Indian railways - Monopoly
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Indian Railways has characteristics of a monopoly: it is the sole provider of railway transportation in India, with high barriers to entry for competitors. It has strengths like low cost mass transportation but also weaknesses like hygiene issues and lack of basic amenities. Opportunities for growth include expanding networks and partnerships, while threats include increasing competition from low-cost airlines and better road connectivity.
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Indian Railways is at a crossroads due to several issues it faces. As the largest railway network and employer in the world, it struggles with its huge size which makes it difficult to adapt to changing needs. Safety is a major concern due to aging infrastructure and human errors from long working hours without proper facilities. Competition from improved roadways and low-cost airlines has significantly reduced Indian Railways' passenger traffic. To address these challenges, experts suggest privatizing some operations, restructuring the railway board to be more flexible, and implementing a hub and spoke system to cut costs and generate revenue from private track usage.
market structure
The document discusses different market structures, including perfect competition and monopoly. It provides examples of each. Perfect competition is exemplified by the credit card market, where many banks offer identical credit cards. Monopoly is exemplified by Indian Railways, which is the sole provider of rail transport services in India and can set prices without competition. The document outlines the key features of perfect competition and monopoly markets, such as number of sellers/buyers and barriers to entry.
Railways for urban transportation
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
urban railway system
railway transportation system
history of railway transportation
importance of railway transportation
railway transportation in ghana
urban rail transport
Domestic airlines in india leveraging price
This document discusses the history and competitive landscape of domestic airlines in India. It outlines the major airlines - Air India (established in 1932), Jet Airways (incorporated in 1992), and Sahara Airlines (began operations in 1993). It describes the pricing wars that occurred in 2002 when airlines began cutting fares. Indian Airlines launched new schemes like 'Wings of Freedom' and 'Bharat Darshan', while Sahara launched schemes like 'Wings & Wheels' and 'Steal a Seat'. The industry evolved from a monopoly held by Indian Airlines pre-1990, to an oligopoly with a few major players and barriers to entry. Key factors affecting airline costs are labor, fuel prices, capital
Indian railway logistics1 aaditya 12mt07ind001
Indian Railways is the fourth largest railway network globally, transporting over 30 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight daily. It employs over 1.4 million people, making it one of the largest employers worldwide. Freight accounts for about two-thirds of railway revenues and is classified into over 200 classes based on commodity type. Railway freight rates are determined by class, wagonload or trainload quantities, distance hauled, commodity attributes, and more. High logistics costs in India of around 14% of total value are challenges, in part due to infrastructure constraints and administrative costs.
Indian Railway
Indian Railways was introduced in 1853 and nationalized in 1951, becoming one of the largest rail networks in the world. It transports over 9 billion passengers annually across 27 states and 3 union territories. In addition to passenger services, Indian Railways provides freight transport and operates metro rail systems in major cities. While it faces weaknesses like outdated infrastructure and delays, opportunities exist to expand services through privatization and technological advancements. Indian Railways remains an important mode of transportation in India due to its affordability and connectivity.
Ambassador- the end of an era
- Hindustan Motors (HM) launched India's first car, the Ambassador, in 1942 which dominated the market for 40 years until the 1980s.
- The launch of the Maruti 800 by Maruti Suzuki in 1983 at a significantly lower price caused Ambassador's market share to drop from 75% to 20% between 1984-1991.
- Increased competition from foreign competitors entering the Indian market after economic liberalization in 1991 along with changing consumer preferences for modern and technologically advanced vehicles contributed to the decline of HM and the Ambassador brand.
Is there a future for railways in the Maritimes?
Railways in the Maritimes face many challenges including collapsing commodity markets, disjointed jurisdictions, shortsighted policies, distorted transportation markets that favor roads over rail, and negative perceptions of rail. However, there are also new opportunities for rail including intermodal freight, commuter rail, transit-oriented development, and using technology like variable tolling and conditional trip apps to make rail more competitive. Advocates need to analyze challenges and opportunities, build partnerships, and inspire people with a vision of how strategic investment in rail could benefit taxpayers and the region's future.
Uber presentation
Case study on the evolving eCommerce Ride Hailing market and Uber's current position. Project involved analysis of competitors domestic and global and gave recommendations on how Uber can continue to be competitive in the Ride Hailing market
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一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdf
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
Accounting Information Systems (AIS).pptx
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
一比一原版宾夕法尼亚大学毕业证(UPenn毕业证书)学历如何办理
挂科购买【微信号:176555708】【挂科购买(UPenn毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy Visa
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
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13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
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Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdf
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
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South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete Guide
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
BIHC Briefing June 2024 from Bank+Insurance Hybrid Capital in association wit...
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
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New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy Visa
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Indian railways - Monopoly
- 1. Monopoly In Indian Railways Ajay Parab
- 2. • Only one Producer/Seller • Restrictions on entry and exit out of the industry • Unique Product • Specialized information about production techniques unavailable to other potential producers Monopoly
- 3. • Defense • Hindustan Aeronautics • Indian Railways • State Electricity Board • Nuclear Power • Few Pharmaceutical Companies Examples of monopoly
- 4. • First Railway from Bombay to Thane (1853) • Distance covered by the 14,300 trains on the Indian Railways everyday, equals three & half times the distance to moon • IR employs Approx. 1.55 million people • The longest platform in the world is at Kharagpur and is 2,733 ft. in length • More than 7000 Railway Stations in India! Indian Railways
- 5. Porter’s 5 Forces Model THREAT OF NEW ENTRANT • High Capital Investment discouraging new entry • Prohibition of entry for private sector • Access to distribution SUPPLIER POWER • Self Sustained • Public Private ownership • Tenders issued • Labor Union BUYER POWER • Low power for bargaining • Very Large Buyer Volume • Highly informed buyer • Very strong Brand Identity THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES • Low Cost Airlines • Deluxe Buses • Personal Transport Rivalry
- 6. STRENGTHS • Economical • Mass Transportation • Tatkal Booking • Choice of Class as per convenience • Concessions for Senior Citizens, Students, Raliway Employees and Award winners • World’s 4th largest workforce under single ownership WEAKNESSES • Hygiene Issues • Poor Connectivity • Advance Booking • Tasteless Food • Lack of Security • Reservations • Unavailability of basic utilities SWOT ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITIES • Metro Trains in Metros and Tier 1 cities • Rail Tourism • Advertising • Expanding Networks • Public Private Ownership (Retailing etc.) • Sports THREATS • Cheaper Airfare • Better Connectivity of Roads • Political Unrest • Social Unrest • Terrorist Attacks • Technical Malfunction
- 8. • Rail Tourism • Tie up with Hotels • Venture into in house Taxi • Chauffer service for 1st Class Travellers • Trolleys in Railway Station • Aero-dynamic shape for Engine Coach run by Renewable Source of Energy • Escalators in changing platforms • Shuffle Berth Recommendations
- 9. • Though Critics argue Perfect Competition and Monopoly does not exist in absolute form, we tend to assert above evidences to prove Indian Railways is categorical monopoly for the segment of customers to which it caters. Conclusion
- 10. • Wikipedia • Google • www.investopedia.com Bibliography