1. The document analyzes case studies from Indonesia on trends in forest ownership, tenure rights, and management approaches and their impacts on forest management and poverty reduction. 2. Key findings include that collaborative management structures supported by customary law can improve forest management and reduce poverty, and that communities utilizing customary law tend to have healthier social and ecological conditions than agriculture-dependent communities. 3. The document also discusses specific case studies of collaborative forest management initiatives between communities, concessionaires, and local governments in Berau district and Lore Lindu National Park that have led to improved forest protection, conflict resolution, and economic benefits for communities.