Ahmed Abdelrehim
Abstract—This paper discusses the indirect space vector
modulation for a four-leg matrix converter. The four-leg matrix
converter has been proven to be a reliable, cost-effective, and
compact power electronic interface to supply unbalanced or
nonlinear loads. However, the added fourth leg has shifted the
inverter side modulation from simple two-dimension SVM into
complex three-dimension. This paper employs a new technique to
implement indirect 3D SVM in digital controllers with further
simplification in the modulation process. Moreover, Simulink
simulation using repetitive controller has been performed to
regulate the output voltage for 400 Hz Power supplies.
SIMMECHANICS VISUALIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OVERHEAD CRANE, ITS LINEARIZ...ijccmsjournal
Overhead Crane experimental model using Simmechanic Visualization is presented for the robust antisway LQR control. First, 1D translational motion of overhead crane is designed with exact lab model measurements and features. Second, linear least square system identification with 7 past inputs/outputs is applied on collected simulation data to produce more predicted models. Third, minimize root mean square error and identified the best fit model with lowest RMSE. Finally, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Reference tracking with pre-compensator have been implemented to minimize load swing and perform fast track on trolley positioning.
Adoption of Park’s Transformation for Inverter Fed DriveIJPEDS-IAES
Park’s transformation in the context of ac machine is applied to obtain quadrature voltages for the 3-phase balanced voltages. In the case of a inverter fed drive, one can adopt Park’s transformation to directly derive the quadrature voltages in terms simplified functions of switching parameters. This is the main result of the paper which can be applied to model based and predictive control of electrical machines. Simulation results are used to compare the new dq voltage modelling response to conventional direct – quadrature (dq) axes modelling response in direct torque control – space vector modulation scheme. The proposed model is compact, decreases the computation complexity and time. The model is useful especially in model based control implemented in real time, in terms of a simplified set of switching parameters.
This paper presents simplified control strategy of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation method including over modulation region with linear transfer characteristic for cascaded H-bridge inverters. Because of large number of switching states of the cascaded H- Bridge inverter, the over modulation operation is very complex. And also requires incorporation of both under modulation and over modulation algorithms. The proposed control method is effective in terms of selecting the optimal switching states with reduced computational complexity using simplified linear calculations which makes it easier for digital implementation. The performance of the proposed method is simulated and tested experimentally through Spartan 3A FPGA processor for five level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter. The simulation results and harmonic analysis of voltage and current at various modulation indexes as are presented which are in well agreement.
Application of Comparators in Modern Power System Protection and ControlIOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of comparators in power system protection and control. It describes two comparison techniques - amplitude comparison and phase comparison. Amplitude comparison produces an output proportional to the amplitude difference of input quantities, while phase comparison produces pulses proportional to the phase difference. The document shows how amplitude comparison can be modified to perform phase comparison. It provides equations to model impedance, Mho, and offset Mho relay characteristics using phase comparison. Examples of applications include over/under voltage protection using a voltage comparator circuit. In conclusion, comparators are widely used in power system protection applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that describes a microcontroller-based space vector modulation (SVM) signal generator. SVM is an alternative modulation technique that is better than sinusoidal PWM in some areas. The paper aims to realize SVM for a 3-phase voltage source inverter using a PIC microcontroller. It involves interpreting inputs like reference voltage magnitude and phase and calculating switching times. Simulation results using Proteus software show the switching patterns generated for the inverter switches based on SVM. Park's transformation and formulas to calculate switching times in each sector are also presented.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
This document presents a small-signal model of a buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) with a magnetic load. It uses state-space averaging methodology to derive dynamic equations for the converter. The model is linearized around an operating point to obtain a linear time-invariant small-signal model. Transfer functions are derived in the s-domain to characterize the frequency response of the power stage dynamics. The model is validated through simulations in MATLAB using illustrative system parameters. It can be used to design robust closed-loop controllers for DC-DC buck regulators.
An Improved Direct AC-AC Converter for Voltage Sag MitigationAsoka Technologies
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a definitive solution towards compensation of voltage sag with phase jump. Conventional DVR topologies however have dc-link and two stage power conversion. This increases its size, cost and associated losses. Therefore topologies without the dc-link, mitigating sag by utilizing direct ac-ac converters, are preferable over the conventional ones. As no storage device is employed, compensation by these topologies is limited only by the voltages at the point of common coupling that is feeding the converters. In this paper, a direct ac-ac converter based topology fed with line voltages is proposed. The arrangement provides increased range of compensation in terms of magnitude and phase angle correction. Detailed simulations have been carried out in MATLAB to compare the capability of the proposed topology with other similar topologies.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
SIMMECHANICS VISUALIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OVERHEAD CRANE, ITS LINEARIZ...ijccmsjournal
Overhead Crane experimental model using Simmechanic Visualization is presented for the robust antisway LQR control. First, 1D translational motion of overhead crane is designed with exact lab model measurements and features. Second, linear least square system identification with 7 past inputs/outputs is applied on collected simulation data to produce more predicted models. Third, minimize root mean square error and identified the best fit model with lowest RMSE. Finally, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Reference tracking with pre-compensator have been implemented to minimize load swing and perform fast track on trolley positioning.
Adoption of Park’s Transformation for Inverter Fed DriveIJPEDS-IAES
Park’s transformation in the context of ac machine is applied to obtain quadrature voltages for the 3-phase balanced voltages. In the case of a inverter fed drive, one can adopt Park’s transformation to directly derive the quadrature voltages in terms simplified functions of switching parameters. This is the main result of the paper which can be applied to model based and predictive control of electrical machines. Simulation results are used to compare the new dq voltage modelling response to conventional direct – quadrature (dq) axes modelling response in direct torque control – space vector modulation scheme. The proposed model is compact, decreases the computation complexity and time. The model is useful especially in model based control implemented in real time, in terms of a simplified set of switching parameters.
This paper presents simplified control strategy of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation method including over modulation region with linear transfer characteristic for cascaded H-bridge inverters. Because of large number of switching states of the cascaded H- Bridge inverter, the over modulation operation is very complex. And also requires incorporation of both under modulation and over modulation algorithms. The proposed control method is effective in terms of selecting the optimal switching states with reduced computational complexity using simplified linear calculations which makes it easier for digital implementation. The performance of the proposed method is simulated and tested experimentally through Spartan 3A FPGA processor for five level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter. The simulation results and harmonic analysis of voltage and current at various modulation indexes as are presented which are in well agreement.
Application of Comparators in Modern Power System Protection and ControlIOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of comparators in power system protection and control. It describes two comparison techniques - amplitude comparison and phase comparison. Amplitude comparison produces an output proportional to the amplitude difference of input quantities, while phase comparison produces pulses proportional to the phase difference. The document shows how amplitude comparison can be modified to perform phase comparison. It provides equations to model impedance, Mho, and offset Mho relay characteristics using phase comparison. Examples of applications include over/under voltage protection using a voltage comparator circuit. In conclusion, comparators are widely used in power system protection applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that describes a microcontroller-based space vector modulation (SVM) signal generator. SVM is an alternative modulation technique that is better than sinusoidal PWM in some areas. The paper aims to realize SVM for a 3-phase voltage source inverter using a PIC microcontroller. It involves interpreting inputs like reference voltage magnitude and phase and calculating switching times. Simulation results using Proteus software show the switching patterns generated for the inverter switches based on SVM. Park's transformation and formulas to calculate switching times in each sector are also presented.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
This document presents a small-signal model of a buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) with a magnetic load. It uses state-space averaging methodology to derive dynamic equations for the converter. The model is linearized around an operating point to obtain a linear time-invariant small-signal model. Transfer functions are derived in the s-domain to characterize the frequency response of the power stage dynamics. The model is validated through simulations in MATLAB using illustrative system parameters. It can be used to design robust closed-loop controllers for DC-DC buck regulators.
An Improved Direct AC-AC Converter for Voltage Sag MitigationAsoka Technologies
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a definitive solution towards compensation of voltage sag with phase jump. Conventional DVR topologies however have dc-link and two stage power conversion. This increases its size, cost and associated losses. Therefore topologies without the dc-link, mitigating sag by utilizing direct ac-ac converters, are preferable over the conventional ones. As no storage device is employed, compensation by these topologies is limited only by the voltages at the point of common coupling that is feeding the converters. In this paper, a direct ac-ac converter based topology fed with line voltages is proposed. The arrangement provides increased range of compensation in terms of magnitude and phase angle correction. Detailed simulations have been carried out in MATLAB to compare the capability of the proposed topology with other similar topologies.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
This document describes the implementation of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the state (position and heading angle) of a bicycle model. The EKF was able to provide reasonably accurate estimates of position over time based on position measurements and steering/velocity inputs, but struggled to accurately estimate the heading angle due to a lack of direct measurements. Histograms of the final state errors across many test cases showed normally distributed position errors and a uniformly distributed random heading angle error. While the EKF provided an approximation, a more advanced filter may have yielded better heading angle estimates.
A New Structure for ''Sen'' Transformer Using Three Winding Linear TransformerIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a new structure for "Sen" transformer (ST) is introduced, by
using three winding transformers with neutral point in order to use negative
value of compensating voltage. Combination of taps will be adjusted by a
novel algorithm, to control the required active and reactive powers,
separately. This paper tries to focus on three parts. First of all there is an
introduction on the concept of ST structure what comes next is a try to work
on power flow control by using PI controllers and an algorithm to find the
best and efficient combination of taps, finally proposed idea and algorithm
will be implement on a practical system. Implementation of the system
consists of two separated and related parts. The first one is about
transmission line and Sen Transformer and theinteraction between them. The
second part is programing codes that adjust taps for required active and
reactive powers.
This paper introduces and generalizes a class of multilevel dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) for voltage sags/swells compensation of high-power sensitive loads. Such a device can improve the power quality of sensitive loads located in stiff systems. The proposed DVR is based on three-phase bridge converters series-connected by means of cascaded transformers using the concept of open-end winding (OEW). Hence, two DC links can provide either symmetrical (i.e., equal DC-link voltages) or asymmetrical (i.e., different DC-link voltages) operation of the DVR converters. Generalization for K-stages is presented as well. The proposed configuration is named as DVR-COEW (i.e., cascaded open-end winding). Such a topology permits to generate a maximized number of voltage levels per converter leg. The multilevel waveforms at the output voltages of the converter are generated by using a suitable PWM strategy associated with both: i) DC-link voltages ratio and ii) transformers turns ratio. Modularity and simple maintenance make the proposed DVRCOEW an attractive solution compared to some conventional configurations. The model and PWM control are addressed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
This document discusses the star-delta (T-Π) transformation technique for solving complex electrical networks that cannot be solved using simple series-parallel methods. The star-delta transformation allows conversion between a star (T) connection and a delta (Π) connection. Formulas are provided for both delta-star and star-delta transformations to calculate resistances in one configuration based on the resistances in the other. The transformation technique can be used to solve complex networks by converting them to an equivalent configuration.
Sharing of the Output Current of A Voltage Source Inverter between Controlled...IDES Editor
When a two level VSI feeds an induction motor, the
motor current is almost sinusoidal though the voltages at the
terminals have substantial high frequency harmonics. Further
the load current is shared between the controlled switch and
the antiparallel diodes .These essential features of a two level
VSI are studied in this paper using MATLAB simulation.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This research paper presents a new technique called nomogram-based synthesis for synthesizing complex planar mechanisms without needing to solve nonlinear equations or use optimization techniques. The author applies this technique to synthesize a 6 bar-2 slider planar mechanism. A nomogram is constructed using four performance measures: time ratio, normalized stroke, minimum transmission angle, and maximum transmission angle. A five-step procedure utilizes the nomogram to synthesize the mechanism for desired time ratio and stroke values while maintaining transmission angle within recommended ranges. As an example, the technique is used to synthesize a mechanism with a time ratio of 2 and normalized stroke of 1.5, obtaining transmission angles between 108.5-112 degrees.
This document presents a study on dynamic modeling of flyback switching power supplies using graph modeling for application in variable speed DC drives. It first reviews DC motor speed control using a flyback switching power supply and optimal symmetric controlling method to control the converter's switch-on and switch-off times. It then introduces graph modeling as a precise, simple and efficient method to model DC-to-DC converters to reduce simulation time while maintaining accuracy. The document models a flyback converter using graph modeling and simulates it, finding the modeled simulation takes much less time than simulating the actual converter circuit. It then designs a variable speed DC drive using the flyback converter and controller and models the complete system using graph modeling, verifying the modeled
Traveling wave based fault location for power transmission lines using morpho...IJECEIAES
This article presents a fast and accurate fault location approach for power transmission lines based on the theory of traveling waves. In fact, when faults occur, they give rise to transient voltages and currents that propagate at a speed close to that of light along the transmission line as traveling waves. Moreover, according to the superposition theorem, each of these transients is a combination of a steady-state quantity and an incremental quantity. These transient signals measured at both ends of the line are first transformed to the Clarke (0-α-β components) components in order to categorize the type of faults, and then multi-scale morphological gradient filters are used to extract equivalent quantities to the incremental quantities to form what are called characteristic signals. These latter will be used to identify the fault location according to the proposed algorithm.
Wind power stations, many located in remote areas; so they are characterized by weak grids and are often submitted to power system disturbance like faults. In this paper, the behaviour of a wind energy conversion system that uses the control of the rotor side converter (RSC) by three different methods under faulty conditions is presented. The behaviour of these systems during a grid failure is an important issue. DFIG is analysed and simulated under differing faulty conditions in the environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the proposed method has proper operation during fault conditions.
New Methodology for Asynchronous Motor the Adaptive-Sliding-Mode-Control Capa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new methodology for the design of adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) for Asynchronous motor control will be presented in this paper. The sliding mode control (SMC) has become one of the most active branches of control theory that has found successful applications in a variety of engineering systems, such an the electrical motors. The new Adaptive sliding mode control method is compared to other existing techniques. The pros and cons of ASMC controller will be demonstrated by intensive simulation results. It will be shown that the presented controller is with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance.
Math cad vm-001 stress-strain transformationsJulio Banks
This document describes three approaches to teaching stress-strain transformations: theoretical calculations, experimental measurements, and finite element analysis. It analyzes an L-shaped aluminum beam subjected to a load to determine stresses at a point. Method I calculates stresses theoretically. Method II uses strain measurements from a rosette gauge to determine stresses through equations. Method III uses finite element analysis. The results are compared to reinforce understanding of stress-strain concepts through different approaches.
The document discusses power flow analysis, which determines bus voltages and power flows in a power system under normal steady-state operating conditions. It provides the mathematical formulation of the power flow problem as a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that must be solved iteratively. Buses are classified as slack, generator, or load buses depending on which two of four associated quantities - real power, reactive power, voltage magnitude, and voltage angle - are specified versus solved for. Solution methods like the Gauss-Seidel method are commonly used to iteratively solve the power flow equations until bus voltages converge.
ENHANCEMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW CAPACITY OF A TRANSMISSION LINE USING MSC‐TC...ijiert bestjournal
This paper represents the MSC-TCR scheme of shun t compensation used in FACTS. The laboratory setup of the SVC circuit using a Thyristor controlled reactor in parallel with mechanically switched capacitor will discussed in this paper. Results from the lab setup to exhibit firing angle adjustment to inject or absorb VAr into the system will also be described. During the process,losses happened are also discussed.
Performance Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine During Over Voltage Grid ConditionsIJRES Journal
This paper deals with the modeling, analysis, and simulation of a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) driven by a wind turbine. The grid connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) is composed of
DFIG and two back to back PWM voltage source converters (VSCs) in the rotor circuit. A machine model is
derived in an appropriate dq reference frame. The grid voltage oriented vector control is used for the grid side
converter (GSC) in order to maintain a constant DC bus voltage, while the stator voltage oriented vector control
is adopted in the rotor side converter (RSC) to control the active and reactive powers.
This document provides instructions for an experiment involving Kirchhoff's Current and Voltage Laws. The objectives are to learn and apply Kirchhoff's Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, obtain further practice with electrical measurements, and compare results with calculations and simulations. The experiment uses a circuit with four resistors to apply the two Kirchhoff's Laws and calculate voltages and currents at various points. Students are instructed to use the laws to derive equations relating node voltages, solve them through calculation and simulation, measure resistor values, and compare results.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on using a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) to reduce power system oscillations. Key points:
1) A hybrid series compensation scheme is proposed using fixed capacitors on two phases and a TCSC on the third phase to maintain phase balance at power frequency but create imbalance at other frequencies.
2) Time domain simulations were conducted on a benchmark power system model using EMTP-RV software to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid scheme in damping oscillations.
3) Results showed the hybrid scheme has potential for enhancing power system dynamics by damping power swings and subsynchronous resonance oscillations.
This document presents a method for generating optimal straight line trajectories in 3D space using an algorithm called the Bounded Deviation Algorithm (BDA). BDA approximates a straight line trajectory between two points by iteratively inserting knot points to minimize the deviation between the actual trajectory and the joint space trajectory. The document provides the mathematical formulation and simulation results of applying BDA to generate a straight line trajectory for a 5-axis articulated robot between two specified points.
This document describes a simulation of a space vector PWM controller for a five-level voltage-fed inverter motor drive. It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and some of the challenges in controlling them, specifically the increased complexity with more levels. It then presents a new approach to implementing space vector PWM for a five-level inverter by treating it as a conventional two-level system, making the calculations simpler. The methodology and implementation are described, including estimating switching times. Simulation results are presented showing the current, voltage and THD waveforms both with and without an LC filter. It is concluded that the proposed 2D system approach allows for simple implementation of SVPWM for a five-level inverter using common D
Implementation of Space Vector Modulator for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inv...IJPEDS-IAES
The Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique has gained wide acceptance
for many AC drive applications, due to a higher DC bus voltage utilization
(higher output voltage when compared with the SPWM), lower harmonic
distortions and easy digital realization. In recent years, the SVM technique
was extensively adopted in multilevel inverters since it offers greater
numbers of switching vectors for obtaining further improvements of AC
drive performances. However, the use of multilevel inverters associated with
SVM increases the complexity of control algorithm (or computational
burden), in obtaining proper switching sequences and vectors. The
complexity of SVM computation causes a microcontroller or digital signal
processor (DSP) to execute the computation at a larger sampling time. This
consequently may produce errors in computation and hence degrades the
control performances of AC motor drives. This paper presents a
developement of SVM modulator for three-level Cascaded H-Bridge
Multilevel Inverter (CHMI) using a hybrid controller approach, i.e. with
combination between the DS1104 Controller Board and FPGA. In such way,
the computational burden can be minimized as the SVM tasks are distributed
into two parts, in which every part is executed by a single controller. This
allows the generation of switching gates performed by FPGA at the
minimum sampling time ܦܶଶ ൌ 540 ݊ݏ to obtain precise desired output
voltages, as can be verified via simulation and experimental results.
This document describes the implementation of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the state (position and heading angle) of a bicycle model. The EKF was able to provide reasonably accurate estimates of position over time based on position measurements and steering/velocity inputs, but struggled to accurately estimate the heading angle due to a lack of direct measurements. Histograms of the final state errors across many test cases showed normally distributed position errors and a uniformly distributed random heading angle error. While the EKF provided an approximation, a more advanced filter may have yielded better heading angle estimates.
A New Structure for ''Sen'' Transformer Using Three Winding Linear TransformerIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a new structure for "Sen" transformer (ST) is introduced, by
using three winding transformers with neutral point in order to use negative
value of compensating voltage. Combination of taps will be adjusted by a
novel algorithm, to control the required active and reactive powers,
separately. This paper tries to focus on three parts. First of all there is an
introduction on the concept of ST structure what comes next is a try to work
on power flow control by using PI controllers and an algorithm to find the
best and efficient combination of taps, finally proposed idea and algorithm
will be implement on a practical system. Implementation of the system
consists of two separated and related parts. The first one is about
transmission line and Sen Transformer and theinteraction between them. The
second part is programing codes that adjust taps for required active and
reactive powers.
This paper introduces and generalizes a class of multilevel dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) for voltage sags/swells compensation of high-power sensitive loads. Such a device can improve the power quality of sensitive loads located in stiff systems. The proposed DVR is based on three-phase bridge converters series-connected by means of cascaded transformers using the concept of open-end winding (OEW). Hence, two DC links can provide either symmetrical (i.e., equal DC-link voltages) or asymmetrical (i.e., different DC-link voltages) operation of the DVR converters. Generalization for K-stages is presented as well. The proposed configuration is named as DVR-COEW (i.e., cascaded open-end winding). Such a topology permits to generate a maximized number of voltage levels per converter leg. The multilevel waveforms at the output voltages of the converter are generated by using a suitable PWM strategy associated with both: i) DC-link voltages ratio and ii) transformers turns ratio. Modularity and simple maintenance make the proposed DVRCOEW an attractive solution compared to some conventional configurations. The model and PWM control are addressed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
This document discusses the star-delta (T-Π) transformation technique for solving complex electrical networks that cannot be solved using simple series-parallel methods. The star-delta transformation allows conversion between a star (T) connection and a delta (Π) connection. Formulas are provided for both delta-star and star-delta transformations to calculate resistances in one configuration based on the resistances in the other. The transformation technique can be used to solve complex networks by converting them to an equivalent configuration.
Sharing of the Output Current of A Voltage Source Inverter between Controlled...IDES Editor
When a two level VSI feeds an induction motor, the
motor current is almost sinusoidal though the voltages at the
terminals have substantial high frequency harmonics. Further
the load current is shared between the controlled switch and
the antiparallel diodes .These essential features of a two level
VSI are studied in this paper using MATLAB simulation.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This research paper presents a new technique called nomogram-based synthesis for synthesizing complex planar mechanisms without needing to solve nonlinear equations or use optimization techniques. The author applies this technique to synthesize a 6 bar-2 slider planar mechanism. A nomogram is constructed using four performance measures: time ratio, normalized stroke, minimum transmission angle, and maximum transmission angle. A five-step procedure utilizes the nomogram to synthesize the mechanism for desired time ratio and stroke values while maintaining transmission angle within recommended ranges. As an example, the technique is used to synthesize a mechanism with a time ratio of 2 and normalized stroke of 1.5, obtaining transmission angles between 108.5-112 degrees.
This document presents a study on dynamic modeling of flyback switching power supplies using graph modeling for application in variable speed DC drives. It first reviews DC motor speed control using a flyback switching power supply and optimal symmetric controlling method to control the converter's switch-on and switch-off times. It then introduces graph modeling as a precise, simple and efficient method to model DC-to-DC converters to reduce simulation time while maintaining accuracy. The document models a flyback converter using graph modeling and simulates it, finding the modeled simulation takes much less time than simulating the actual converter circuit. It then designs a variable speed DC drive using the flyback converter and controller and models the complete system using graph modeling, verifying the modeled
Traveling wave based fault location for power transmission lines using morpho...IJECEIAES
This article presents a fast and accurate fault location approach for power transmission lines based on the theory of traveling waves. In fact, when faults occur, they give rise to transient voltages and currents that propagate at a speed close to that of light along the transmission line as traveling waves. Moreover, according to the superposition theorem, each of these transients is a combination of a steady-state quantity and an incremental quantity. These transient signals measured at both ends of the line are first transformed to the Clarke (0-α-β components) components in order to categorize the type of faults, and then multi-scale morphological gradient filters are used to extract equivalent quantities to the incremental quantities to form what are called characteristic signals. These latter will be used to identify the fault location according to the proposed algorithm.
Wind power stations, many located in remote areas; so they are characterized by weak grids and are often submitted to power system disturbance like faults. In this paper, the behaviour of a wind energy conversion system that uses the control of the rotor side converter (RSC) by three different methods under faulty conditions is presented. The behaviour of these systems during a grid failure is an important issue. DFIG is analysed and simulated under differing faulty conditions in the environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the proposed method has proper operation during fault conditions.
New Methodology for Asynchronous Motor the Adaptive-Sliding-Mode-Control Capa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new methodology for the design of adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) for Asynchronous motor control will be presented in this paper. The sliding mode control (SMC) has become one of the most active branches of control theory that has found successful applications in a variety of engineering systems, such an the electrical motors. The new Adaptive sliding mode control method is compared to other existing techniques. The pros and cons of ASMC controller will be demonstrated by intensive simulation results. It will be shown that the presented controller is with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance.
Math cad vm-001 stress-strain transformationsJulio Banks
This document describes three approaches to teaching stress-strain transformations: theoretical calculations, experimental measurements, and finite element analysis. It analyzes an L-shaped aluminum beam subjected to a load to determine stresses at a point. Method I calculates stresses theoretically. Method II uses strain measurements from a rosette gauge to determine stresses through equations. Method III uses finite element analysis. The results are compared to reinforce understanding of stress-strain concepts through different approaches.
The document discusses power flow analysis, which determines bus voltages and power flows in a power system under normal steady-state operating conditions. It provides the mathematical formulation of the power flow problem as a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that must be solved iteratively. Buses are classified as slack, generator, or load buses depending on which two of four associated quantities - real power, reactive power, voltage magnitude, and voltage angle - are specified versus solved for. Solution methods like the Gauss-Seidel method are commonly used to iteratively solve the power flow equations until bus voltages converge.
ENHANCEMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW CAPACITY OF A TRANSMISSION LINE USING MSC‐TC...ijiert bestjournal
This paper represents the MSC-TCR scheme of shun t compensation used in FACTS. The laboratory setup of the SVC circuit using a Thyristor controlled reactor in parallel with mechanically switched capacitor will discussed in this paper. Results from the lab setup to exhibit firing angle adjustment to inject or absorb VAr into the system will also be described. During the process,losses happened are also discussed.
Performance Analysis of DFIG Wind Turbine During Over Voltage Grid ConditionsIJRES Journal
This paper deals with the modeling, analysis, and simulation of a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) driven by a wind turbine. The grid connected wind energy conversion system (WECS) is composed of
DFIG and two back to back PWM voltage source converters (VSCs) in the rotor circuit. A machine model is
derived in an appropriate dq reference frame. The grid voltage oriented vector control is used for the grid side
converter (GSC) in order to maintain a constant DC bus voltage, while the stator voltage oriented vector control
is adopted in the rotor side converter (RSC) to control the active and reactive powers.
This document provides instructions for an experiment involving Kirchhoff's Current and Voltage Laws. The objectives are to learn and apply Kirchhoff's Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, obtain further practice with electrical measurements, and compare results with calculations and simulations. The experiment uses a circuit with four resistors to apply the two Kirchhoff's Laws and calculate voltages and currents at various points. Students are instructed to use the laws to derive equations relating node voltages, solve them through calculation and simulation, measure resistor values, and compare results.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on using a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) to reduce power system oscillations. Key points:
1) A hybrid series compensation scheme is proposed using fixed capacitors on two phases and a TCSC on the third phase to maintain phase balance at power frequency but create imbalance at other frequencies.
2) Time domain simulations were conducted on a benchmark power system model using EMTP-RV software to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid scheme in damping oscillations.
3) Results showed the hybrid scheme has potential for enhancing power system dynamics by damping power swings and subsynchronous resonance oscillations.
This document presents a method for generating optimal straight line trajectories in 3D space using an algorithm called the Bounded Deviation Algorithm (BDA). BDA approximates a straight line trajectory between two points by iteratively inserting knot points to minimize the deviation between the actual trajectory and the joint space trajectory. The document provides the mathematical formulation and simulation results of applying BDA to generate a straight line trajectory for a 5-axis articulated robot between two specified points.
This document describes a simulation of a space vector PWM controller for a five-level voltage-fed inverter motor drive. It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and some of the challenges in controlling them, specifically the increased complexity with more levels. It then presents a new approach to implementing space vector PWM for a five-level inverter by treating it as a conventional two-level system, making the calculations simpler. The methodology and implementation are described, including estimating switching times. Simulation results are presented showing the current, voltage and THD waveforms both with and without an LC filter. It is concluded that the proposed 2D system approach allows for simple implementation of SVPWM for a five-level inverter using common D
Implementation of Space Vector Modulator for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inv...IJPEDS-IAES
The Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique has gained wide acceptance
for many AC drive applications, due to a higher DC bus voltage utilization
(higher output voltage when compared with the SPWM), lower harmonic
distortions and easy digital realization. In recent years, the SVM technique
was extensively adopted in multilevel inverters since it offers greater
numbers of switching vectors for obtaining further improvements of AC
drive performances. However, the use of multilevel inverters associated with
SVM increases the complexity of control algorithm (or computational
burden), in obtaining proper switching sequences and vectors. The
complexity of SVM computation causes a microcontroller or digital signal
processor (DSP) to execute the computation at a larger sampling time. This
consequently may produce errors in computation and hence degrades the
control performances of AC motor drives. This paper presents a
developement of SVM modulator for three-level Cascaded H-Bridge
Multilevel Inverter (CHMI) using a hybrid controller approach, i.e. with
combination between the DS1104 Controller Board and FPGA. In such way,
the computational burden can be minimized as the SVM tasks are distributed
into two parts, in which every part is executed by a single controller. This
allows the generation of switching gates performed by FPGA at the
minimum sampling time ܦܶଶ ൌ 540 ݊ݏ to obtain precise desired output
voltages, as can be verified via simulation and experimental results.
Comparative Analysis of PWM Techniques for Three Level Diode Clamped Voltage ...IAES-IJPEDS
Multilevel inverters are increasingly being used in high-power medium voltage industrial drive applications due to their superior performance compared to conventional two-level inverters. Thre are a number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques applied in recent years. The most widely applied PWM techniques are Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM). SPWM is the most simple modulation technique that can realize easily in analog circuit. However, it has some drawbacks such as higher total harmonic distortion (THD), lower effective DC utilization and lower switching frequency. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is widely used because of their easier digital realization and better DC bus utilization and lower THD. The complexity is due to the difficulty in determining the reference vector location, on times calculation, and switching states selection. This paper presents a simple SVPWM algorithm for diode clamped three level inverters based on standard two-level SVPWM which can easily determine the location of reference vector, calculate the on-times, the selection of switching states. Three level diode clamped inverter (3LDCI) using space vector modulation technique has been modeled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and Origin 6.1 with a passive R-L load that can be extended to any level. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed SVPWM control in terms of THD. The results arecompared with conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) where SVPWM shows better performance than SPWM in terms of THD.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
DESIGNING A LARGE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BY USING T TYPE MULTILEVEL INVE...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for an electric vehicle that uses a T-type multilevel inverter with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). A bidirectional DC-DC converter is used to regulate the voltage supplied to the inverter. A general SVPWM algorithm is presented that is based on a two-level inverter approach, making it simple to implement for multilevel inverters of any level. Simulation results show the system successfully controls motor current, speed, and total harmonic distortion while allowing regenerative braking. The design aims to improve reliability, reduce size and costs compared to traditional voltage source inverters.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Application of SVM Technique for Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac Converter TopologyIOSR Journals
This paper presents a simulation of a three-phase three-leg AC/AC converter topology using nine IGBTs and space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique. The proposed topology reduces the number of switches compared to conventional back-to-back and matrix converters. Simulation results show the converter provides sinusoidal input and output voltages with unity power factor under constant frequency and variable frequency operation. Experimental results from a 5kVA prototype verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
SVM-plus-Phase-Shift Modulation Strategy for Single-Stage.pdfgulie
This document proposes a new modulation strategy called SVM-plus-phase-shift (SVM-PS) modulation for a single-stage three-phase resonant AC-DC matrix converter with an LCL resonant tank. The strategy aims to achieve unity power factor and flexible control of active and reactive power transfer. It derives the relationship between switch states and line-frequency phase currents based on the fundamental component of the tank current. This allows simple control of current amplitude and phase via modulation of the AC and DC side switches based on voltage and current references. Simulation results show the proposed strategy reduces current distortion and ripple compared to conventional SVM.
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Technique Applied to Two Level Voltage So...Qusai Abdelrahman
Space vector pulse width modulation SVPWM provides a better technique compared to the other pulse width modulation techniques. This paper presents simulation and implementation of SVPWM signal generation for driving three phase two level voltage source inverter VSI, also proposes and analyzes a new switching sequence for generating an SVPWM. Simulation results are obtained using the simulation package PSIM. and the inverter performance is evaluated in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD). The model is experimentally implemented and verified on Arduino Mega Atmega2560 microcontroller.
This document presents a comparative study of five-level and seven-level diode-clamped inverters controlled by space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the two inverter topologies were developed. SVPWM control algorithms based on symmetrical sequence were used for each inverter. Both inverters were simulated driving an induction motor. The results showed that the seven-level inverter produced less harmonic distortion and torque fluctuations in the motor, while the five-level inverter had lower commutation losses. The seven-level inverter provided better motor dynamic response.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An Implementation Mechanisms of SVM Control Strategies Applied to Five Levels...IJPEDS-IAES
In the area of the energy control with high voltage and power, the multilevel inverters constitute a relatively recent research orientation. The current applications of this technology are in the domains of the high voltage (over hundred kV), variable speed drives, transport and distribution of a good quality of electrical energy (HVDC, FACTS system, ....). To improve the output voltage for such inverters, many different modulation strategies have been developed. Among these strategies, the SVM (Space Vector Modulation). The technique provide the nearest switching vectors sequence to the reference vector without involving trigonometric functions and provide the additional advantages of superior harmonic quality. In this paper, we analyze different mechanisms of the output voltage synthesis and the problem of even order harmonic production. With the proposed a new trajectory SVM, which can eliminate all the even order harmonics for five levels inverter. Show clearly how to deduce the trajectories from the sequences allowing to have better performances among several possible trajectories. It is dedicated to the application of two particular trajectories.
This document proposes an efficient solar powered induction motor drive system for water pumping applications. It uses a photovoltaic array, push-pull DC-DC boost converter, and three-phase inverter with the solar array as the energy source. Two PWM techniques, sinusoidal PWM and space vector PWM, are implemented and compared for the inverter switching. Incremental conductance algorithm is used for maximum power point tracking of the PV array. Simulation results in MATLAB/SIMULINK are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation based on Switching Schemes wit...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of spacevector pulse width modulation technique with a three segment switching sequence and seven segment switching sequence for high power applications of multilevel inverters. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most desired switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed threesegment sequence is compared with conventional seven-segment sequence for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency, current and line voltage THD, thereby minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications, where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the multiple conversion stages of a conventional AC-DC-AC converter with a single stage direct AC-AC conversion. The converter analysis is presented using a separation and link approach, which treats the converter as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the AC source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to control the bi-directional switches in the converter in order to obtain the desired three phase output voltage and frequency for driving an induction traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for the conversion stages in existing AC traction drive systems.
This document presents a single phase to three phase matrix converter topology for electric traction drives. The matrix converter replaces the conventional AC-DC-AC conversion stages with a single direct AC-AC conversion stage, removing the need for an intermediate DC link. The operation and control of the matrix converter is analyzed using a separation and link approach, treating it as two equivalent circuits during the positive and negative periods of the source voltage. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation control is used to generate switching signals to control the bi-directional switches and regulate the output voltage and frequency delivered to the three phase traction motor. Simulation results indicate this matrix converter is a feasible replacement for existing traction drive systems.
This document summarizes a study that models and implements a closed loop PI controller for a 3 phase to 3 phase power conversion using a matrix converter. The key points are:
1) A mathematical model of the 3 phase matrix converter circuit is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve less computational time and evaluate the performance of the PI controller.
2) The PI controller is used to achieve real-time control of the 3 phase to 3 phase matrix converter.
3) Duty cycles of the bidirectional switches in the matrix converter are calculated using a modified Venturini algorithm to achieve maximum voltage transfer ratios.
Implementation of SVPWM control on FPGA for three phase MATRIX CONVERTERIDES Editor
This paper presents a simple approach for
implementation of a Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation (SVPWM) Technique for control of three
phase Matrix Converter (MC) using MATLAB/Simulink
& FPGA Software. The Matrix converter is a direct
AC/AC Power conversion without an intermediate DC
link. This converter is inherently capable of bi-directional
power flow and also offers virtually sinusoidal input
currents. The SVPWM technique improves good voltage
transfer ratio with less harmonic distortion. This paper
presents FPGA test bench waveforms & MATLAB
simulations of SVPWM pulses and output waveforms for
three phase matrix converter.
Performance Analysis Of Induction Motor For Voltage Mode And Current Mode Con...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance analysis of an induction motor using voltage mode and current mode control. It compares hysteresis current control and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). Hysteresis control directly limits current peaks but SVPWM provides higher voltage output and lower harmonic distortion. The document simulates an induction motor drive using SVPWM-based hysteresis current control in MATLAB. Key steps include Clark transformation to generate reference signals, switching between active and zero vectors to synthesize the reference signal, and using hysteresis control to generate PWM signals from current errors. Simulation results show the SVPWM controller provides good speed and current regulation for the induction motor.
Simulation of 3 Phase to 3 Phase Power Conversion Using Matrix Converter with...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a new approach of design and implementation of 3 phase to 3 phase conversion using
matrix converter. It includes the design, modeling and implementation. The entire matrix converter circuits are
developed by mathematical model so as to reduce computational time and performances of the converter are
evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL Load. The mathematical expressions relating the input and
output of the three phase matrix converter are implemented by using simulink block set. The duty cycles of the
matrix converter bidirectional switches are calculated using modified venturini algorithm for maximum (0.866)
and minimum (0.5) voltage transfer ratio.
Similar to Indirect 3D-Space Vector Modulation for a Matrix Converter (20)
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Indirect 3D-Space Vector Modulation for a Matrix Converter
1. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2847-2852 2847
www.etasr.com Abdelrehim et al.: Indirect 3D-Space Vector Modulation for a Matrix Converter
Indirect 3D-Space Vector Modulation for a Matrix
Converter
Ahmed Abdelrehim
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
ahmed.abdelrehim@siemens.com
Mohamed El-Habrouk
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
eepgmme1@yahoo.com
Samir Deghedie Erfan
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
deghedie@gmail.com
Karim Hassan Youssef
Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
khmyoussef@yahoo.com
Abstract—This paper discusses the indirect space vector
modulation for a four-leg matrix converter. The four-leg matrix
converter has been proven to be a reliable, cost-effective, and
compact power electronic interface to supply unbalanced or
nonlinear loads. However, the added fourth leg has shifted the
inverter side modulation from simple two-dimension SVM into
complex three-dimension. This paper employs a new technique to
implement indirect 3D SVM in digital controllers with further
simplification in the modulation process. Moreover, Simulink
simulation using repetitive controller has been performed to
regulate the output voltage for 400 Hz Power supplies.
Keywords-repetitive controller; 3D SVM; four-leg matrix
converter
I. INTRODUCTION
The matrix converter is a static and direct AC to AC
converter with unique features of unity input power factor, high
power to volume ratio, high reliability and MTBF factor which
has gained interest in applications aiming to produce a
realization of a compact three-phase drive for military,
industrial and aerospace systems [1-3]. Moreover, researchers
utilized the matrix converter as an electronic interface layer
between all resources (wind, solar, storage, etc.) of the energy
matrix model and as an electronic transformer competing with
the traditional magnetic transformer. The added fourth leg is
placed to provide a return path for the zero-sequence current
during unbalancing and add the capability of supplying
different connected single-phase loads. Four-leg converters
have a superior ability to produce balanced output voltage
waveform even under severely unbalanced load or non-linear
load conditions [4]. A four-leg matrix converter topology is
shown in Figure 1. This paper investigates the indirect space
vector modulation which decouples the modulation into two
stages (rectifier + inverter) without intermediate energy
storage. This decoupling is efficient and allows separate control
to each stage, while as there is no intermediate energy storage,
a proper synchronization between the two stages is mandatory
to fulfill the power balance equation as instantaneous input
power shall be equal to the instantaneous output power for the
load [5]. At high-frequency applications with precise control
requirements as for naval and aerospace applications where the
115V-400Hz system is commonly used, traditional controllers
have failed to achieve a proper regulation, due to the limited
bandwidth so the repetitive controller is introduced as an
optimum solution for this control problem [6].
II. MATRIX CONVERTER MODEL
Matrix converter can be represented mathematically by
matrix M and switches are identified as , where X is the
output phase, Y is the input phase and S is the linking switch
between input and output. Rectifier switches are numbered
from to while inverter side switches are numbered from
to . The rectifier is represented in Figure 1. Governing
equations are:
Vout=M*Vin (1)
Iout=MT
*Iin (2)
Vout=Mi*VDC (3)
VDC=MR*Vin (4)
Vout=Mi*MR*Vin (5)
where , , , , , , , and are
output voltage, input voltage, output current, input current, DC
intermediate voltage, inverter side switching matrix, rectifier
side switching matrix, matrix converter switching matrix and
transposed matrix converter switching matrix respectively.
and Mi are described by (6) and (7) respectively:
=
1 3 5
2 4 6
(6)
2. spl
rec
ach
out
ass
A.
con
con
rec
Engineerin
www.etasr
Fig. 1.
M =
S7 S8
S9 S1
S11 S1
S13 S1
M equals to M
M =
S7 S8
S9 S10
S11 S12
S13 S14
Equation (8)
=
S1 ∗ S7 S2
S1 ∗ S9 S2
S1 ∗ S11 S2
S1 ∗ S13 S2
=
SaA SaB
SbA SbB
ScA ScB
SnA SnB
In Figure 1 v
The mathema
Fig. 2.
III. INDIREC
Indirect spac
litting the mo
ctifying stage
hieve decoupl
tput voltage
sumption of vi
Rectifying St
The main fu
ntrol on the d
ntrol the amp
ctifying stage,
ng, Technology
r.com
Schematic of a f
8
10
12
14
Mi*MR:
8
0
2
4
*
S1 S3 S5
S2 S4 S6
can be further
∗ S8 S3 ∗ S7
∗ S10 S3 ∗ S9
∗ S12 S3 ∗ S11
∗ S14 S3 ∗ S13
SaC
SbC
ScC
SnC
voltages are: V
atical modelin
Mathematical
CT SPACE VECT
ce vector mod
odulation into
and the seco
ling between t
control.as per
irtual DC link
tage
unction of the
displacement a
plitude of the
, only two sw
y & Applied Sci
four-leg direct ma
5
6
r synthesized i
7 S4 ∗ S8 S
S4 ∗ S10 S
1 S4 ∗ S12 S5
3 S3 ∗ S14 S5
=
V
V
V
V
and V
ng is summariz
modeling of matr
TOR MODULAT
dulation can b
o two stages,
ond is called
the input curr
r (5) and (9)
as shown in F
e rectifying sta
angle of the in
virtual DC l
witches must b
ience Research
A
atrix converter
(7)
(8)
into
S5 ∗ S7 S6 ∗ S8
5 ∗ S9 S6 ∗ S10
5 ∗ S11 S6 ∗ S1
5 ∗ S13 S6 ∗ S1
(9)
V =
V
V
V
.
zed in Figure 2
rix converter
TION
be implement
the first is
inversion sta
rent control an
and based o
Figure 1.
age is to achi
nput current a
link voltage. I
be closed at a
h V
Abdelrehim et a
8
0
12
14
2.
ted by
called
ge, to
nd the
on the
ieve a
and to
In the
time,
just
sim
num
com
wil
B.
abc
ang
con
sim
ther
com
mo
the
ind
is n
wil
Fig
vec
sele
the
the
rect
mat
The
be
Vol. 8, No. 2, 20
al.: Indirect 3D
t one upper s
multaneously to
mbered from o
mbinations are
l occur as show
Fig. 3. Ni
Rectifier Spac
SVM for the
c to αβ coord
gle by which w
nverter modul
mulation that sw
re is no nee
mmonly hap
dulations as sh
Fig
In Figure 4, θ
actual hexa
dex=Iref/IDC , 0
no need to syn
l be switched
gure 5. Modula
ctor during t
ections have b
number of th
range of on
tifying stage
trix converter
e displacemen
zero. To impl
018, 2847-2852
D-Space Vector M
switch and on
o avoid short c
one to six as sh
e only allowed
wn in Figure 3
ine switching com
ce Vector Mod
rectifying sta
dination and c
we can define
lation requirem
witching one v
ed to synthes
ppens with
hown in Figur
g. 4. Synthesi
θc is the angle
agon sector,
0<mc<1. For
nthesize the re
d during ever
ation process
the time inte
been translated
he current sec
ne to six. To
and one of t
is to have uni
nt angle betwee
lement this, th
2
Modulation for
ne lower swi
circuit. The re
hown in Figure
to guarantee t
3.
mbinations for the
dulation
age works by
calculating th
e the working
ment, it has
vector per sect
size two vect
conventional
re 4.
is of reference cu
e of the refere
mc the cu
matrix conver
ference vector
ry sector dura
happens by as
erval of eve
d into a train
ctor, numbers
o achieve the
the most inter
ity power facto
en input curren
he reference s
2848
r a Matrix Con
itch can be c
ectifier switche
e 1. Nine switc
that no short c
e rectifying stage
transforming
he reference v
sector. For m
been approve
tor is sufficien
tors per secto
l rectifier
urrent
ence current w
urrent modul
rter, mc=1 and
r as just one v
ation as show
ssigning one a
ry sector. V
of pulses car
are represent
e second targ
resting featur
or at the input
nt and voltage
signal given t
verter
closed
es are
ching
circuit
input
vector
matrix
ed by
nt and
or as
SVM
within
lation
there
vector
wn in
active
Vector
rrying
ted in
get of
res of
t side.
shall
to the
3. mo
ins
mo
con
app
fun
out
add
the
thr
app
unb
app
neu
rol
leg
coo
inv
the
inv
com
by
tur
(ne
coo
con
be
ana
Pri
vec
A.
Engineerin
www.etasr
odulation proc
stead of the inp
Fig. 5.
Inversion st
odulation, and
nverter, we w
proach for th
nction of inve
tput voltage
ded fourth leg
e zero-sequenc
ree-phase syste
+ +
And the tra
plied as it ha
balanced syst
plied. Due to
utral current p
le of 3D SVM
gs.
+ +
Transformati
ordination du
version stage,
e same time in
verter with
mbinations ar
p or n for ea
rned on (posi
egative). If th
ordination, th
nventional SV
divided into
alog to secto
ism number m
ctor angle on α
Prism Identif
If
0<θ<60
60<θ<12
120<θ<1
180<θ<24
ng, Technology
r.com
cess has been
put phase curr
. Rectifying s
III. INV
tage is conce
d as this pa
will address
he four-leg
ersion stage i
under balanc
g is responsibl
ce component
em follows (10
=0
ansformation f
as happened
tem (10) is n
the unbalanc
passing throug
M to provide
≠ 0
ion to statio
ue to the zer
switches on th
n order to avo
eight switc
re sixteen. Sw
ach leg, where
tive) and n in
he sixteen-ve
he result is
VM are turned
six prisms (F
ors representat
may be ident
αβγ coordinati
fication
the
0 the
80 the
40 the
y & Applied Sci
taken from i
rent.
stage SVM vector
VERSION STAGE
erned with in
aper discusse
the 3D SVM
matrix conve
is to provide
ced and unba
e for providin
t during unbal
0).
from abc to
with the rect
no longer vali
cing of the sy
gh the system
accurate swit
onary frame
ro-sequence c
he same leg ca
oid short circu
ches, the p
itching combi
e p indicates
ndicates the l
ectors are rep
a 3D hexago
into prisms. T
Figures 6-7).
tion on conv
tified by defi
ion.
en P=1
en P=2
en P=3
en P=4
ience Research
A
input phase v
rs selection
E
nverter side
es four-leg m
M as a modu
erter. The pr
a control ove
alanced loads
ng a current pa
lance. The bal
(10
αβ coordinati
tifier stage. F
id and (11) is
ystem, there w
m and it is the
tching pulses
(11
happens into
component. I
an’t be turned
uit. For the fo
possible swit
inations repres
the upper swi
lower switch
presented into
on and secto
The 3D hexago
The prisms a
entional 2D
ining the refe
h V
Abdelrehim et a
oltage
SVM
matrix
ulation
rimary
er the
. The
ath for
lanced
0)
ion is
For an
s now
will be
basic
to all
)
o αβγ
In the
d on at
our-leg
tching
sented
itch is
is on
o αβα
ors of
on can
are an
SVM.
erence
8. E
B.
and
imp
bes
thre
swi
Vol. 8, No. 2, 20
al.: Indirect 3D
240<θ<30
300<θ<36
Vectors are d
Each prism con
Fig. 6. 3D re
Fig.
Fig.
Switching Vec
As the referen
d tetrahedron
plemented by
side each tetr
ee switching v
itching vector
018, 2847-2852
D-Space Vector M
00 then
60 then
distributed into
ntains four act
epresentation of sw
7. Prisms ide
8. Vector dist
ctor Selection
nce vector loca
number, sel
choosing the n
rahedron[8, 9]
vectors, to ca
the reference
2
Modulation for
n P=5
n P=6, where θ
o each prism a
tive vectors.
witching vectors i
entification for 3D
tribution into each
ation is define
ection of sw
nearest referen
]. Each tetrah
alculate the du
e required volt
2849
r a Matrix Con
θ= tan
as shown in F
in αβγ coordinatio
D SVM
h prism
ed by prism nu
witching vecto
nce vectors lo
hedron consis
uty cycle for
tage is transfo
verter
Figure
on
umber
ors is
ocated
sts of
each
ormed
4. firs
sw
wh
the
and
ma
var
tetr
po
SV
the
nu
act
(re
cha
rep
rep
tw
ma
val
var
suc
var
Th
op
sho
10
Engineerin
www.etasr
st to αβγ coor
witching vector
V
V
V
= d
The duty cyc
d
d
d
= ∗ S
= 1
here S is the d
e reference vec
d d represents
atrix is depend
rying values
rahedron. S m
ssible coincid
VM code check
e current value
The rectifyin
mbers from 1
tive rectifier
ectifier matrix
arge of genera
presenting the
presented on
o matrices as i
atrix converter
Fig. 9. M
A Simulink
lidate the effe
rying types o
ccessfully va
rious scenario
he input and
eration. The s
own in Table
-26.
ng, Technology
r.com
rdination and
rs [9] as per (1
d d
V
V
V
cles can be furt
∗
V
V
V
duty cycle mat
ctor, (V1 V2 V3
s the duty cy
dent on the sel
depending
matrix calcula
ence between
ks the prism a
es of S.
IV. MATR
ng stage is de
1 to 6, these n
switches and
x). At the sam
ating another
current active
(inverter
in (5) allows u
r. The procedu
Matrix converter
V. SIMUL
k simulation
ectiveness of m
f loads. The
alidated as w
os such as bala
output wavef
simulation was
I. The simula
y & Applied Sci
then is divid
2).
ther calculated
trix [8-10], (V
3)T
is the curren
ycle for each s
lected switchin
on each se
ations have b
prisms and te
and tetrahedron
RIX CONVERTE
edicated to gen
numbers repre
d would be re
me time the in
series of num
e inverter swit
matrix) as we
us to find all p
ure is shown in
code generation f
LINK SIMULATI
was successf
matrix conver
proposed indi
well. Simulati
anced and unb
forms ensured
s carried out u
ation results ar
ience Research
A
ed by the ava
(12
d as shown in
(13
(14
Vα-ref Vβ-ref Vδ-r
nt switching v
switching vec
ng vectors, so
elected prism
been done for
etrahedrons. Th
n number to e
ER
nerating a ser
esenting the c
epresented on
nversion stage
mbers from 1
tches that wou
ell. Multiplyin
possible switch
n Figure 9.
from Mi and MR
ION
fully develop
rter operation
irect 3D SVM
ion worked
balanced linear
d proper con
using the param
re shown in F
h V
Abdelrehim et a
ailable
2)
(13).
3)
4)
ref)T
is
vector,
ctor. S
it has
m and
r each
he 3D
extract
ries of
current
n
e is in
to 16,
uld be
ng the
hes for
ed to
under
M was
under
r load.
nverter
meters
igures
R
A.
Vol. 8, No. 2, 20
al.: Indirect 3D
Source sys
Load syst
Switching freq
Input filter
Output filter
Repetitive Contr
Tracking con
Unbalanced
Balanced l
Nonlinear l
Non-Linear L
Fig. 12. FF
018, 2847-2852
D-Space Vector M
TABLE I.
tem
em
quency
(LC)
r (LC)
roller Q(z)
ntroller
d load 5Ω
load
load
Load
Fig. 10. O
(a) P
(b) P
(c) P
(d) N
Fig. 11. O
FT analysis for ou
2
Modulation for
SYSTEM PARAM
440V
115V-
1280
56Ω/0.8m
180uH+70
1.72377
1.663
1.868
Ω+5.5mH, 10Ω+6
5Ω +5
3phase diode
Output voltage
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Neutral
Output current
utput phase voltag
2850
r a Matrix Con
METERS
V-60Hz
-400Hz
00Hz
mH/10uF
0uH/100uF
2 1
76 0.75754
3 0.9914
8 0.8735
6.2mH, 20Ω+7.5m
5.5 mH
e bridge +50Ω
ge (THD=3.3%)
verter
mH
5. B.
Engineerin
www.etasr
Fig. 13.
Unbalanced
Fig. 17. Inp
ng, Technology
r.com
FFT analysis fo
Fig. 14.
Load
Fig. 15.
(a) P
(b) P
(c) P
(d)
Fig. 16. O
put current multip
y & Applied Sci
or output current
Error signal
Output voltage
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Neutral
Output Currents
plied by factor 50
ience Research
A
(THD=1.8%)
and input voltage
h V
Abdelrehim et a
e
C.
Vol. 8, No. 2, 20
al.: Indirect 3D
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20. FF
Non Linear L
F
Fig. 22.
018, 2847-2852
D-Space Vector M
Fig. 18.
FFT analysis fo
FT analysis for ou
Load
Fig. 21. Output
FFT analysis fo
2
Modulation for
Error signal
or input current (T
utput phase voltag
t voltage 115V/40
or input current (T
2851
r a Matrix Con
THD=48%)
ge (THD=3.3%)
00H
THD=48%)
verter
6. mo
bee
con
lim
(11
con
eff
rep
vo
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Engineerin
www.etasr
Fig
Fig. 25. Inp
This paper
odulation for
en implement
ntroller was s
mited bandw
15V/400Hz).
nditions (bal
fectiveness o
petitive contro
ltage in an exc
P. Zanchetta,
Empringham, “
AC power s
Electronics Sp
16, 2005
C. Klumpner,
process of th
Electronics Sp
1083–1088, Ju
D. Casadei, G
torque control
Electronics, Vo
F. Yue, P. W. W
space vector m
Electronics Co
R. Zhang, Hig
unbalanced loa
State Universit
R. Cárdenasa,
control system
Electric Power
T. Friedli, J.
evaluation of t
back-to-back
Electronics, Vo
ng, Technology
r.com
Fig. 23.
. 24. Repetitive
put current multip
VI. C
introduced th
four-leg matri
ted and simu
selected to reg
width for
The simulat
anced, unbal
f the propos
oller showed t
cellent way.
REFE
J. C. Clare, P.
“Control Design
upply using ge
pecialists Confere
F. Blaabjerg, P
he matrix conve
ecialist Conferenc
une 17-21, 2001
G. Serra, A. Tani,
of induction mac
ol. 48, No. 6, pp.
Wheeler, N. Mas
modulation for a
onference, PESC 2
gh performance p
ad/source, PhD T
ty, 1998
R. Penab, J. Clar
m for four-leg mat
r Systems Researc
W. Kolar, J. Ro
three-phase AC–A
converter system
ol. 59, No. 12, pp
y & Applied Sci
Output current
e controller outpu
plied by factor 50
CONCLUSION
he design of
ix converter, c
ulated in Sim
gulate the out
high-freque
tion results
lanced, nonlin
sed modulati
the ability to
ERENCES
W. Wheeler, D
of a three-phase
enetic algorithms
ence, Recife, Braz
P. Nielsen, “Spee
erter technology
ce PESC, Vancou
“The use of ma
chines”, IEEE Tr
1057–1064, 2001
on, L. Empringha
a 4-leg matrix c
2007, Orlando, U
ower converter s
Thesis, Virginia P
e, P. Wheeler, P.
trix converters fe
ch, Vol. 104, pp.
odriguez, P. W.
AC matrix conver
ms”, IEEE Tran
p. 4487–4510, 201
ience Research
A
ut signal
and input voltage
3D SVM in
code validatio
mulink. A repe
tput voltage d
ency applic
for varying
near) ensured
ion technique
regulate the o
D. Katsis, M. Bla
matrix converter
s”, IEEE 36th
zil, pp. 2370-237
eding-up the mat
y”, 32nd IEEE
uver, Canada, Vol
atrix converters in
ransactions on In
1
am, J. C. Clare, “I
converter”, IEEE
USA, June 17-21, 2
ystem for nonlin
Polytechnic Institu
Zanchetta, “A rep
eding non-linear
18-27, 2013
Wheeler, “Comp
rter and voltage D
nsactions on In
12
h V
Abdelrehim et a
e
ndirect
on has
etitive
due to
cations
load
d the
e and
output
and, L.
mobile
Power
75, June
turation
Power
l. 2, pp.
n direct
dustrial
Indirect
Power
2007
ear and
ute and
petitive
loads”,
parative
DC-link
dustrial
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
Vol. 8, No. 2, 20
al.: Indirect 3D
V. H. Prasad, D
space vector mo
12th Annual A
(APEC), Atlant
R. Zhang, V. H
space vector m
Transanctions o
] R. Zhang, D B
Dubovsky, “A
modulation”, 1
Exposition, Atla
] L. Empringham
matrix convert
techniques”, 2
Conference, Vo
] J. Mahlein, J. Ig
commutation s
measurement”,
No. 2, pp. 407-4
] W. Hofmann, M
for matrix conv
24-32, 2003
] B. H. Kwon, B
AC-AC convert
145, No. 4, pp.
] P. W. Wheeler,
“Matrix conve
Industrial Electr
] E. Ormaetxea,
Alegria, E. Iba
computational
FPGA”, IEEE
272–287, 2011
] D. Casadei, G.
Przeglad Elektr
] L. Empringham
current comm
International Po
Czech Republic
] M. Ziegler, W
matrix convert
Electronics and
2001
] M. Ziegler, W.
cost matrix c
Nürnberg, Germ
] M. Ziegler, W.
for matrix conv
Conference (PE
] D. Casadei, A
commutation st
measurement”,
Applications (E
] L. Empringham
Wheeler, J. C.
aerospace ap
Compatibility a
451–456, 2011
018, 2847-2852
D-Space Vector M
D. Boroyevich, R
odulation scheme
Applied Power E
ta, USA, Vol. 2, p
H. Prasad, D. Bor
modulation for fou
on Power Electron
Boroyevich, V. H
three-phase inver
2th Annual App
anta, USA, Vol. 2
m, P. W. Wheeler,
ter bi-directional
29th Annual I
ol. 1, pp. 707-713
gney, J. Weigold,
strategies with an
IEEE Transactio
414, 2002
M. Ziegler, “Mult
verters”, Journal o
B. D. Min, J. H. K
ters”, IEE Procee
295–300, 1998
J. Rodriguez, J.
erters: a technol
ronics, Vol. 49, N
J. Andreu, I. K
arra, E. Olaguen
capabilities based
Transactions on
Serra, A. Tani, L.
rotechniczny, Vol
m, P. W. Wheel
mutation for m
ower Electronics
c, pp. 42–47, Sept
W. Hofmann, “Ne
ters”, 4th IEEE
d Drive Systems,
Hofmann, “A new
converters”, 41s
many, pp. 445-450
Hofmann, “Semi
verters”, 29th Ann
ESC’98), Fukuoka
. Trentin, M. M
trategy using bot
European Con
EPE’03), Toulouse
m L, L. de Lill
Clare, “Enabling
pplications”, In
and Power Electr
2
Modulation for
R. Zhang, “Analy
es for a four-leg v
Electronics Conf
pp. 864-871, Febr
royevich, F. C. L
ur-leg voltage- so
nics, Vol. 17, No.
H. Prasad, H. C
rter with a neutra
lied Power Elect
2, pp. 857-863, Fe
, J. C. Clare, “Inte
l switch cells u
IEEE Power E
, May 22, 1998
, M. Braun, O. Sim
nd without expli
ons on Industria
ti-step commutati
of Power Electro
Kim, “Novel com
edings-Electric Po
C. Clare, L. Emp
logy review”, I
No. 2, pp. 276–28
Kortabarria, U. B
naga, “Matrix co
d on a system o
Power Electronic
. Zarri, “A review
l. 82, No. 2, pp. 15
ler, J. C. Clare,
matrix converte
& Motion Contr
tember 8-10, 1998
ew one-step com
E International C
, Bali, Indonesia
w two steps comm
st PCIM/Power
0, 2000
i natural two step
nual IEEE Power
a, Japan, pp. 727–
Matteini, M. Calv
th output current
nference on Po
e, France, pp. P1–
lo, S. Khwan-On
g technologies fo
nternational Co
ronics (CPE’2011
2852
r a Matrix Con
ysis and compari
voltage source inv
ference and Expo
ruary 27, 1997
Lee, “Three-dimen
ource converters”,
. 3, pp. 314-326, 2
C. Mao, F. C. L
al leg with space
tronics Conferenc
ebruary 27, 1997
elligent commuta
using novel gate
Electronics Spec
mon, “Matrix con
icit input voltag
al Electronics, Vo
ion and control p
nics, Vol. 3, No.
mmutation techni
ower Application
pringham, A. Wei
IEEE Transactio
8, 2002
Bidarte, I. Martin
onverter protectio
on chip design w
cs, Vol. 26, No.
w on matrix conve
5–25, 2006
“Bi-directional
er applications”
rol Conference, P
8
mmutation strateg
Conference on
, Vol. 2, pp. 560
mutation policy f
Quality Confe
ps commutation st
r Electronics Spec
–731, May 22, 19
vini, “Matrix con
and input voltag
ower Electronics
–P10, 2003
n, C. Brunson,
or matrix conver
onference Wor
1), Tallinn, Eston
verter
ison of
verter”,
osition
nsional
, IEEE
2002
Lee, S.
vector
ce and
ation of
drive
cialists
nverter
ge sign
ol. 49,
policies
1, pp.
que of
s, Vol.
nstejn,
ons on
nez de
on and
with an
1, pp.
erters”,
switch
, 8th
Prague,
gies in
Power
0–564,
for low
erence,
trategy
cialists
98
nverter
ge sign
s and
P. W.
rters in
rkshop
nia, pp.