This document describes a method for determining ammonia in the atmosphere using an indophenol method. Air is bubbled through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to collect ammonia as ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then analyzed colorimetrically by reacting it with phenol and sodium hypochlorite to produce a blue indophenol dye, the concentration of which is measured spectrophotometrically. The method can detect ammonia concentrations of 20-700 μg/m3 in air samples of 1 hour or more. Various reagents, equipment, calibration procedures and calculations are described to carry out the analysis.
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
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Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Determination of ec ,temp , oil & greaseJenson Samraj
Here, my topic is based on the Determination of Oil and grease which is a rare topic and in it its all discussed in a very easiest concept so that all the users can improve their knowledge by this presentation.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Studies of yeast respiration with the oxygen electrodeAims Y.docxflorriezhamphrey3065
Studies of yeast respiration with the oxygen electrode
Aims
You will measure compare the rates of respiration by yeast of sugars at different conditions using the oxygen electrode.
Good laboratory practice is essential: no eating or drinking; wear lab coats at all times; handle chemicals carefully and with gloves; read, understand and reflect about the experiment.
Introduction
Under aerobic conditions sugars are respired to carbon dioxide and water via the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle. The respiration of a yeast suspension is conveniently monitored by following the decline in the concentration of dissolved oxygen using an oxygen electrode. It is essential to starve the yeast suspension by bubbling a stream of air through it overnight to deplete endogenous reserves of glycogen, otherwise a high rate of respiration is observed before the substrate (eg. a sugar) is added. Even then, a small rate of respiration is usually observed due to metabolism of remaining endogenous reserves. It is usual practice to estimate this, the endogenous rate, and to apply a correction for it.
Materials:
· 7.5 mL 0.05M K phosphate buffer pH 5.0, saturated with air at 30C by bubbling.
· 7.5 mL 0.05M K phosphate buffer pH 1.0, saturated with air at 30C by bubbling.
· 7.5 mL 0.05M K phosphate buffer pH 9.0, saturated with air at 30C by bubbling.
· 5 mL 1% (w/v) suspension of fresh yeast in the buffer above, starved by bubbling with air at 30C for at least 4 hours.
· Glucose (0.16M), Galactose (0.16M), Ethanol (0.16M), Sodium Azide (0.16M)
Procedure
1. Pipette 1500 L of air-saturated buffer into the reaction vessel of an oxygen electrode. Note the temperature of the water bath in which the buffer is immersed; you will need this for a subsequent calculation. If you do not have a thermometer, note the temperature as 30C.
2. Calibrate the electrode by turning the dial till it reaches 100. If the electrode reading fluctuates wildly or drifts steadily downwards, consult a member of staff.
3. Add 1000 μL of the 10 mg/mL yeast suspension to the reaction vessel, and start recording the data every 5 seconds.
5. When you reach 100 seconds, inject 25 L of 0.16 M glucose solution through the vent to the electrode chamber using a Hamilton syringe and allow the data to accumulate until 200 seconds, at this time inject 25 L of 0.16 M sodium azide solution through the vent to the electrode chamber using a Hamilton syringe and allow the data to accumulate the end of the run (360 seconds). Ensure that the needle enters the electrode chamber.
6. Pipette out the contents of the reaction chamber with a dropping pipette and wash out the reaction chamber three times with distilled water.
7. Determine respiration rates before and after the addition of 25 L of 0.16 M solution of galactose by repeating steps 1-3.
8. Pipette out the contents of the reaction chamber with a dropping pipette and wash out the reaction chamber three times with distilled water.
9. Pipette .
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
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Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
1. Determination of Ammonia in the Atmosphere
(Indophenol Method)
1. Principle of the Method
1.1 Ammonia in the atmosphere is collected by bubbling a measured volume
of air through a dilute solution of Sulfuric Acid to form ammonium
sulfate.
1.2 The ammonium sulfate formed in the sample is analyzed colorimetrically
by reaction with phenol and alkaline sodium hypochlorite to produce
indophenol, a blue dye. The reaction is accelerated by the addition of
sodium nitroprusside as catalyst.
2. Range and Sensitivity
2.1 With a sampling rate of 1 to 2 L/min a concentration range of 20 to
700µg/m3
(0.025 to 1 ppm) in air may be determined with a sampling time
of 1h.
2.2 The limit of detection of the analysis is 0.2 µg NH3/mL.
3. Interferences
3.1 Ammonium compounds in suspended particulate matter will be
determined if they are not removed by prefiltration.
3.2 Prefilters may remove some gaseous ammonia. See section 7.1.1
3.3 Ferrous, chromous, and manganousions if present in mg amounts cause
positive interference in the analytical procedure because of precipitation.
Copper ions inhibit color development strongly and therefore cause
negative interference. Addition of Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic
Acid(EDTA) prevents these effects. Nitrite and sulfite interfere if present
in 100-fold excess. Based on tests with solutions, formaldehyde causes a
negative interference of 10 to 15%. Interfering particulate matter in the air
can be removed by filteration of the air sample.
4. Precision and accuracy
4.1 Replicate samples, collected with glass prefilters and analyzed manually
showed a relative coefficient of variation of 30% in the 0.7 to 21µg/m3
(1
to 30ppb) range . This coefficient varies with concentration of atmospheric
Ammonia and decreases to 5%in the 700µg/m3
(1 ppm) range.
4.2 No accuracy data are available.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Vacuum Pump. Any vacuum pump that will maintain a vacuum of 60kPa
with an air flow of 5L/min
5.2 Flow Measuring Device. A calibrated flow meter or a critical orifice to
measure or control the air flow from 1 to 2 L/min. The flow meter should
be calibrated under conditions of use.
5.3. Absorber. A fritted bubbler, midget impinger, or other gas scrubber
designed for a flow rate of 1 to 2L/min with 10mL or more absorbing
solution is suitable for sampling.
2. 5.4 Prefilter Holder. An open-face Teflon, Laxan, or similar filter holder
which can be connected in line before the bubbler may be used as
perobjective of monitoring
5.5 Prefilters. Organic free glass fiber filter use for air sampling for
suspended particulate matter are satisfactory.
5.6 Spectrophotometer. Capable of measuring the absorbance at 630 nm.
5.7 Glassware. Low-actinic glassware or vessels must be used for analysis.
The glassware must be rinsed with 1.2 N HCL,and washed at least 6 times
with reagent water before immediate.
6. Regents.
6.1 Purity. All chemicals should meet specifications of ACS Analytical
Regent grade.
6.2 Water. Water must meet specification of ASTM Regent water type II, and
be ammonia free.
6.3 Absorbing solution. Dilute 3.0 mL of concentrated H2SO4(18M) to 1L
with water to obtain 0.1 N H2SO4
6.4 Analytical Regents.
Sodium nitroprusside [Sodium nitrosylpentacyanoferrate(iii)] dissolve 2g
Sodium nitroprusside in 100mL of water. The solution keeps well in the
refrigerator for 2 months.
6.75 M Sodium Hydroxide: Dissolve 270g hydroxide in about 1L of
distilled water. Boil down to 600mL in order to volatilize the ammonia
contained in the reagent. Cool and fill to 1L. Store in polyethylene bottle.
Caution: this solution is extremely caustic. Prevent contact with skin or
eyes.
Sodium hypochlorite solution: Dilute 5 to 6% analytical reagent sodium
hypochlorite with distilled water to give a 0.1N solution (3.7%) Strength is
determined before dilution by iodimetric titration or colorimetry after
appropriate dilution. The solution keeps well for 2 months in a
refrigerator.
Phenol solution 45% v/v, Melt phenol by immersing a bottle containing
the material in a water bath at 60ºC, Pour 45mL(50g) in to a 100mL
warmed cylinder and fill to mark with methanol.
Buffer: Dissolve 50g of Na3,PO4, 12H2O and 74mL of 6.75M NaOH in 1
L of distilled water.
Working hypochlorite solution: Mix 30mL of 0.1 N sodium hypochlorite
and 30mL of 6.75 M Sodium hydroxide and dilute to 100mL with distilled
water. Prepare fresh daily
Working phenol solution: Mix 20mL of the 45% Phenol solution with 1
mL of 2% Sodium nitroprusside and dilute to 100mL with distilled water.
Prepare fresh every 4 hr
3. 6.5 Ammonia Standard solution:
Ammonia stock solution. Dissolve 3.18 g of NH4CL or 3.88 g of
(NH4)2SO4 in 1 L of distilled water (1 mL equal to 1mg NH3). Add a drop
of CHCl3 for better preservation. The solution is stable for 2 months.
Ammonia working solution: Dilute 10ml of the stock solution to 1L with
absorbing solution in a volumetric flask(1 mL equal to 10 µg NH3).
Prepare daily.
6.6 Glass Cleaning Solution. Dilute 10mL of concentrated HCL(12M) to 100 mL
with distilled water(molarity approximately 1.2M)
7. Procedure
Sample Collection: Place 10mL of absorbing solution in each bubbler for
samples and field blanks. Cap bubbler for transport. Assemble(in order)
prefilter and holder , flow meter bubbler and pump. Sample at the rate of 1
to 2 L/min for a sufficient time to obtain an adequate sample, usually 1h.
Record sampling time and flow rate. After sample collection, recap the
bubbler
Prefilters If prefilters are not used the method will determine both gaseous
ammonia and ammonium contained in particulates. At high humidity,
acid gas will promote reaction on the filter causing loss of ammonia gas
from the sample. In the absence of acid gases. Ammonia collected
momentarily on the filter during high humidity will be stripped of during
sampling with little loss.
The color may be developed in the flask 25mL, transfer contents to a
25.0 mL capacity glass graduated cylinder, being sure to blowout residual
sample from the frits if they are used. Maintain all solutions and sample at
25ºC. Add 2mL buffer. Add 5mL of working phenol solution, mix, fill to
about 22mL, then add 2.5mL of the working hypochlorite solution and
rapidly mix. Dilute to 25mL, mix, and store in the dark at 25ºC for 30 min
to develop color. Measure the absobance of the solution against a reagent
blank at 630nm, using 1cm cells.
Field Blanks. At least one bubbler of collecting solution is carried into the
field and treated in the same fashion as the actual samples except that no
air is drawn into the bubbler. It is treated in analysis as if it was a sample.
The value of the regent blank to determine either sampling glassware is
introducing appreciate contamination.
8. Calibration and standardization
Preparation of standards. Pipet 0.5,1.0 and 1.5mL of the working
standards solution into 25mL glass stoppered graduated cylinders. These
correspond to 5, 10 and 15µg of ammonia/25mL mark with absorbing
solution. Fill to the 10-mL mark with absorbing solution is also prepared.
Add reagents to each cylinder as in the procedure for analysis. Read the
absorbance of each standard against the reagent blank.
4. Standard Curve. Plot the absorbance as the ordinate versus the
concentration as abscissa on linear graph paper. Alternatively, determine
the slope by the method of least squares
9. Calculations
µg/m3
NH3=W/Vo
where W= µg NH3 in 25mL from standard curve.
Vo= Volume of air sample in m3
at
25º C and 101.3kPa
Vo=(F/1000) X (Ps/101.3) X (298/273+Ts)
Where F= Flow rate (L/min)
Ps=atmospheric pressure in kPa at sampling point
Ts=temperature, ºC at sampling point.
10. Effect of Storage
10.1 Sample of particulate matter may be stored indefinitely if protected from
contamination.
10.2 Changes in the precision of the method occur when storing the collectd
liquid samples during 2 days. Significantly lower values have been found on
replicates stored for several days