This document discusses carbon monoxide detection using non-dispersive infrared instrumentation. It describes CO as an odorless, colorless gas that is toxic above 35 ppm. The instrument works by measuring the absorption of infrared light at 4.6 micrometers by CO molecules in a gas cell. A reference gas is generated by oxidizing CO to CO2 to eliminate interference from other gases. The analyzer provides accurate, stable measurements with automatic ranging from 0-100 ppm CO concentration.
Guidelines For The Air Pollution Sampling & Analysis 9730343582
1) Guidelines were notified for sampling and analysis of common air pollutants to have uniform monitoring across India and allow for comparison of data.
2) The methods prescribed are a combination of physical, wet-chemical, and continuous online methods to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3) Accurate monitoring requires a combination of manual and continuous methods at each location as well as proper laboratory infrastructure.
This presentation was a plenary talk on environmental forensics delivered at the 2011 Dioxin Conference in Brussels (www.dioxin2011.org). The presentation focused on the topic of environmental forensics investigations and techniques and their application to the field of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Orsat apparatus, which is a piece of laboratory equipment used to analyze gas samples, typically flue gas, for their oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide content. It describes the basic components and workings of the Orsat apparatus, including the gas burette, absorption pipettes containing chemical solutions to absorb specific gases, and operating procedures to collect and pass the gas sample through the solutions to measure gas concentrations. Modern analyzers have been derived from the Orsat apparatus to continuously measure gas composition in process flows.
The document discusses gas chromatography. It begins by providing a brief history of chromatography and describing the basic components and process of gas chromatography. It then discusses the types of gas chromatography, including gas-solid and gas-liquid, and describes the typical instrumentation used, including carrier gases, sample injection systems, columns, and common detectors like FID, TCD, ECD, and TID. Applications of gas chromatography include qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. Advantages are its high resolution and sensitivity, while disadvantages include its limitation to volatile samples.
Gold APP Instruments Corporation China is a manufacturer of laboratory analytical instruments located in Beijing, China. They produce instruments for measuring properties of particles, powders, and fibers including BET surface area analyzers, gas pycnometers for measuring true density, and high pressure/temperature gas adsorption analyzers. The document then discusses common static and dynamic methods for determining gas adsorption isotherms, which are key to characterizing materials using BET surface area analysis and other techniques. These include volumetric and gravimetric methods as well as continuous flow techniques.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
This document discusses carbon monoxide detection using non-dispersive infrared instrumentation. It describes CO as an odorless, colorless gas that is toxic above 35 ppm. The instrument works by measuring the absorption of infrared light at 4.6 micrometers by CO molecules in a gas cell. A reference gas is generated by oxidizing CO to CO2 to eliminate interference from other gases. The analyzer provides accurate, stable measurements with automatic ranging from 0-100 ppm CO concentration.
Guidelines For The Air Pollution Sampling & Analysis 9730343582
1) Guidelines were notified for sampling and analysis of common air pollutants to have uniform monitoring across India and allow for comparison of data.
2) The methods prescribed are a combination of physical, wet-chemical, and continuous online methods to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3) Accurate monitoring requires a combination of manual and continuous methods at each location as well as proper laboratory infrastructure.
This presentation was a plenary talk on environmental forensics delivered at the 2011 Dioxin Conference in Brussels (www.dioxin2011.org). The presentation focused on the topic of environmental forensics investigations and techniques and their application to the field of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Orsat apparatus, which is a piece of laboratory equipment used to analyze gas samples, typically flue gas, for their oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide content. It describes the basic components and workings of the Orsat apparatus, including the gas burette, absorption pipettes containing chemical solutions to absorb specific gases, and operating procedures to collect and pass the gas sample through the solutions to measure gas concentrations. Modern analyzers have been derived from the Orsat apparatus to continuously measure gas composition in process flows.
The document discusses gas chromatography. It begins by providing a brief history of chromatography and describing the basic components and process of gas chromatography. It then discusses the types of gas chromatography, including gas-solid and gas-liquid, and describes the typical instrumentation used, including carrier gases, sample injection systems, columns, and common detectors like FID, TCD, ECD, and TID. Applications of gas chromatography include qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. Advantages are its high resolution and sensitivity, while disadvantages include its limitation to volatile samples.
Gold APP Instruments Corporation China is a manufacturer of laboratory analytical instruments located in Beijing, China. They produce instruments for measuring properties of particles, powders, and fibers including BET surface area analyzers, gas pycnometers for measuring true density, and high pressure/temperature gas adsorption analyzers. The document then discusses common static and dynamic methods for determining gas adsorption isotherms, which are key to characterizing materials using BET surface area analysis and other techniques. These include volumetric and gravimetric methods as well as continuous flow techniques.
Handling Difficult Samples in Karl Fischer AnalysisMetrohm USA
Analysis of moisture is becoming increasingly important to many different industries
Many of these reasons require not only a precise, but also accurate reading
For years, most moisture analyses have been conducted on a semi-quantitative or even qualitative level
This document discusses various procedures for sampling air pollutants, including classification of sampling methods, difficulties encountered, instruments used, duration and location of sampling. It describes correct sampling methods such as statistical methods, sample size, continuous vs intermittent sampling. Devices discussed include meters, suction devices, probes, absorbers, adsorbers, condensers and collectors. Factors like sampling period, atmospheric vs source sampling, and choosing representative sampling sites are also summarized.
Hii..
in which slide we are involving what is Gas chromatography there History, Theory & principle, Introduction, Phases, Types, Instrumentation, Application etc.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Tracer Cert technical note no 1 ppb & sub ppb water vapour standards, revised...John Thompson
The document describes a method for creating precise water vapor standards in the parts per billion (ppb) and sub-ppb range using refillable diffusion tubes. Water is pipetted into the tubes, which are then weighed over time as the water vapor diffuses out at a controlled temperature. Regression analysis is used to determine the rate of weight loss, allowing calculation of emission rates and concentrations achievable at different gas flow rates. Precise diffusion tubes can generate water vapor standards in the low ppb range needed for quality control in semiconductor manufacturing.
This document describes different types of process analyzers and analysis techniques. It discusses destructive vs non-destructive analysis, online vs inline analysis, and specific analyzer types like tunable diode laser analyzers, oxygen analyzers, dust monitoring systems, gas chromatography, and the operating principles of thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. The key techniques covered are spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, infrared absorption, light scattering, gas partitioning behavior, and ion detection.
This document discusses various particulate sampling methods including sedimentation, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, thermal precipitation, centrifugal, and solution impingers. Sedimentation is the simplest method to collect particles larger than 10 microns. Filtration uses filtration to quantitatively remove particles from an air stream. Impingement separates particles from an air stream through collision against a surface. Electrostatic precipitation uses electric charges to collect submicron particles. Thermal precipitation uses temperature gradients to migrate particles to collection surfaces. Centrifugal methods use cyclones to separate particles via centrifugal forces. Solution impingers collect particles directly in acidic solutions.
Lean Clean - Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Cleaning Validation in Pharmac...nvasoya
This document discusses using design of experiments to evaluate combining the analysis of cleaning agents and drug products using total organic carbon analysis. A factorial design of experiments was conducted varying pH, volume, and oxidizer flow rate during analysis of cleaning agents. The results showed little to no variation between factors, indicating parameters can be changed without affecting results. Additionally, even the worst variation was small compared to the permitted residue limit. Therefore, cleaning agents and drug products can be analyzed together in one sample to streamline the process without increasing risk.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Our objective is to demonstrate how Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is a quick, accurate screening alternative for critiquing cleaning validation samples.
Typical laboratory testing includes the development and implementation of analytical methods that test for residues of previously manufactured products, cleaning detergents, chemicals, solvents, byproducts, degradants, and microbial contaminates (from wet environments after the cleaning validation). TOC analysis has become one of a series of analytical methods used to assess the effectiveness of a cleaning validation. Almost any residual compound can be detected if three non-specific analytical (screening) tests are applied to a cleaning validation: TOC (for organics characteristics– carbon), pH (for acid/base characteristics) and conductivity (for ionic characteristics).
Analytical precision and analyte recovery for cleaning agents (detergents) and other possible contaminates that may be found in clean in place (CIP) solutions will be investigated for TOC. TOC analysis demonstrated equivalent or better correlation to cleaning validation compounds in comparison to traditional analytical methods. Some qualities that make TOC a viable part of a cleaning validation includes: high sensitivity, high recovery of samples, non-specific measurement, ease of use (little method development), minimal interferences and cost effectiveness.
This presentation will focus on the characteristics and benefits of TOC with general implementation guidelines for performing cleaning validation. By taking a proactive approach to one’s cleaning validation program, one can guarantee effective performance while minimizing downtime.
The document discusses the flame ionization detector (FID). It explains that the FID is one of the most sensitive and reliable detectors for gas analysis. It works by ionizing solutes in a flame, with electrons emitted attracted to a positive electrode to produce a current. The FID is responsive only to organic compounds with carbon atoms, making it useful for analyzing volatile solutes in water without pretreatment. It also lists key characteristics of the FID like being rugged, sensitive, having a wide dynamic range, and being destructive. Example applications mentioned include analyzing purge gases and impurities in gas supplies for various industrial processes.
Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that can be vaporized without decomposition. It works by partitioning components to be separated between a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. The key components of a gas chromatography instrument are the carrier gas, injection port, column, temperature control system, and detector. Factors like temperature, flow rate, column length, and amount of sample injected can influence separation of the components. Gas chromatography has applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis and is used in quality control of pharmaceuticals.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential partitioning of analytes between a stationary and mobile phase. Key aspects of GC include vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with an inert gas, where separation occurs based on interactions with the immobilized stationary phase. Common detectors measure changes in thermal conductivity, ionization, or other properties to identify separated analyte compounds and allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the level of oxygen present in water. It is typically measured in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or percent saturation. There are two main methods for measuring DO - electrochemical and optical. Electrochemical methods use electrodes, a semipermeable membrane, and electrolyte, while optical methods use dyes that quench luminescence in proportion to oxygen levels. Factors like temperature, salinity, and barometric pressure can affect DO measurements and require compensation. Calibration techniques include Winkler titration, air-saturated water, and water-saturated air. Proper calibration ensures accurate DO readings.
Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate mixtures by vaporizing the components and carrying them by a carrier gas through a column containing a stationary phase. The components elute from the column at different times based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Key aspects include the carrier gas, sampling unit, columns, and detectors such as thermal conductivity, electron capture, and flame ionization which produce signals proportional to component concentrations. Gas chromatography has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, food and environmental testing to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze samples.
The Orsat apparatus allows for the analysis of flue gases by passing them through three absorption bulbs containing different solutions. The first bulb contains potassium hydroxide and absorbs carbon dioxide. The second bulb contains alkaline pyrogallic acid and absorbs any remaining carbon dioxide and oxygen. The third bulb contains ammonical cuprous chloride and absorbs any remaining carbon monoxide. By measuring the volume changes in each bulb, the apparatus can determine the percentages of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide in flue gases, providing information about the completeness of combustion.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds based on differences in how they partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase in a column. Key components of a gas chromatography system include an injection port, separation column contained in an oven, and detector. Common detectors are the thermal conductivity detector and flame ionization detector. The mass spectrometer detector provides additional structural information through molecular fragmentation patterns.
What is TOC & why it's measurement in production process usable water is important in the pharmaceutical industrial environment in respect to product quality
Determination of nitrate in polluted water with new coupling reagent hydroxam...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining nitrate levels in polluted water samples using hydroxamic acids as coupling reagents. The method involves reacting hydroxamic acids with nitrate in concentrated sulfuric acid to form colored complexes, which are extracted with n-hexane. Calibration curves for three hydroxamic acids showed good linearity for nitrate detection down to picogram levels. The method was found to be accurate, stable, and tolerant of many interfering ions. It was successfully applied to analyze nitrate levels in water samples from various sites in Bhopal, India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses various procedures for sampling air pollutants, including classification of sampling methods, difficulties encountered, instruments used, duration and location of sampling. It describes correct sampling methods such as statistical methods, sample size, continuous vs intermittent sampling. Devices discussed include meters, suction devices, probes, absorbers, adsorbers, condensers and collectors. Factors like sampling period, atmospheric vs source sampling, and choosing representative sampling sites are also summarized.
Hii..
in which slide we are involving what is Gas chromatography there History, Theory & principle, Introduction, Phases, Types, Instrumentation, Application etc.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Tracer Cert technical note no 1 ppb & sub ppb water vapour standards, revised...John Thompson
The document describes a method for creating precise water vapor standards in the parts per billion (ppb) and sub-ppb range using refillable diffusion tubes. Water is pipetted into the tubes, which are then weighed over time as the water vapor diffuses out at a controlled temperature. Regression analysis is used to determine the rate of weight loss, allowing calculation of emission rates and concentrations achievable at different gas flow rates. Precise diffusion tubes can generate water vapor standards in the low ppb range needed for quality control in semiconductor manufacturing.
This document describes different types of process analyzers and analysis techniques. It discusses destructive vs non-destructive analysis, online vs inline analysis, and specific analyzer types like tunable diode laser analyzers, oxygen analyzers, dust monitoring systems, gas chromatography, and the operating principles of thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. The key techniques covered are spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, infrared absorption, light scattering, gas partitioning behavior, and ion detection.
This document discusses various particulate sampling methods including sedimentation, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, thermal precipitation, centrifugal, and solution impingers. Sedimentation is the simplest method to collect particles larger than 10 microns. Filtration uses filtration to quantitatively remove particles from an air stream. Impingement separates particles from an air stream through collision against a surface. Electrostatic precipitation uses electric charges to collect submicron particles. Thermal precipitation uses temperature gradients to migrate particles to collection surfaces. Centrifugal methods use cyclones to separate particles via centrifugal forces. Solution impingers collect particles directly in acidic solutions.
Lean Clean - Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Cleaning Validation in Pharmac...nvasoya
This document discusses using design of experiments to evaluate combining the analysis of cleaning agents and drug products using total organic carbon analysis. A factorial design of experiments was conducted varying pH, volume, and oxidizer flow rate during analysis of cleaning agents. The results showed little to no variation between factors, indicating parameters can be changed without affecting results. Additionally, even the worst variation was small compared to the permitted residue limit. Therefore, cleaning agents and drug products can be analyzed together in one sample to streamline the process without increasing risk.
Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysi...CRL Asia
Presentation file on Application on Semi-aerobic Landfill. Technology in in Tropical Climate: Lysimeter experiment of Thailand (Created: SWGA Chart Chiemchaisri)
Our objective is to demonstrate how Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis is a quick, accurate screening alternative for critiquing cleaning validation samples.
Typical laboratory testing includes the development and implementation of analytical methods that test for residues of previously manufactured products, cleaning detergents, chemicals, solvents, byproducts, degradants, and microbial contaminates (from wet environments after the cleaning validation). TOC analysis has become one of a series of analytical methods used to assess the effectiveness of a cleaning validation. Almost any residual compound can be detected if three non-specific analytical (screening) tests are applied to a cleaning validation: TOC (for organics characteristics– carbon), pH (for acid/base characteristics) and conductivity (for ionic characteristics).
Analytical precision and analyte recovery for cleaning agents (detergents) and other possible contaminates that may be found in clean in place (CIP) solutions will be investigated for TOC. TOC analysis demonstrated equivalent or better correlation to cleaning validation compounds in comparison to traditional analytical methods. Some qualities that make TOC a viable part of a cleaning validation includes: high sensitivity, high recovery of samples, non-specific measurement, ease of use (little method development), minimal interferences and cost effectiveness.
This presentation will focus on the characteristics and benefits of TOC with general implementation guidelines for performing cleaning validation. By taking a proactive approach to one’s cleaning validation program, one can guarantee effective performance while minimizing downtime.
The document discusses the flame ionization detector (FID). It explains that the FID is one of the most sensitive and reliable detectors for gas analysis. It works by ionizing solutes in a flame, with electrons emitted attracted to a positive electrode to produce a current. The FID is responsive only to organic compounds with carbon atoms, making it useful for analyzing volatile solutes in water without pretreatment. It also lists key characteristics of the FID like being rugged, sensitive, having a wide dynamic range, and being destructive. Example applications mentioned include analyzing purge gases and impurities in gas supplies for various industrial processes.
Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that can be vaporized without decomposition. It works by partitioning components to be separated between a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. The key components of a gas chromatography instrument are the carrier gas, injection port, column, temperature control system, and detector. Factors like temperature, flow rate, column length, and amount of sample injected can influence separation of the components. Gas chromatography has applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis and is used in quality control of pharmaceuticals.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures that relies on the differential partitioning of analytes between a stationary and mobile phase. Key aspects of GC include vaporizing samples and carrying them through a column with an inert gas, where separation occurs based on interactions with the immobilized stationary phase. Common detectors measure changes in thermal conductivity, ionization, or other properties to identify separated analyte compounds and allow for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the level of oxygen present in water. It is typically measured in parts per million (ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or percent saturation. There are two main methods for measuring DO - electrochemical and optical. Electrochemical methods use electrodes, a semipermeable membrane, and electrolyte, while optical methods use dyes that quench luminescence in proportion to oxygen levels. Factors like temperature, salinity, and barometric pressure can affect DO measurements and require compensation. Calibration techniques include Winkler titration, air-saturated water, and water-saturated air. Proper calibration ensures accurate DO readings.
Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate mixtures by vaporizing the components and carrying them by a carrier gas through a column containing a stationary phase. The components elute from the column at different times based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Key aspects include the carrier gas, sampling unit, columns, and detectors such as thermal conductivity, electron capture, and flame ionization which produce signals proportional to component concentrations. Gas chromatography has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, food and environmental testing to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze samples.
The Orsat apparatus allows for the analysis of flue gases by passing them through three absorption bulbs containing different solutions. The first bulb contains potassium hydroxide and absorbs carbon dioxide. The second bulb contains alkaline pyrogallic acid and absorbs any remaining carbon dioxide and oxygen. The third bulb contains ammonical cuprous chloride and absorbs any remaining carbon monoxide. By measuring the volume changes in each bulb, the apparatus can determine the percentages of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide in flue gases, providing information about the completeness of combustion.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds based on differences in how they partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase in a column. Key components of a gas chromatography system include an injection port, separation column contained in an oven, and detector. Common detectors are the thermal conductivity detector and flame ionization detector. The mass spectrometer detector provides additional structural information through molecular fragmentation patterns.
What is TOC & why it's measurement in production process usable water is important in the pharmaceutical industrial environment in respect to product quality
Determination of nitrate in polluted water with new coupling reagent hydroxam...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining nitrate levels in polluted water samples using hydroxamic acids as coupling reagents. The method involves reacting hydroxamic acids with nitrate in concentrated sulfuric acid to form colored complexes, which are extracted with n-hexane. Calibration curves for three hydroxamic acids showed good linearity for nitrate detection down to picogram levels. The method was found to be accurate, stable, and tolerant of many interfering ions. It was successfully applied to analyze nitrate levels in water samples from various sites in Bhopal, India.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses methods for monitoring nitrogen oxide pollutants nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. It describes both manual and automated techniques for measuring oxides of nitrogen either separately or collectively. The modified Na-Arsenite method is a manual technique that involves sampling air using glass absorbers, converting nitrogen dioxide to nitrite ions, and then using colorimetric analysis to measure absorbance and determine concentration. Calibration procedures and equations for calculating nitrogen dioxide concentration from absorbance measurements are also provided.
This document discusses methods for monitoring nitrogen oxide pollutants nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). It provides details on manual and automated techniques for measuring NO and NO2 separately or collectively as nitrogen oxides (NOx). The modified Na-Arsenite method is described as a manual determination technique for NO2 based on a colorimetric reaction. Step-by-step procedures are outlined for sampling, developing a calibration curve, and calculating NO2 concentrations in air samples. Continuous automated analyzers and other available methods are also briefly mentioned.
This document describes a method for determining ammonia in the atmosphere using an indophenol method. Air is bubbled through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to collect ammonia as ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then analyzed colorimetrically by reacting it with phenol and sodium hypochlorite to produce a blue indophenol dye, the concentration of which is measured spectrophotometrically. The method can detect ammonia concentrations of 20-700 μg/m3 in air samples of 1 hour or more. Various reagents, equipment, calibration procedures and calculations are described to carry out the analysis.
This document describes a method for determining ammonia in the atmosphere using an indophenol method. Air is bubbled through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to collect ammonia as ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then analyzed colorimetrically by reaction with phenol and sodium hypochlorite to produce a blue indophenol dye, with sodium nitroprusside as a catalyst. The absorbance is then measured at 630nm and the concentration of ammonia is calculated based on a standard curve. Precision decreases over storage time as the collected liquid samples begin to change.
This research article presents a new kinetic spectrophotometric method for determining cefixime concentrations in pure and pharmaceutical formulations using saffron extract as a natural reagent. The method is based on the formation of a yellow product with maximum absorbance at 390nm when a mixture of saffron extract, sodium hydroxide, and potassium permanganate is added to an aqueous cefixime solution. The experimental conditions were optimized. Beer's law was followed for cefixime concentrations between 10-0.6 μg/mL. The method was successfully applied to determine cefixime in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Filter Extraction of Heavy Metal & Benzo PyreneECRD IN
This document provides information on analytical methods for measuring various air pollutants including heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. It describes sample preparation and extraction methods, parameters for gas chromatography and fluorescence analysis, and procedures for generating and measuring arsine gas to determine arsenic concentration. Calibration methods are outlined for analyzing benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. The document also provides equations for calculating pollutant concentrations from analytical measurements.
This document provides information on analytical methods for measuring various air pollutants including heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. It describes sample preparation and extraction methods, parameters for gas chromatography and fluorescence analysis, and procedures for generating and measuring arsine gas to determine arsenic concentration. Calibration methods are outlined for analyzing benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. The document also provides equations for calculating pollutant concentrations from analytical measurements.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the extraction of diquat and paraquat herbicides from water samples using the SmartPrep Automated Cartridge Extractor according to EPA Method 549.2. Key findings include:
1) Diquat and paraquat were extracted from fortified water samples using C8 solid phase extraction cartridges on the SmartPrep system.
2) Recoveries for both diquat and paraquat averaged over 90% with relative standard deviations below 5%, meeting the Method 549.2 quality control criteria.
3) The study demonstrated that the SmartPrep system is suitable for automating the extraction of diquat and paraquat from water samples per EPA Method 549.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the extraction of diquat and paraquat herbicides from water samples using the SmartPrep Automated Cartridge Extractor according to EPA Method 549.2. Key findings include:
1) Diquat and paraquat were extracted from fortified water samples using C8 solid phase extraction cartridges on the SmartPrep system.
2) Recoveries for both diquat and paraquat averaged over 90% with relative standard deviations below 5%, meeting the Method 549.2 quality control criteria.
3) The study demonstrated the SmartPrep system is suitable for automating the extraction of diquat and paraquat from water samples per EPA Method 549.2
This document describes a study that used the organic reagent 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol to extract cerium(III) ions (Ce3+) from an aqueous solution through solvent extraction. Extraction experiments determined the optimal conditions were a pH of 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a Ce3+ ion concentration of 100 micrograms in the aqueous phase. Organic solvent studies showed chloroform gave the highest distribution ratio values for Ce3+ extraction, though dielectric constant did not linearly correlate with extraction among solvents tested. Stoichiometric studies indicated the extracted ion pair complex had a probable 1:
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preliminary Outdoor Air Pollution StudyNitin Yadav
This document outlines a study on outdoor air pollution in Noida City, India. The objectives are to determine the ambient air quality status, ascertain if air quality standards are violated, and develop preventive and corrective measures. Three monitoring stations were established to sample particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using standard gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. The study will involve sample collection, chemical analysis, comparing results to national standards, and providing recommendations based on outcomes and a literature review discussing previous air pollution studies. Expected results are ambient air quality data that can be compared to national standards to assess air quality in Noida City.
Potential of hydroxamic acid in determination of phenol in industrial waste w...Alexander Decker
This document describes a spectrophotometric method for determining phenol concentration in industrial wastewater. The method uses N-phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid to react with phenol in an acidic medium containing V(V) ions, producing a purple complex with maximum absorbance at 522 nm. Beer's law is followed in the range of 0.006 to 0.03 μg/mL. The method was optimized and found to be selective. It was successfully applied to determine phenol levels in wastewater from six industrial areas, demonstrating its potential for phenol analysis in real samples.
The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of p-nitrophenol by adsorption onto olive cake based activated carbon having a BET surface area of 672 m²/g. The batch adsorption experimental results indicated that the equilibrium time for nitrophenol adsorption by olive cake-based activated carbon was 120min. The adsorption data was modeled by equilibrium and kinetic models. The pseudo- first and second order as well as the Elovichkinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data and the intraparticle diffusion model was assessed for describing the mechanism of adsorption. The data were found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second order model with a correlation coefficient (R2=0.986). The intraparticle diffusion mechanism also showed a good fit to the experimental data, showing two distinct linear parts assuming that more than one step could be involved in the adsorption of nitrophenol by the activated carbon. The equilibrium study was performed using three models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the Temkin equilibrium model is the best model fitting the experimental data (R2=0.944). The results of the present study proved the efficiency of using olive cake based activated carbon as a novel adsorbent for the removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution.
This document describes the synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols using tartaric acid as a catalyst. Tartaric acid catalyzes the reaction between various aromatic aldehydes and 2-naphthol efficiently under solvent-free conditions to produce the products in good yields. The method provides advantages such as shorter reaction time, no use of solvents or other harmful reagents, and easy workup. The products were characterized using IR spectroscopy and melting point determination. This green synthesis provides an efficient route for producing these compounds.
Method of sampling and analysis of 13 c dic in groundwatersMahbubul Hassan
This document describes a new method for analyzing the stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater samples. The method uses a gas evolution technique where water samples are injected into vials containing phosphoric acid, which causes the DIC to evolve as CO2 gas. The vials are then analyzed using an automated continuous-flow gas preparation system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This allows for fast (10 minute) analysis of DIC δ13C with high precision (0.1‰) and accuracy. The method is robust, requires minimal field handling, and is well-suited for large sample batches analyzed using an autosampler.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ability of charcoal produced from coffee grounds to remove an acidic dye called acid orange 7. The charcoal was produced by carbonizing coffee grounds at different temperatures. Higher carbonization temperatures increased the charcoal's surface area and pore volume. Adsorption tests found that charcoal carbonized at higher temperatures absorbed more acid orange 7 and achieved higher removal rates from solutions. Kinetic analysis indicated the rate-limiting step in adsorption was intraparticle diffusion of acid orange 7 into the charcoal pores. The study suggests charcoal from coffee grounds could be useful for removing acidic dyes from wastewater.
Similar to STUDY MATERIAL OF UGC NET (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES) (20)
E-waste consists of discarded electronic items like computers and appliances. India generates about 9 lakh tonnes of e-waste annually, which is often handled improperly. Exposure to e-waste can cause health issues since it contains toxic materials like lead, mercury, cadmium. Current disposal methods in India like acid baths are unsafe. Proper recycling and enforcement of e-waste laws is needed to protect both workers and the environment from e-waste.
This document provides methods for measuring pesticide application and calibrating spray equipment. It describes techniques for:
1) Measuring spray droplet sizes using a microscope, graticule, and slide samples to determine volume median diameter (VMD) and number median diameter (NMD).
2) Measuring spray swath widths using oil-sensitive paper attached to poles at increasing distances downwind from the sprayer to plot droplet deposition.
3) Calibrating ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayers by calculating the required application rate in liters per hectare based on the active ingredient dose and concentration.
The document contains a list of computer abbreviations from A to Z with their corresponding terms. It provides definitions for common abbreviations used in information technology and computing. Some abbreviations covered include ASCII, CPU, HTML, IP, RAM and USB. The list serves as a reference for terminology used in the field of computer science.
This chapter discusses water and wastewater. It provides an overview of the hydrological cycle and sources of wastewater including domestic and industrial uses. Key physical, chemical and biological parameters of wastewater are described including suspended solids, BOD, COD, nutrients, pathogens and indicators. Methods for analyzing wastewater characteristics like oxygen sag analysis are also introduced.
SatGur masters academy provides study materials and online classes to help students prepare for exams like the UGC-NET, JRF, and ARS-NET in environmental sciences. It also offers solutions for industrial environmental issues related to wastewater treatment, stack emissions, ambient air quality, and more. The academy can be contacted via phone or email for assistance with exam preparation or environmental compliance solutions.
1. The document discusses various units of measurement used in environmental sciences, including fundamental, basic, and derived units. It describes the British, CGS, and SI (metric) systems of units.
2. Conversion factors are provided between common units like meters to feet, kilograms to pounds, and Celsius to Fahrenheit. Prefixes are explained for expressing extremely large and small quantities.
3. Methods for unit conversion and calculating concentration of substances in water and air are demonstrated through examples. Concentration units include mg/L, μg/L, ppm, percent, and mg/m3.
4. Information is provided on SatGur Masters Academy, which offers study material, online classes, and
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
STUDY MATERIAL OF UGC NET (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES)
1. Analysis Methods forAnalysis Methods for
Measurement of AmmoniaMeasurement of Ammonia
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2. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(Indophenol Blue Method)(Indophenol Blue Method)
Principle:
NH3 in air is collected by scrubbing a known volume of air in a dilute
solution of sulphuric acid. The ammonium sulphate formed in the
sample is analyzed colorimtrically by reaction with phenol and alkaline
sod.hypochlorite to produce indophenol. The reaction is accelerated by
the addition of sodium nitropruside as catalyst.
Range & Sensitivity:
The range of the method is 20 - 700ug/m3. The analytical range is
0.2ug/ml
Interferences
interfering particulate matter in the air can be removed by filtration of the
air sample.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
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3. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Step I: Preparation of Reagent
A. For Sampling:
Absorbing Reagent: 0.1N Sulphuric Acid
Caution: Sulphuric Acid is highly toxic ;avoid contact with skin and especially with eyes. Wash
hands after handling it.
B. For Analysis:
1. Sodium Nitropruside Solution: Dissolve 2gm Sodium Nitropruside in 100ml distilled water.
2. Buffer Solution: Dissolve 50 gm of Sodium phosphate and 74ml of 6.75 M NaOH in 1 litre of
distilled water .
3. Sodium Hypochlorite Solution: Mix 30ml of 0.1N sodium hypochlorite and 30 ml of 6.75 M
Sodium hydroxide and dilute to 100 ml with distilled water.
4. Phenol Solution : Dilute 20ml of 45% phenol solution with 1ml of 2% Sodium Nitropruside
Solution and dilute to 100ml with distilled water.
C. For Calibration Curve:
1. Ammonia Stock Solution :1000 µg NH3/ml
2. Standard Ammonia Solution :10 µg NH3/ml(Caution: Prepare fresh)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
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4. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Sampling:
Place 10 ml of absorbing reagent in an impinger
Sample for desired time at flow rate 0.5 – 2.0lpm
After Sampling measure the volume of absorbing
reagent
Makeup the evaporating absorbing reagent with distilled water as initial volume
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
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5. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Continue Sampling:
Transfer sampled absorbing reagent in sample storage
bottle
Go to lab for analysis
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
7696180020/ 9041733378, satgurenv@gmail.com
6. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Step II: Preparation of Calibration Curve (NH3)
1. Pipette 0.0 (blank), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 of 10µg NH3/ml standard ammonia solution in a
series of 25ml glass stopper graduated cylinder.
2. Make up to 10ml with absorbing reagent
3. Maintain all the solutions and sample at 25 oC(Room temp.)
4. Add 2ml Buffer solution .
5. Add 5ml of working phenol solution .
6. Mix thoroughly and add 3ml distilled water .
7. Add 2.5 ml of working hypochlorite solution and Mix thoroughly .
8. Dilute to 25ml with distilled water ,mix and store in the dark for 30 minutes to develop
colour.
9. Measure the absorbance at 630nm against the field blank reagent.
10. Plot the absorbance verse concentration at different strengths.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
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7. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Step III: Analysis (NH3)
1. Mix thoroughly the sample of bottles by shaking several times.
2. Take two 25ml glass stopper graduated cylinder. (blank and sample)
3. Pipette 10ml unexposed absorbing reagent in Blank and 10ml exposed absorbing
reagent (Sampled solution) in glass stopper graduated cylinder.
4. Add 2ml Buffer solution .
5. Add 5ml of working phenol solution .
6. Mix thoroughly and add 3ml distilled water .
7. Add 2.5 ml of working hypochlorite solution and Mix thoroughly .
8. Dilute to 25ml with distilled water ,mix and store in the dark for 30 minutes to develop
colour.
9. Measure the absorbance at 630nm against the field blank reagent.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
7696180020/ 9041733378, satgurenv@gmail.com
8. Method for NHMethod for NH33 Measurement in Ambient AirMeasurement in Ambient Air
(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)(As recommended by CPCB, Govt. of India)
Calculation:
(As – Ab) x CF x1000
Concentration = ---------------------- =µg/m3
Va
As =Absorbance of Sample
Ab = Absorbance of reagent Blank
CF = Calibration Factor
Va = Volume of air Sampled(litre)
=Avg. Flow Rate x Sampling Period
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: CBSE UGC-JRF/NET and ARS-NET
7696180020/ 9041733378, satgurenv@gmail.com
9. SatGur maSterS academy
(A place of all solutions for students and professionals of environmental
sciences and engineering )
Complete and updated study material for UGC –
NET/JRF and ARS- NET ( ENVIRONMRNTAL
SCIENCES )
online (sypke) classes for UCG- NET/JRF
solutions for industrial problems related to environmental issue
( ETP, STP ambient air, stack emissions etc)
Online lectures on wastewater management, waste management, air quality
management and other environmental issues and challenges in industries and
environmental laboratories
contact on :7696180020/ 9041733378
write us : satgurenv@gmail.com
10. SatGur maSterS academy
(A place of all solutions for students and professionals of environmental
sciences and engineering )
Complete and updated study material for UGC –
NET/JRF and ARS- NET ( ENVIRONMRNTAL
SCIENCES )
online (sypke) classes for UCG- NET/JRF
solutions for industrial problems related to environmental issue
( ETP, STP ambient air, stack emissions etc)
Online lectures on wastewater management, waste management, air quality
management and other environmental issues and challenges in industries and
environmental laboratories
contact on :7696180020/ 9041733378
write us : satgurenv@gmail.com