This document discusses the perspectives of the Indian armed forces regarding their role in low intensity conflicts such as counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and peacekeeping operations. It provides an overview of the security challenges India faces due to its borders and geography. It then outlines the doctrines and strategies the armed forces follow to balance security needs with upholding the rule of law and protecting civil liberties and human rights. This includes using minimum force, prioritizing civilian safety, and engaging local communities to build trust and support for military operations.

1. INDIAN ARMED FORCES
PERSPECTIVE
IN THE BACKGROUND OF
LOW INTENSITY CONFLICTS
IN THE FORM OF COUNTER
INSURGENCY, COUNTER
TERRORISM, AND PEACE
KEEPING OPERATIONS

2. PRESENTATION
BY
MAJ. GEN. NILENDRA KUMAR

3. LEGITIMACY,
LEGAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND
CHARTER

4. PANEL ON
RULE OF LAW
CIVIL AFFAIRS
DOCTRINE
&
STABILITY
OPERATIONS

5. A COUNTRY OF CONTINENTAL SIZE
WITH LAND BORDERS SHARED WITH CHINA,
PAKISTAN, BANGLADESH, NEPAL, BHUTAN,
1197 ISLAND AND COAST LINE OF 7516 KMS
WITH A VAST EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE

6.  LARGEST FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY
 MULTI LINGUAL, MULTI RELIGIOUS & MULTI ETHNIC
 SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
 INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
 UNMATCHED CONTRIBUTION TO THE
JURISPRUDENCE ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS
 STABLE & EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT
 VIGILANT MEDIA

7. 1. TWO UNSETTLED BORDERS
2. EXPERIENCED FOUR MAJOR CONVENTIONAL
BORDERS WARS
3. ONE UNDECLARED WAR IN KARGIL (1999)
4. ENGAGED IN AN EXTERNALLY ABETTED PROXY WAR
FOR SEVERAL YEARS IN J&K
5. COMBATING TERRORISM PERPETUATED BY
MILITANT AND TERRORIST GROUPS SPONSORED BY
A FOREIGN STATE.
6. TACKLING A NUMBER OF INSURGENCIES, SPURRED
BY TRIBAL AND ETHNIC ASPIRATIONS AND LEFT
WING IDEOLOGIES.
7. HAS A NUMBER OF NUCLEAR WEAPON STATES IN
ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

8. MILITANCY
INSURGENCY
TERRORISM

9. YEAR TERRORISTS
KILLED IN
ACTION
TERRORISTS
APPREHENDED
CIVS
FATAL
CIVS
INJURED
WPNS
RECOVERED
AMN
RECOVERED
GRENADES
RECOVERED
EXPLOSIVES
RECOVERED
(IN KGS)
2000 1432 274 630 817 1872 3,15,958 8773 3372
2001 1890 662 806 1536 2176 1,86,889 10252 2386
2002 1526 466 852 1406 2083 2,31,841 9171 1980
2003 1397 313 644 1246 1971 2,29,220 9554 2613
2004 885 224 595 1202 1417 1,67,059 7327 1996
2005 876 240 486 924 1546 2,31,241 7369 5238
2006 560 426 368 877 1325 1,47,045 7705 3199
TOTAL 8566 2605 4381 8008 12,444 15,09,253 60,151 20,784

10. YEAR TK TA TS CIV K CIV W WPN REC
2000 438 2937 1806 NA NA 1316
2001 455 3115 626 602 NA 1300
2002 410 1565 306 459 NA 905
2003 450 1655 3189 494 NA 1520
2004 332 1735 1174 388 573 1003
2005 197 1169 462 393 263 966
2006 174 1023 1385 196 452 861

11. • CHANGING CONCEPT OF WARFARE
• STRATEGIC & ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS
• CONSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK
• ACTIVE JUDICIARY
• FUNCTIONAL NHRC
• LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT

12.  COALITION POLITICS
 MIX UP OF RELIGION WITH POLITICS
 OVER LAPPING JURISDICTIONS
 CRIMINALISATION OF POLITICS
 CHALLENGES TO AF(SP) ACT
 VIGIL AGAINST HR VIOLATIONS
 COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
 MULTIPLICITY OF SECURITY AND INT
AGENCIES

13. NATURE OF OPERATIONS
CONVENTIONAL
COUNTER
TERRORISM
PKO
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
AND AID TO
CIVIL
AUTHORITIES
COUNTER
INSURGENCY

14. “I AM A WARRIOR. DEFENDING MY NATION
IS MY DHARMA. I WILL TRAIN MY MIND,
BODY AND SPIRIT TO FIGHT. EXCEL IN
ALL DEVICES AND WEAPONS OF WAR,
PRESENT AND FUTURE. ALWAYS
PROTECT THE WEAK. BE TRUTHFUL
AND FORTHRIGHT. BE HUMANE,
CULTURED AND COMPASSIONATE”
FIGHT AND EMBRACE THE
CONSEQUENCES WILLINGLY
GOD, GIVE ME STRENGTH THAT I
ASK NOTHING OF YOU”.
THE BHAGAWAD GITA

15. General George H Decker, 1960

16.  PRIMARY PRESERVE NATIONAL INTEREST
AND SAFE GUARD SOVEREIGNTY,
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND UNITY
AGAINST ANY EXTERNAL THREATS BY
DETERRENCE OR BY WAGING WAR
 SECONDARY ASSIST GOVERNMENT
AGENCIES TO COPE WITH `PROXY’ WAR
AND OTHER INTERNAL THREATS AND
PROVIDE AID TO CIVIL AUTHORITY WHEN
REQUISITIONED FOR THE PURPOSE

17. MAJOR TASKS OF INDIAN
ARMY INCLUDES –
PROVISION OF AID TO CIVIL
AUTHORITY WHEN CALLED UPON TO
DO SO FOR MAINTENANCE OF LAW
AND ORDER, HUMANITARIAN AID AND
ASSISTANCE DURING DISASTERS AND
CALAMITIES OR ANY OTHER
CIRCUMSTANCES INCLUDING
MAINTENANCE OF ESSENTIAL
SERVICES

18. 1. POLITICAL OBJECTIVE:- CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT RATHER THAN
CONFLICT RESOLUTION.
2. AIM AT LOW PROFILE AND PEOPLE
FRIENDLY OPERATIONS.
3. INTRA – FORCE AS WELL AS INTER
AGENCY EFFORTS
4. SEEK VOLUNTARY AND WILLING
SUPPORT OF PEOPLE IN AFFECTED
AREAS. (WHAM)

19. IRON FIST WITH
VELVET GLOVE

20. 1. AVOIDANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.
2. BE COMPASSIONATE. (WHAM)
3. PEOPLE FRIENDLY OPERATIONS. ENSURE
LEAST POSSIBLE INCONVENIENCE AND
HARASSMENTS
4. USE OF MINIMUM FORCE. AVOID COLLATERAL
DAMAGE.
5. CO-OPT POLICE REPRESENTATIVE/WOMEN
POLICE
6. BE TRUTHFUL AND HONEST
7. SUSTAIN PHYSICAL AND MORAL STRENGTH.

21. THREE PRONGED APPROACH
SURGICAL COUNTER
TERRORIST
OPERATIONS
WITH MINIMAL
CASUALTIES
WHAM
PERCEPTION
MANAGEMENT

22. 1. HOSTAGE RESCUE
2. ANTI TERRORIST
OPERATIONS
3. ASSISTANCE TO
FOREIGN FRIENDLY
GOVTS.

23. 7X HOME & HEARTH BATTALIONS
1200 X PERS EACH
ROLE
1. INTERFACE BETWEEN THE ARMY
AND THE PEOPLE.
2. ANTI-TERRORISM.

24. JAWAN AUR AWAAM,
AMAN HAI MUQAAM.
(WHETHER IT IS A SOLDIER OR
CIVILIAN THE END STATE FOR
BOTH IS PEACE)

25. ARMY AS A
CATALYST FOR
PEACE &
DEVELOPMENT

26. MEANINGFUL PROGRAMME
TO INVOLVE LOCALS
MOBILE
MEDICAL
TEAMS
MUSKAN
ORPHANAGES
FACILITATING
HAJ
PILGRIMS
OP
JI JANAB
UJALA RAHAT

27. 1. MOVEMENTS OF REFUGEES
2. MINIMIZING DAMAGE TO CIVIL
INFRASTRUCTURE.
3. LEGAL AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS TO
MINIMIZE CIVILIAN CASUALTIES.
4. TO EXERCISE AUTHORITY AT THE
END OF OPERATIONS.
5. TO HANDLE TASKS RELATING TO
CONTROL OF CIVIL POPULATION &
MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES.
6. TO ENSURE STABILITY IN CAPTURED
TERRITORY.

28. 1. MAKE THE LOCALS PROUD OF THEIR
HERITAGE
2. REMIND THEM ABOUT WHO WORKED
FOR CAUSE OF PEACE.
3. THE PHRASE ‘VIOLENT VALLEY”
REPLACED WITH “VIBRANT VALLEY”

29. 1. TRANSPARENCY
2. MUTUAL TRUST &
UNDERSTANDING
3. LEVELS
(a) LOCAL/TACTICAL
(b) NATIONAL
(c) INTERNATIONAL

30.  DISTORTION
 MAINPULATION
 DISINFORMATION
TRUTH IS NOT A VIRTUE
BUT A NECESSITY

31. 1. AIM OF RESPECTING AND
PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS.
2. CANDID AND PROMPT ADMISSION OF
PROVOKED
(a) EXCESSES BY THE TROOPS OR
OTHER WISE
(b) ERRORS OF JUDGEMENT OF COMMANDERS.
3. SWIFT CORRECTIVE ACTION IN A
FREE AND FAIR MANNER.

32. 1. PRO INTERACTS DAILY.
2. GOC ONCE A MONTH.
3. IW BDE.
4. www.armyinkashmir.org

33. IN THE ABSENCE OF A GLOBAL
FRAME WORK, DOMESTIC
LEGISLATION REMAINS THE
ONLY LEGAL REMEDY AGAINST
TERRORISM.

34.  ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958
 UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT,
1967 (AS AMENDED IN 2004)
 MAHARASHTRA CONTROL OF ORGANISED
CRIME ACT, 1999
 NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC
SUBSTANCES ACT, 1985

35. To confer certain special
powers upon members of the
Armed Forces in disturbed
areas.

36. STATES OF
1. ARUNACHAL PRADESH
2. ASSAM
3. MANIPUR
4. MEGHALAYA
5. MIZORAM
6. NAGALAND
7. TRIPURA

37. APPLICABLE
TO A DISTURBED AREA
PRE CONDITION
NOTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 3.

38. 1. TO USE FORCE EVEN TO THE EXTENT
OF CAUSING OF DEATH.
2. TO DESTROY ANY ARMS DUMP ETC
3. TO ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT
4. TO SEARCH WITHOUT WARRANT
IMPLIED
5. TO INTERROGATE
6. TO RETAIN CUSTODY OF SEIZED
WEAPONS

39. PRIOR SANCTION OF THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT BEFORE INSTITUTING
ANY PROSECUTION, SUIT OR OTHER
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

40. NAGA PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT
OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
VS
UNION OF INDIA
(AIR 1998 SC 431)

41. 1. ACT NOT A COLOURABLE LEGISLATION.
2. NOT A FRAUD ON THE CONSTITUTION.
3. DOES NOT AMOUNT TO HANDING OVER
THE MAINT OF PUBLIC ORDER TO THE
ARMED FORCES DIRECTLY.
4. CONFERMENT OF DRASTIC POWERS
ENUMERATED UNDER SEC 4 IS NOT
DISCRIMINATORY OR ARBITRARY.

42. 1. PERIODIC REVIEW OF DECLARATION BEFORE
EXPIRY OF SIX MONTHS
2. DESIRABLE FOR CENTRAL GOVT TO CONSULT
STATE GOVT
3. ARMED FORCE NOT TO SUPPLANT OR ACT AS
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CIVIL POWER. STATE ADM
WILL CONTINUE TO FUNCTION
4. ARMED FORCES PERS TO USE MINIMUM FORCE

43. 5. HAND OVER ARRESTED PERSON WITHIN
24 HRS TO NEAREST POLICE STATION
6. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS UNDER
Cr PC FOR SEARCH AND SEIZURE TO BE
FOLLOWED
7. DISREGARD TO DO’S AND DON’TS TO
INVITE ACTION UNDER THE ARMY ACT
8. CO-OPT WOMEN POLICE
9. AWARD OF COMPENSATION
10. SPEAKING ORDER UNDER SEC 6

44. MILITARY
 SEARCH
 SEIZURE
 COGNIZANCE OF
OFFENCES
 DESTRUCTION OF
DUMPS, SHELTERS,
TRG CAMPS AND
HIDE OUTS
POLICE
 INVESTIGATION
 PROSECUTION
 REGISTRATION OF
REPORTS OF OFFENCES
(RECORDING OF FIR)
 TRIAL
 EXECUTION OF
SENTENCES, WHERE
REQUIRED

45. POSITIVE FEATURES
 EMPHASIS FOR THE MILITARY DECISIONS TO
CONFORM TO RULE OF LAW
 FAITH OF THOSE AFFECTED BY THE DECISIONS
TO MOVE THE SUPREME COURT AS A FINAL
ARBITRATOR
 SCOPE OF STATUTORY PROVISIONS EXPANDED
 ENHANCED NUMBER OF CASES IS SUGGESTIVE OF
GREATER ASPIRATIONS TO SEEK FINAL DECISION
ON RULE OF LAW

46. IT PROVIDES FOR THE CONSTITUTION OF
 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
(NHRC)
 THE STATES HUMAN RIGHTS
COMMISSION IN THE STATES (SHRC).
 THE HUMAN RIGHTS COURTS (HRC).

47.  ARMY HQ HUMAN RIGHTS CELL
(HRC)/ADG D&V
 MONITORS HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES
IN THE ARMY.
 ENSURE HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS ARE PROMPTLY
INVESTIGATED AND THE GUILTY
PUNISHED

48. 1.HUMAN RIGHTS CELL ACTS AS NODAL
AGENCY FOR RECEIVING THE
ALLEGATIONS/COMPLAINTS OF HUMAN
RIGHTS VIOLATIONS.
2.ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATION ARE RECEIVED BY THE
HRC FROM –
(a) NHRC
(b) MOD AND MEA
(c) MEDIA
(d) REPORTS PUBLISHED BY VARIOUS
HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS.

49. 3.ALLEGATIONS ARE INVESTIGATED IN
DETAIL, PROCESSED AND FORWARDED
TO NHRC THROUGH MOD
4.EXEMPLARY PUNISHMENT TO ERRING
PERSONNEL

51.  IT IS BOUNDEN DUTY OF THE STATE
TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE DONE BY
ITS OFFICERS TO THE INDIVIDUAL’S
RIGHTS
 COMPENSATION BY WAY OF PUBLIC
CLAIM
 DISAPPEARANCE OF DETENU
 CUSTODIAL VIOLENCE
 CUSTODIAL DEATH

52. (a) MANORAMA DEVI
(b) MAJ RAHMAN

53. YEAR NUMBER OF
ALLEGATIONS
2002 - 166
2003 - 32
2004 - 35
2005 - 35
2006 - 29

54. ANALYSIS OF PUNISHMENTS
1994 TO 2006
TYPE OFFRS JCOs OR TOTAL
TERMINATION OF SERVICE 01 - 02 03
DISMISSAL WITH LIFE IMPRISONMENT - - 01 01
CASHIERED/DISMISSAL WITH RI 8-14
- - 24 24
YRS
CASHIERED/DISMISSAL WITH RI 1-8 YRS 03 - 09 12
DISMISSAL WITH RI UPTO 1 YR - - 06 06
DISMISSAL FROM SERVICE 01 - 04 05
RI IN MILITARY CUSTODY - 01 15 16
OTHER PUNISHMENTS 25 08 10 43
TOTAL PERS PUNISHED 30 09 71 110

55. ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
FROM 1994 TO 2006
ITEMS J & K NE TOTAL
NUMBER OF ALLEGATIONS RECD 907 363 1270
NUMBERS INVESTIGATED 873 341 1214
NUMBERS UNDER INVESTIGATION 34 22 56
NUMBER OF FALSE/BASELESS
849 313 1162
ALLEGATIONS
NUMBERS FOUND TRUE 24 28 52
PERSONNEL PUNISHED 47 63 110
NUMBER OF CASES AWARDED
06 11 17
COMPENSATION

56. GOOD LAWS ARE BEGOT BY BAD
ACTIONS.
Macrobius
Saturnalia, C.400

57. AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR SETTING OUT
THE PRACTICAL REGIME OF RIGHT TO
INFORMATION FOR CITIZENS TO SECURE
INFORMATION UNDER THE CONTROL OF
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, IN ORDER TO
PROMOTE TRANSPARENCY AND
ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE WORKING OF
EVERY PUBLIC AUTHORITY.

58.  SIGNATORY TO ALL TWELVE
SECTORAL CONVENTIONS ON
TERRORISM
 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS TO COMBAT
TERRORISM, ORGANISED CRIMES,
DRUGS ETC
 EXTRADITION TREATIES
 TREATIES ON MUTUAL LEGAL
ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

59.  MORE THAN 50 YEARS
 COVERING 36 MISSIONS
 65,000 SOLDIERS
 AS OF JULY 2000 – SECOND LARGEST
TCC

60. IT MUST BE REMEMBERED
THAT MERELY BECAUSE POWER MAY
SOMETIMES BE ABUSED, IT IS NO
GROUND FOR DENYING, THE
EXISTENCE OF POWER. THE WISDOM
OF MAN HAS NOT YET BEEN ABLE TO
CONCEIVE OF A GOVERNMENT WITH
POWER SUFFICIENT TO ANSWER ALL
ITS LEGITIMATE NEEDS AND AT THE
SAME TIME INCAPABLE OF MISCHIEF.
Supreme Court Of India in State of
Rajasthan Vs UOI, 1978 (1) SLR (1)

61.  LAW ENFORCERS DESERVE MORE
EFFECTIVE LEGAL TOOLS AND
BETTER LEGAL COVER
 PLUGGING OF GAPS IN DOMESTIC
PROCEDURES TO RETAIN A PRO-ACTIVE
STANCE IN THE WAR
AGAINST TERRORISM.
 SHARING OF INFO ABOUT NEW
LEGISLATIVE MEANS AND LATEST
CASE LAW.

62. TO BE EFFECTIVE, A
LIBERAL STATE MUST NOT
FOSTER VIOLENCE, IT
MUST CONQUER IT.

63. There are no dangerous thoughts;
thinking itself is dangerous.
Hannah Arendt