed. If it is present
in excess quantity then is preventing a bond between cement and aggregate. Silt value
is to be increase more than 6% by volume. This test is to be easily performed in beaker
of size 250ml.
C) Weight of Steel: - This is a field test which is performed on steel to check wt. meter
length because there are number of impurities will be added in the materials due to
Temperature variations so that its wt. will vary from the standard value. There is a
Chance of corrosion and rusting over steel bar
Observation and Calculation:-
Height of sample = 150ml
Height of silt after 3 hours = 6ml
Percentage of Silt = 4%
Result:- Its value does not increase more than 6% by volume.
1 10mm 620gm 620gm
2 12mm 890gm 890gm
3 16mm 1580gm 1550gm

11.0 Information about Equipmen
1) Tilted Drum Mixer: A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often
used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers
ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. The entire drum rotates around its
axis as metals are loaded through a charge chute at one end of the drum and exit
through a discharge chute at the opposite end of the drum. Mixing blades are mounted
on the inside surface of the drum and as the drum rotates the blades mix by lifting and
dropping the materials during each rotation. Once the materials are sufficiently mixed
the rotation of the drum is reversed and the blade arrangement pushes the concrete
through to the discharge end of the mixer.
2) Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as immersion or poker vibrator
have a power unit and long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is
attached.
Wherever compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is inserted in the concrete.
Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess
water are released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork. Improper
consolidation of concrete can cause product defects, compromise the concrete strength,
and produce surface blemishes such as bug holes and honeycombing. An internal
Concrete vibrator is a steel cylinder about the size of the handle of a baseball bat, with a
Hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head is immersed in the wet
Concrete.

3. JCB Excavator: Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,
stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop
an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and
steel ropes to accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the
steam shovels and often called power shovels.
4.Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing impact load to the
soil. This equipment is light and can be hand or machine operated. The base
size of rammers can be 15cm x 15cm or 20cm x 20cm or more.

5. Vibrating smooth wheeled rollers
In case of vibrating smooth wheeled rollers, the drums are made to vibrate by
employing rotating or reciprocating mass.
These rollers helpful from several considerations like:-
(i) Higher compaction level can be achieved with maximum work
(ii) Compaction can be done up to greater depths

12.0 Safety Measure and Campaign
a) In Civil engineering construction project, accidents cannot be avoided. An event
can happen any time and unexpectedly during construction. About 80 percent of
accidents are mainly caused due to unsafe practices and shear negligence of the
workers. Safety measures are required to be built properly to motivate and
encourage the workers to work at the given site or industry without any fear,
tension or worry in mind about his security of life. Good safety measures are
essential to increase the output of work by generating safety free environmental
sense of contentment among the workers. Safety measure can be efficiently handled by
properly educating and training workers about the safe rules and their importance. It is
the foremost duty of construction management to appoint separate safety engineer to
undertake safety measure and to prevent the occurrence of accidents. The causes of
accidents should be properly investigated and suitable measures should be adopted to
control these accidents.
Thus, safety measures prevent:
1. Reduced workers’ compensation claims
2. Reduced expenses related to injuries and illnesses
3. Reduced absenteeism and Lower employee complaints
4. Loss of Life and Increased productivity
5. Improved employee morale and satisfaction
6. Reduction of hidden cost and reduced insurance cost
b) Personal Safety
Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety vast and safety foot
wear at construction site.
Do not drink or take drugs while working.
Pay attention to personal hygiene.
Do not play in the workplace.
Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition
c) Public Safety
Pay attention to public safety
. Members of the public are often unaware of or do not understand the work carried out
on construction sites and the hazards involved.
Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.
Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.
d) Safety Campaign
An organized movement launched by an enterprise or construction firm to advocate the
safety rules and regulations among its workers to reduce the number of accidents is
termed as safety campaign. The following points should be kept in mind for launching
safety campaign.
1. The safety campaign must be placed under the charge of a very competent,
experienced and able manager, who may be termed as safety Director.
2. The worker should be frequently addressed in a small group in their language or

easy accessible language to explain about safety rules.
3. Do’s and Don’ts during construction work should be displayed in bold letter along
with diagram on chart paper
4. Advertisement films, Documentaries and CD should be shown to the workers on
off days, explaining about the need for safety measures.
5. Safety Slogans and safety Quotations should be made an integral part of safety
campaign to educate the illiterate and poor workers.
6. Training in first-aid should be provided to workers and supervisors for trating
minor cuts and injuries.
7. Safety journals should be brought about by the concerned management and
distributed free of cost to the workers.
13.0 Inspection and Quality Control
a) Inspection is the process of carrying out vigilant checks during the construction of

project against any serious defect or lack of progress. Inspection of work is
carried from beginning of work up to the completion of project at various stages
or levels by competent authority. Quality control is the comparison of materials,
construction techniques and finishing products etc. with the laid down standards.
The quality control and inspection should ensure that the quality of work is the
accordance with the prescribed specification.
i) Stages of construction:
a) Layout stage: It is the first stage of work to be inspected when the layout of
building is carried out. The layout should be properly checked for right angles and
dimensions must be measured as per plan.
b) Earthwork completion stage: At this stage, quality inspectors check the
adequate depth and width of excavation trench to ensure desired the depth of
foundation.
c) Foundation laying stage: At this stage, the quality engineer mainly inspects the
material reached at the site, such as quality of cement, sand, bricks and aggregate
to be used in foundations. The materials must be of the same quality as has been
inspected at the supplier’s premises. In general, a contractor always tries to use
over burnt or jhama bricks for the foundation for the foundation work which
should be objected.
d) D.P.C. laying stage: It is the one of the critical stage, which must be inspected by
the quality engineer. It is the completion of foundation stage, when damp proofing
course is laid at the top of foundation layer to protect the building from moisture.
At this stage, once again layout of building should be exactly checked as per the
building plan to ensure proper internal dimensions of rooms and its component.
e) Formwork erecting stage: Erecting formwork is one of the major stage of the
construction work, which must be given due attention by the quality inspectors.
The shape, strength and finishing surfaces of concrete in beams, column and slabs
mainly depend upon type of form work. For large project, only steel form work
should be used. For concrete construction forms or shuttering in the forms of
wooden planks or steel plates are used for keeping the green concrete in position
till it hardens. This helps in giving the desired shapes to different components of
the structure
ii)Removal of formwork
For columns = 24 to 48 hours
For slab up to 4.5 m span = 7 days
For slab more than 4.5m span = 14 days
For beams up to 6m span = 14 days
For beams above 6m span = 21 days
iii) The good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:-
1. The material of the formwork should be practically water proof so that it can’t
absorb water from concrete.
2. It should be strong enough to withstand the pressure or the load of the fresh
concrete, live load of the worker coming on it.
3. The formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing
the least injury to the surface of nearly constructed concrete members.
4. The inside surface of formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance

to the resulting newly constructed concrete members.
f) Reinforcement laying stage: The strength of the structure member like beams,
column and slab depends upon the reinforcement provided. So, when the
reinforcement stage is laid over the formwork erected, it is right time for quality
engineers to inspect the work for identification of any defect with respect to
inadequate reinforcement
14.0 Site Drawings
a) Column Drawing
15.0verall Benefits of Training
a) Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the
outside working environment before the student graduate. Student like civil and
urban engineering and other fields also take this practice. The main aim of this
Practice (internship) is that to teach students communication with different

Workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they learned at class, up
grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, improve their
leadership skill, team playing skill and etc. I have acquired much knowledge in
different tasks as explained below in different section. That different knowledge
gets me a good performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that
helps me after the graduation in the upcoming working era of mine.
b) Improving practical skill
i) The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month.
The knowledge we have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real
work in the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the
class. Thus I found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the
site environment or site peoples.
ii) Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure.
In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing
and constructing of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the
formwork and false work must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the
concrete gain its strength. Thus the construction stage of form work was new to
me since I‘m new for the practical world now I gain practical knowledge about
how it is worked and erected.
Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing.
After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying
work goes next. This work is done based on the working drawing provided in the
working drawings (structural drawing) by the design team of that specified
structure. In most case it was new for me to see such work since it is a practical
work only performed at the site.
Surveying on building construction. We conduct the surveying class in the field
for its lab session of the course in the normal class. But we don‘t know about how
it is going to be in building construction in particular and in which particular stage
of the construction work it used either the super structure or sub structure.
Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the
main constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is
mandatory to know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed
(poured), mixed and the equipment used for those work. I got the practical
knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.
Many of great structures before are a product of numerous human power and
countless days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling tough
work which may be beyond the scope of human labour to be performed. They can
be expected to work with fair degree of effectiveness even under adverse weather,
climate or topographical conditions. I generally know how equipment‘s are used
in the site including their specific purpose.
c) Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
i) The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help
students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to

integrate the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in
different place in order to get more knowledge than the theory we learned on the
class. I got the internship class very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical
knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that we haven‘t learn in the
class room by searching different related literature. Some of this is:
Quantity surveying
Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
Construction equipment
Report writing
ii) I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand
everything from books and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed
me. Generally I change myself alit bit after the internship period in my knowledge
than before I took it.
d)Upgrading interpersonal communication skill
i) Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order
to get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the
building design and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the
achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of
communication systems is beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as
they all play a part in the success of the construction. Construction is one of the
places that ask a good communication skill either managing every trade of work
or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important way
of learning, which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of
gaining knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool communication is
important in the real constructions world and it can appear in different forms as
speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most things I gain is due to
communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-skilled
workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers and ask
them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes they are
not eager to tell.
e) Improving team playing skill
i) Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers,
involve in every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential
for Effective completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill already
exists in my personality in the campus due to different assignment and project
works that I work together with student. But this skill is more than this in the
construction site. In the construction site the work is already a team work and it
needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects,
misunderstanding in the drawing or working methodology and consult every
work. We the student at the site also works together as a team to get more
understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my team work status by
working together with different professionals, student and workers as a whole in
the civil engineering works and consulting.
f) Improving leadership skill
i) Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an
organizational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and

organized to perform its day to day activities. Among all other managements i
have seen that human resource management is the most important one. i have
actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work
done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan
(schedule).Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For
effective leadership i understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
bm) In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
bn) Those are:-
Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge‘s).
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
Make sound and timely decisions.
Know your people and look out for their well-being.
Keep your workers informed.
Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
Use the full capabilities of your organization.
Listening to others.
Being organized.
Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.
ii) In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything because we go to the site to
learn about the site work and we don‘t have enough ability to handle such works
in such short time but we have learned how to become a good leader and the main
signal of a good leader.
iii) Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy because it takes a
conscious commitment and consistent effort to develop one‘s leadership skills
g)Work ethics and related issues
i) The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‘s
behavior towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather
well on the job so that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run.
During my internship program, I could say that I have managed to do my side of
the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth
flow of activities both in the office and on construction site. Work ethics involve
such characteristics as honesty, responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.
ii) Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about
work ethics and on my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working
station in time so that there will not be any delay on the activities planned for that
day. The behavior that one shows towards his peers and colleagues is also one
manifestation of the concept of work ethics. Personally, I always respected and
gave priority the employers of the company.
Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are:-
punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and responsibility.
ii) We as a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and
avoid complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site
or office. It is a pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are

responsible for any given tasks. Since the aim of internship is to let students know
the outside environment pertinent to their field, which includes of such the above
dealt qualities, I was with the great interest that I tried to meet my responsibilities
and work ethics that I suppose to be fulfil by my side.
16.0 Conclusion
1) The entire period of Industrial Training has given me good & important
practical exposure of construction work. At the end of the Industrial Training
under LEGRANDE ENINEERING SERVICES Limited, LAGOS STATE, I feel myself
better equipped and ready to face the field problems related to Civil Engineering works.
In these four& half months, I have learnt how to deal with Authorities and
workers under supervision and I have become familiar with the fact that the field
work is much difficult from theoretical knowledge. But until you don’t have the
theoretical knowledge, the practical work is very difficult to carry-out and understand.
2) Working with experienced engineers has enhanced my technical skills to a
great extent for which I am grateful to them. Their professional approach towards work
is appreciable.
3) The training has provided me with much needed field exposure to shape
up my thinking in a better way as a professional making me a lot more capable to face
the challenges of life.
17.0 References and Bibliography
 .Drawings shown above are made on AUTO CAD
 . Images shown in the report are self-clicked images at various locations
 .Calculation mentioned above are carried out in the daily dairy
 . Civil Construction Books
 .Drawings provided at the site
 .COMPANY WEBSITE-(lesl.awardspace.com)

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