The document provides an overview of international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights. It discusses how IHL establishes conduct rules for countries during war to limit means and methods of war and protect non-combatants. It also discusses the origins and development of IHL through treaties like the Geneva Conventions. The document notes both IHL and human rights aim to restrain government power but apply in different ways and circumstances. It provides examples of key IHL principles like distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack.
This document discusses the protection of civilians in armed conflict. It notes that civilians now make up the vast majority of casualties in war. The UN Security Council has taken steps to protect civilians, such as authorizing force in Libya in 2011. There are several ways to protect civilians, including ensuring compliance with international law, engaging with non-state armed groups, peacekeeping operations, and humanitarian access. Nine current peacekeeping missions have civilian protection mandates. Both human rights law and international humanitarian law are relevant to protecting civilians. Specific vulnerable groups like women, children, and journalists require special protection efforts.
Law of war is that part of international law that regulates the resort to armed forces; the conduct to armed forces and the protection of war victims in both national and international conflict; conflicting occupation; and the relationship between conflict, neutral and non-conflicting states
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 19 - 70 Years of Geneva ConventionsNilendra Kumar
Geneva Conventions are the main plank of IHL treaty law adopted by India to abide by protection, compliance and adherence norms in armed conflicts
This presentation is a review of past 70 years resume in it's regard.
International humanitarian law governs the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities, as well as restricting the means and methods of warfare. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 are the core treaties of international humanitarian law. They protect the wounded, sick, shipwrecked, prisoners of war and civilians, and restrict warfare to discriminate between combatants and civilians. Violations of international humanitarian law that constitute grave breaches are considered war crimes.
International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016Terence Aaron
These are the motion, context and information slides for the International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016.
Adjudication Core: Banun Sabri (IIUM/International Islamic University of Malaysia), Terence Aaron (UT MARA/University of Technology MARA) and Leeroy Ting Kah Sing (UM/ University of Malaya)
Dates: 9-11 December
If you have any questions on the slides, feel free to forward
This document summarizes international humanitarian law (IHL), including its sources in customary international law and treaties like the Hague and Geneva Conventions. It describes the key principles of IHL like distinction, proportionality, and military necessity. It discusses the different types of armed conflicts and protected persons under IHL such as civilians, prisoners of war, and the wounded. It also outlines prohibitions on means and methods of warfare and the application of IHL to non-international armed conflicts.
International humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) both aim to protect individuals in armed conflict and civil unrest. IHL regulates armed conflict by limiting means and methods of warfare and reducing suffering. It protects civilians and those no longer taking part in hostilities. IHRL establishes rules for governments in their treatment of individuals during peacetime and conflict, though some rights can be derogated during emergencies. Both bodies of law place duties on states and non-state actors, and establish international mechanisms to support implementation and enforcement.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 11 - International Armed ConflictNilendra Kumar
This presentation recognises two categories of armed conflicts. It further describes the applicability of the conventions specially where it is non international in the strict sense of the term.
This document discusses the protection of civilians in armed conflict. It notes that civilians now make up the vast majority of casualties in war. The UN Security Council has taken steps to protect civilians, such as authorizing force in Libya in 2011. There are several ways to protect civilians, including ensuring compliance with international law, engaging with non-state armed groups, peacekeeping operations, and humanitarian access. Nine current peacekeeping missions have civilian protection mandates. Both human rights law and international humanitarian law are relevant to protecting civilians. Specific vulnerable groups like women, children, and journalists require special protection efforts.
Law of war is that part of international law that regulates the resort to armed forces; the conduct to armed forces and the protection of war victims in both national and international conflict; conflicting occupation; and the relationship between conflict, neutral and non-conflicting states
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 19 - 70 Years of Geneva ConventionsNilendra Kumar
Geneva Conventions are the main plank of IHL treaty law adopted by India to abide by protection, compliance and adherence norms in armed conflicts
This presentation is a review of past 70 years resume in it's regard.
International humanitarian law governs the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities, as well as restricting the means and methods of warfare. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 are the core treaties of international humanitarian law. They protect the wounded, sick, shipwrecked, prisoners of war and civilians, and restrict warfare to discriminate between combatants and civilians. Violations of international humanitarian law that constitute grave breaches are considered war crimes.
International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016Terence Aaron
These are the motion, context and information slides for the International Humanitarian Law Debate Championship 2016.
Adjudication Core: Banun Sabri (IIUM/International Islamic University of Malaysia), Terence Aaron (UT MARA/University of Technology MARA) and Leeroy Ting Kah Sing (UM/ University of Malaya)
Dates: 9-11 December
If you have any questions on the slides, feel free to forward
This document summarizes international humanitarian law (IHL), including its sources in customary international law and treaties like the Hague and Geneva Conventions. It describes the key principles of IHL like distinction, proportionality, and military necessity. It discusses the different types of armed conflicts and protected persons under IHL such as civilians, prisoners of war, and the wounded. It also outlines prohibitions on means and methods of warfare and the application of IHL to non-international armed conflicts.
International humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) both aim to protect individuals in armed conflict and civil unrest. IHL regulates armed conflict by limiting means and methods of warfare and reducing suffering. It protects civilians and those no longer taking part in hostilities. IHRL establishes rules for governments in their treatment of individuals during peacetime and conflict, though some rights can be derogated during emergencies. Both bodies of law place duties on states and non-state actors, and establish international mechanisms to support implementation and enforcement.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 11 - International Armed ConflictNilendra Kumar
This presentation recognises two categories of armed conflicts. It further describes the applicability of the conventions specially where it is non international in the strict sense of the term.
now a days i researching about new means and method of warfare with taking and observing the international experts opinions and analysis, as this world is achieving and inventing more effective and dangerous weapon and way of projectile these new weapon which becoming the serious threat to human life, not just human but these new full of technology weapon and methods are enough to destroy entire world .
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 18 - Protection of Different Categorie...Nilendra Kumar
This presentation describes in detail the different categories of persons involved in an Armed Conflict. Furthermore it explains the status of these persons.
This document provides an outline and objectives for analyzing key concepts relating to international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL). It discusses the interlinkages between public international law, international human rights law, IHL, and ICL. The document outlines the history and emergence of IHL and ICL, their key legal instruments and sources. It analyzes the application of ICL and categories of international crimes such as war crimes and crimes against humanity. The connection between IHL and ICL is also discussed, particularly how violations of IHL can constitute war crimes under ICL.
International humanitarian law (IHL) applies during armed conflicts and prohibits acts aimed at terrorizing civilians. Even when IHL does not apply, fundamental human rights and humanitarian laws cannot be violated. States must ensure counterterrorism measures comply with international law. The use of force in self-defense is permitted under Article 51 of the UN Charter in response to an armed attack, but the response must be necessary, proportional, and avoid further escalation when possible.
Intro to international humanitarian law by icrcTabi Khan
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the Law of Armed Conflict, regulates armed conflict by limiting means and methods of warfare and limiting suffering. IHL protects civilians and those who are wounded, captured or detained. It originated from ancient customs and was modernized in the 1860s by Henry Dunant, who established the International Committee of the Red Cross and promoted the Geneva Conventions protecting wounded soldiers. The four 1949 Geneva Conventions and two 1977 Additional Protocols apply to international and non-international armed conflicts. IHL principles include distinction, proportionality, unnecessary suffering and military necessity. All parties in conflict, including non-state actors, must respect IHL.
International Humanitarian Law governs armed conflicts to minimize suffering. During the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the conflict evolved from an internal struggle to an international war. While the Geneva Conventions applied, violations may have occurred such as the My Lai Massacre where U.S. soldiers killed civilians. Other controversial actions included the use of Agent Orange to defoliate jungles, which left health issues for Vietnamese. The war ended in 1975 with North Vietnam defeating South Vietnam and reuniting the country.
International Humanitarian Law, (Lecture 14) - IHL In The International OrderNilendra Kumar
The document discusses international humanitarian law (IHL) and its role in the global order. It outlines several conventions and treaties that have been established to protect cultural property during war, restrict environmental and conventional weapons, and ban the use of force and acts of aggression. The document emphasizes that IHL promotes humanity during war, constitutes a legal framework even in cases not covered by existing laws, and contributes to maintaining peace by setting international standards for how wars are conducted.
The document summarizes the key provisions of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, which established international legal standards for humanitarian treatment during war. The conventions protect wounded and sick soldiers; prisoners of war; civilians in occupied territories; and introduce Common Article 3 applying minimum humanitarian standards to non-international armed conflicts. The conventions mandate humane treatment of all persons no longer participating in hostilities and establish independent oversight of compliance by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 2 - The basic concepts and purpose. Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning, basic concepts and the purpose of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of IHL's role in armed conflicts.
The document discusses the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). It defines LOAC as the branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting non-combatants and restricting means and methods of warfare. LOAC applies to both international and non-international armed conflicts. It aims to protect civilians, prisoners of war, and limit unnecessary suffering. Key LOAC principles are military necessity, distinction between combatants and civilians, and proportionality in attacks. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are important sources of LOAC rules governing treatment of wounded forces, prisoners of war, and civilians.
The document discusses the definitions and sources of international humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of war. It explains that IHL aims to limit suffering and protect civilians during armed conflicts by establishing rules for combatants and military objectives. The main sources of IHL are lawmaking treaties like the Geneva and Hague Conventions, as well as customary international law. The document outlines the key purposes and applicability of IHL, and consequences for violating its provisions.
International humanitarian law presentationRida Khan
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) regulates the conduct of armed conflicts and seeks to limit human suffering. It originated in the 19th century and is now comprised of the Geneva Conventions and additional protocols that protect civilians, prisoners of war, and others not participating in hostilities. IHL applies in both international and non-international armed conflicts and restricts certain weapons and tactics while providing humanitarian protections and oversight of compliance.
This document discusses the legal framework governing armed conflict under international law. It outlines the purpose and key principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. It also discusses the relationship between IHL and International Human Rights Law, and how both apply during armed conflict. Finally, it examines some of the challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts, including issues around non-state armed groups and implementation of the law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 8 - Sources of IHLNilendra Kumar
International humanitarian law has two main branches: the Hague law which regulates how armies conduct hostilities, and the Geneva law which regulates the protection of people under one's power. The key sources of international humanitarian law are the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for protecting victims of war, along with additional protocols from 1977. International humanitarian law is strengthened by other international agreements promoting human rights and prohibiting crimes against humanity.
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ENGLISH-BURMESE VERSIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
What is international humanitarian law?
Legal factsheet31 DECEMBER 2014
Fact sheet providing a summary description of the sources, content and field of application of international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict.
International humanitarian law is part of international law, which is the body of rules governing relations between States. International law is contained in agreements between States – treaties or conventions –, in customary rules, which consist of State practise considered by them as legally binding, and in general principles.
International humanitarian law applies to armed conflicts. It does not regulate whether a State may actually use force; this is governed by an important, but distinct, part of international law set out in the United Nations Charter.
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-international-humanitarian-law
https://www.facebook.com/zin.linn.9/posts/10208644837335021?pnref=story
The document discusses recent developments and challenges in international humanitarian law. It addresses changes in the nature of armed conflicts including their increasing complexity with multiple actors. It examines issues around qualifying situations of violence as international or non-international armed conflicts. It also discusses the development and application of international humanitarian law, including treaty law and challenges around classifying mixed or internationalized armed conflicts.
International legal framework and required social environment toraikhanna
The document discusses the international legal framework and social environment needed to ensure health care during armed conflicts. It outlines various international conventions and laws that establish the right to health and protections for medical services. These include provisions in the Geneva Conventions and additional protocols. Socially, positive perceptions and support networks are important to allow victims access to care amid conflict and insecurity. Physicians have an ethical duty to treat victims, while social support can provide material, informational and emotional aid.
International humanitarian law originated from ancient rules of war and aims to limit human suffering during armed conflicts. It applies only to wars and is contained in the 1949 Geneva Conventions that most countries have ratified. While the UN Charter prohibits war, loopholes allow armed conflicts to continue, demonstrating the need for humanitarian laws. These laws try to balance military needs with humanitarian protections for non-combatants. The Red Cross movement plays a key role in implementing international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law (IHL) aims to limit the effects of armed conflict by restricting parties' means and methods of warfare and protecting non-combatants. IHL applies in international and non-international armed conflicts and protects combatants who are wounded, sick, or detained as well as civilians. While IHL has historically developed to address wars between states, contemporary challenges include applying IHL principles to non-state actors, transnational terrorism, privatized military forces, and new technologies like drones and autonomous weapons. Ensuring compliance with existing IHL remains a priority amid these changes.
now a days i researching about new means and method of warfare with taking and observing the international experts opinions and analysis, as this world is achieving and inventing more effective and dangerous weapon and way of projectile these new weapon which becoming the serious threat to human life, not just human but these new full of technology weapon and methods are enough to destroy entire world .
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 18 - Protection of Different Categorie...Nilendra Kumar
This presentation describes in detail the different categories of persons involved in an Armed Conflict. Furthermore it explains the status of these persons.
This document provides an outline and objectives for analyzing key concepts relating to international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL). It discusses the interlinkages between public international law, international human rights law, IHL, and ICL. The document outlines the history and emergence of IHL and ICL, their key legal instruments and sources. It analyzes the application of ICL and categories of international crimes such as war crimes and crimes against humanity. The connection between IHL and ICL is also discussed, particularly how violations of IHL can constitute war crimes under ICL.
International humanitarian law (IHL) applies during armed conflicts and prohibits acts aimed at terrorizing civilians. Even when IHL does not apply, fundamental human rights and humanitarian laws cannot be violated. States must ensure counterterrorism measures comply with international law. The use of force in self-defense is permitted under Article 51 of the UN Charter in response to an armed attack, but the response must be necessary, proportional, and avoid further escalation when possible.
Intro to international humanitarian law by icrcTabi Khan
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the Law of Armed Conflict, regulates armed conflict by limiting means and methods of warfare and limiting suffering. IHL protects civilians and those who are wounded, captured or detained. It originated from ancient customs and was modernized in the 1860s by Henry Dunant, who established the International Committee of the Red Cross and promoted the Geneva Conventions protecting wounded soldiers. The four 1949 Geneva Conventions and two 1977 Additional Protocols apply to international and non-international armed conflicts. IHL principles include distinction, proportionality, unnecessary suffering and military necessity. All parties in conflict, including non-state actors, must respect IHL.
International Humanitarian Law governs armed conflicts to minimize suffering. During the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the conflict evolved from an internal struggle to an international war. While the Geneva Conventions applied, violations may have occurred such as the My Lai Massacre where U.S. soldiers killed civilians. Other controversial actions included the use of Agent Orange to defoliate jungles, which left health issues for Vietnamese. The war ended in 1975 with North Vietnam defeating South Vietnam and reuniting the country.
International Humanitarian Law, (Lecture 14) - IHL In The International OrderNilendra Kumar
The document discusses international humanitarian law (IHL) and its role in the global order. It outlines several conventions and treaties that have been established to protect cultural property during war, restrict environmental and conventional weapons, and ban the use of force and acts of aggression. The document emphasizes that IHL promotes humanity during war, constitutes a legal framework even in cases not covered by existing laws, and contributes to maintaining peace by setting international standards for how wars are conducted.
The document summarizes the key provisions of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, which established international legal standards for humanitarian treatment during war. The conventions protect wounded and sick soldiers; prisoners of war; civilians in occupied territories; and introduce Common Article 3 applying minimum humanitarian standards to non-international armed conflicts. The conventions mandate humane treatment of all persons no longer participating in hostilities and establish independent oversight of compliance by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 2 - The basic concepts and purpose. Nilendra Kumar
This lecture presents the meaning, basic concepts and the purpose of International Humanitarian Law. It gives a detailed explanation of IHL's role in armed conflicts.
The document discusses the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). It defines LOAC as the branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting non-combatants and restricting means and methods of warfare. LOAC applies to both international and non-international armed conflicts. It aims to protect civilians, prisoners of war, and limit unnecessary suffering. Key LOAC principles are military necessity, distinction between combatants and civilians, and proportionality in attacks. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are important sources of LOAC rules governing treatment of wounded forces, prisoners of war, and civilians.
The document discusses the definitions and sources of international humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of war. It explains that IHL aims to limit suffering and protect civilians during armed conflicts by establishing rules for combatants and military objectives. The main sources of IHL are lawmaking treaties like the Geneva and Hague Conventions, as well as customary international law. The document outlines the key purposes and applicability of IHL, and consequences for violating its provisions.
International humanitarian law presentationRida Khan
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) regulates the conduct of armed conflicts and seeks to limit human suffering. It originated in the 19th century and is now comprised of the Geneva Conventions and additional protocols that protect civilians, prisoners of war, and others not participating in hostilities. IHL applies in both international and non-international armed conflicts and restricts certain weapons and tactics while providing humanitarian protections and oversight of compliance.
This document discusses the legal framework governing armed conflict under international law. It outlines the purpose and key principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), including the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. It also discusses the relationship between IHL and International Human Rights Law, and how both apply during armed conflict. Finally, it examines some of the challenges posed by contemporary armed conflicts, including issues around non-state armed groups and implementation of the law.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 8 - Sources of IHLNilendra Kumar
International humanitarian law has two main branches: the Hague law which regulates how armies conduct hostilities, and the Geneva law which regulates the protection of people under one's power. The key sources of international humanitarian law are the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for protecting victims of war, along with additional protocols from 1977. International humanitarian law is strengthened by other international agreements promoting human rights and prohibiting crimes against humanity.
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ENGLISH-BURMESE VERSIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
What is international humanitarian law?
Legal factsheet31 DECEMBER 2014
Fact sheet providing a summary description of the sources, content and field of application of international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict.
International humanitarian law is part of international law, which is the body of rules governing relations between States. International law is contained in agreements between States – treaties or conventions –, in customary rules, which consist of State practise considered by them as legally binding, and in general principles.
International humanitarian law applies to armed conflicts. It does not regulate whether a State may actually use force; this is governed by an important, but distinct, part of international law set out in the United Nations Charter.
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-international-humanitarian-law
https://www.facebook.com/zin.linn.9/posts/10208644837335021?pnref=story
The document discusses recent developments and challenges in international humanitarian law. It addresses changes in the nature of armed conflicts including their increasing complexity with multiple actors. It examines issues around qualifying situations of violence as international or non-international armed conflicts. It also discusses the development and application of international humanitarian law, including treaty law and challenges around classifying mixed or internationalized armed conflicts.
International legal framework and required social environment toraikhanna
The document discusses the international legal framework and social environment needed to ensure health care during armed conflicts. It outlines various international conventions and laws that establish the right to health and protections for medical services. These include provisions in the Geneva Conventions and additional protocols. Socially, positive perceptions and support networks are important to allow victims access to care amid conflict and insecurity. Physicians have an ethical duty to treat victims, while social support can provide material, informational and emotional aid.
International humanitarian law originated from ancient rules of war and aims to limit human suffering during armed conflicts. It applies only to wars and is contained in the 1949 Geneva Conventions that most countries have ratified. While the UN Charter prohibits war, loopholes allow armed conflicts to continue, demonstrating the need for humanitarian laws. These laws try to balance military needs with humanitarian protections for non-combatants. The Red Cross movement plays a key role in implementing international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law (IHL) aims to limit the effects of armed conflict by restricting parties' means and methods of warfare and protecting non-combatants. IHL applies in international and non-international armed conflicts and protects combatants who are wounded, sick, or detained as well as civilians. While IHL has historically developed to address wars between states, contemporary challenges include applying IHL principles to non-state actors, transnational terrorism, privatized military forces, and new technologies like drones and autonomous weapons. Ensuring compliance with existing IHL remains a priority amid these changes.
The document provides an overview of the development of human rights from ancient times to modern international law. It traces the origins of concepts like natural rights in documents like the Magna Carta and Declaration of Independence. It then summarizes major milestones in establishing international human rights standards, including the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on Civil/Political and Economic/Social/Cultural Rights. The final sections define key terms like human rights, humanitarian law, and the different categories of rights.
veryday tasks in better or more convenient ways. For example, OpenTable.
com is a website that allows users to make restaurant reservations online and
now covers most of the United States. If you’re planning a trip to Boston, for
example, you can access OpenTable.com, select the area of the city you’ll be
visiting, and view descriptions, reviews, customer ratings, and in most cases
the menus of the restaurants in the area. You can then make a reservation at
the restaurant and print a map and the directions to it. The basic tasks that
OpenTable.com helps people perform have always been done: looking for a
restaurant, comparing prices and menus, soliciting advice from people who are
familiar with competing restaurants, and getting directions. What OpenTable.
com does is help people perform these tasks in a more convenient and expedi-
ent manner.
Another aspect of technological advances is that once a technology is cre-
ated, products often emerge to advance it. For example, the creation of the
Apple iPod, iPhone, iPad, and similar devices has in turned spawned entire
industries that produce compatible devices. For example, Rokit is a high-end
mobile accessories company that makes smartphone cases, headphones,
portable USB device chargers and Bluetooth speakers. Rokit wouldn’t exist
if it weren’t for the advent of the smartphone industry. Similarly, there are
a growing number of start-ups working on smartphone apps. An example is
Ubersense, the subject of the You Be the VC 5.2 feature. Ubersense has made
a smartphone and tablet app that allows athletes, coaches, and parents to
shoot video of an athlete’s move or competition, and then analyze the video in
a variety of ways.
Political Action and regulatory Changes Political and regulatory
changes also provide the basis for business ideas. For example, new laws often
spur start-ups that are launched to take advantage of their specifications. This
is currently happening as a result of the passage of the Affordable Care Act
(Obamacare). The combination of new regulations, incentitives for doctors and
hospitals to shift to electronic records, and the release of mountains of data held
by the Department of Health and Human Services (on topics such as hospital
quality and nursing home patient satisfaction), is motivating entrepreneurs to
launch electronic medical records start-ups, apps to help patients monitor their
medications, and similar companies.9
On some occassions, entire industries hinge on whether certain govern-
ment regulations evolve in a manner that is favorable to the industry. For ex-
ample, there are several start-ups poised to commercialize the use of drones,
or Aerial UAV’s. Drones can be used for a number of domestic purposes, such
as helping farmers determine the optimal level of fertilizer to place on crops
or helping filmmakers shoot overhead scenes. Amazon.com created quite a bit
of buzz in late 2013 when it suggested it would like to use drones for package
delivery. As of spring 2014
The document discusses the rights of refugees under international law. It defines a refugee according to the 1951 Refugee Convention as someone who has fled their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. It outlines that refugees' basic rights include protection from refoulement, freedom of movement, identity documents, education and work. It also discusses the role of the UNHCR in protecting refugees and lists some populations of refugees in India, such as Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, Bhutanese Nepalis and Hindu Pakistanis.
This document provides an overview of international law and the Genocide Convention. It discusses the history of international law from the Peace of Westphalia to the establishment of the UN. Key norms discussed include sovereignty, non-intervention, non-use of force, and human rights protections. The document examines sources of international law and key principles of the UN Charter, including the purposes of the UN and rules regarding the use of force. It also summarizes the Genocide Convention and states that prevention of genocide is a duty of states under international law.
Indigenous Peoples and International Law's Impermeable BoxesArmi Beatriz Bayot
Presentation given on 6 September 2019 at the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, "Law and Liminilaty: A Roundtable Discussion on Decolonising Law"
Indian Armed Forces Perspective in the Background of Low Intensity ConflictsNilendra Kumar
This document discusses the perspectives of the Indian armed forces regarding their role in low intensity conflicts such as counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and peacekeeping operations. It provides an overview of the security challenges India faces due to its borders and geography. It then outlines the doctrines and strategies the armed forces follow to balance security needs with upholding the rule of law and protecting civil liberties and human rights. This includes using minimum force, prioritizing civilian safety, and engaging local communities to build trust and support for military operations.
Introduction to International Humanitarian Law.pptOmarFarqueTamim
This document provides an introduction and overview of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). It defines IHL and discusses its nature, scope, objectives, origins, sources, and principles. Key points include:
- IHL regulates relations between states and other entities during armed conflict to protect persons and restrict warfare means for humanitarian reasons.
- It applies in both international and non-international armed conflicts and aims to alleviate victim suffering, protect non-combatants, and limit warfare methods.
- Its main sources are international treaties like the Geneva and Hague Conventions. Core principles include distinction between combatants and civilians and prohibitions on attacks on hors de combat persons.
This document summarizes an article arguing against allowing exceptions for torture in international law. It presents the "ticking time bomb" scenario often used to justify torture but argues this scenario is unrealistic. While some claim certain wars necessitate torture, evidence shows torture is ineffective and causes harm. Amending laws to permit torture could normalize abuse and undermine the philosophical basis of human rights. To maintain the legitimacy of bans on torture, nations must prosecute officials like those from the Bush administration who sanctioned torture.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document outlines a vision for an alternative global security system based on nonviolence and peace. It proposes replacing the current "war system" with a "peace system" that includes common security without foreign military bases, phasing out weapons of mass destruction, ending invasions and occupations, and creating nonviolent civilian-based defense forces. The document debunks common myths about the inevitability and benefits of war, and outlines steps that could be taken to strengthen international institutions and foster a global culture of peace.
The document discusses several aspects of human rights. It begins by defining some fundamental human rights like the right to life, liberty, security of person and property, and equal protection under the law. It gives examples of specific rights like freedom of occupation, religion, political participation, and association. It also mentions that these rights are guaranteed by documents like the Bill of Rights and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The document goes on to discuss the Philippines' own tradition of human rights prior to Western influence as exemplified in ancient codes. It also outlines the Armed Forces' position of respecting human rights through disciplined behavior and observance of regulations.
This document provides an overview of public international law, private international law, and supranational law. It discusses key concepts in public international law including the sources and branches of international law. It also explains international humanitarian law (IHL), its origins and basic rules for protecting individuals during armed conflict. The document then covers Islamic international law (also called Siyar), its primary sources in the Quran and Sunnah, and how it addressed topics like treaties, prisoners of war and conduct in battle.
The document discusses the concept and evolution of human rights. It defines key characteristics of human rights such as being universal, inherent to human dignity, and independent of legal systems. It traces the origins and development of human rights from natural law philosophies to religious doctrines to documents like the Magna Carta and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The document also outlines the six fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian constitution - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural/education rights, and right to constitutional remedies.
Human rights and international humanitarian lawOnyinye Chime
This document summarizes a scholarly paper on human rights and international humanitarian law as it relates to armed conflicts since 1945. It discusses how the atrocities of World War II led to efforts to establish universal human rights and hold violators accountable. The United Nations played a key role through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which outlined civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. However, the declaration is non-binding, which some see as an advantage allowing flexibility, while others view as a shortcoming due to its lack of legal force. Overall, the document examines the development of international law on human rights and its application during armed conflict.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AS IT AFFECTS ARMED CONFLICTS...Onyinye Chime
The paper argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights may not perfectly represent the views of all the people of the world owing to differences in culture, sex, religion, to mention but a few. Thus it is not a binding rule to all the countries of the world. Nevertheless, it has become a point of reference whenever there is violation of human rights in any part of the world despite the culture and tradition of the people concerned. The paper concludes that despite its non-binding status, the admittance of its existence by states and enshrining human rights issues in their constitutions, the universal declaration of human rights does not only exist but in practice, makes humanitarian human rights law superior to national law and even as it affects armed conflict.
David Ford Avon Ct - An Overview of International Relation and Human Rights
Ihl diu 2
1. OMAC
Istituto Comprensivo
Sant’Angelo in Vado
2008/2010
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Doct. GIANLUIGI GULLI
Instructor D.I.U. – Qualified Councillor FF.AA.
2. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW
FIELD OF THE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW,
ESTABLISHING THE CONDUCT RULES OF
COUNTRIES IN CASE OF WAR.
IT SETS SOME LIMITS TO THE USE OF MEANS
AND METHODS OF WAR AND IT TAKES
CARE OF PEOPLE WHO DO NOT TAKE PART
AND THOSE WHO ARE NO LONGER
PARTICIPATING IN THE HOSTILITIES.
4. 1945
THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS
SI
YES!
THE MENACE OR THE USE OF FORCE
AGAINST OTHER COUNTRIES IS
UNLAWFUL
5. !IN THIS CASE, WHY SPEAK
OF INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW?
A.! THE COUNTRIES STILL HAVE THE
RIGHT TO DEFEND THEMSELVES
FROM ATTACKS
B.! THE PROHIBITION DOESN’T
CONCERN INLAND WARS AND CIVIL
WARS
C.! …ANYWAY, WARS EXIST!
6. Solferino battle
2nd Indepence War
24 June 1859
!a little of history?
40.000 victims between dead and
wounded people
8. ! Dunant’s project
•! Establishment of permanent humanitarian rules,
having a universal purpose
•! Establishment of societes of assistance in all
countries
•! Neutrality of wounded and sick people whatever
line-up they may belong to
•! Neutrality of medical corps
•! Establishment of a distinctive universal emblem
9. BANDIERA
RED CROSS
CONFEDERAZIONE ELVETICA
EMBLEM OF NEUTRALITY AND PROTECTION
10. 22 AUGUST 1864
1st GENEVA CONVENTION
•!For the
amelioration of
the conditions of
the wounded ad
sick in Armed
Forces in the
field.
11. 2nd GENEVA CONVENTION
• For the
amelioration of the
conditions of
wounded, sick and
shipwrecked
members Armed
Forces at sea
12. 3rd GENEVA CONVENTION
• Relative to
the treatment
of prisoners
of war
13. 1949
4th GENEVA CONVENTION
•!Relative to
the
protection of
civilian
persons in
time of war
14. DECLARATION OF ST PETERSBURG 1868
.!THE ONLY RIGHT PURPOSE THE COUNTRIES
HAVE TO INTEND IN WARTIME IS THE
WEAKENING OF THE ENNEMY’S FORCED ARMS
!THEY GO BEYOND THE PURPOSE ABOVE-
MENTIONED IF THEY USE ARMS THAT WORSEN
USELESSLY THE SUFFERINGS OF THE MEN WHO
HAVE BEEN PUT OUT OF ACTION OR THEY MAKE
THEIR DEATH INEVITABLE
15. WAR LAW
DIRITTO DI GINEVRA
DIRITTO DELL’AJA MODERN TEACHING
NOWADAYS THE
THINKS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LAW
Norme che Norme che mirano alla
OF AJA AND GENEVA’S IS OLD FASHIONED.
stabiliscono diritti e protezione e
TODAY THE EXPRESSION INTERNATIONAL
doveri dei belligeranti salvaguardia dei militari
HUMANITARIAN LAW IS
nella condotta delle posti fuori
USED,BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, TO
operazioni militari; combattimento e di tutte
limitano laTHE WAR LAW le altre persone che non
MEAN scelta dei ON THE WHOLE.
“mezzi” e dei partecipano alle ostilità -
“metodi” di POPOLAZIONE CIVILE
combattimento
20. INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
CONFLICT BETWEEN SOLDIERS OF
•! I, II, III, IV CONVENZIONE DI GINEVRA 1949
TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES
•! I PROTOCOLLO AGGIUNTIVO 1977
NON-INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
•! ART. 3 CONFLICT ON THE TERRITORY OF A
COMUNE ALLE CONV. GINEVRA 1949
COUNTRY BETWEEN FORCED ARMS
•! II PROTOCOLLO AGGIUNTIVOOR BETWEEN
AND FORCED GROUPS 1977
FORCED GROUPS BETWEEN
THEMSELVES!
21. 6 TREATES AND 600 ARTICLES
!BUT, IN BRIEF:
1. PEOPLE WHO ARE NO LONGER
PARTICIPATING IN THE
HOSTILITIES,HAVE TO BE
PROTECTED,RESPECTED AND
TREATED WITH HUMANITY.
2.! THE REQUIRED TREATMENTS
WILL BE ALWAYS ASSURED,
WITHOUT ANY
DISCRIMINATION
22. 6 TREATES and 600 ARTICLES
!BUT, IN BRIEF:
2. THE FIGHTERS CAPTURED
AND PEOPLE WHO ARE, ANY
WAY, IN POWER OF THEIR
ADVERSARY, HAVE TO BE
ALWAYS HANDLED WITH
HUMANITY.
THEY HAVE TO BE PROTEC-
TED AGAINST VIOLENT ACTS,
ESPECIALLY AGAINST THE
TORTURE BOTH PHYSICAL
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.
A RIGHT PROCESS HAS TO BE
ASSURED TO PEOPLE WHO
ARE SUBMITTED TO JUDGE-
MENT.
23. 6 TREATES and 600 ARTICLES
!BUT, IN BRIEF:
3.! BELLIGERANTS HAVE NO ILLIMITED
RIGHT TO CHOOSE
METHODS AND MEANS OF
WARFARE.
METHODS AND MEANS THAT
CAUSE SUPERFLUOUS
HARMS OR USELESS SUFFE-
RINGS AS REGARDS THE
CONCRETE MILITARY
ADVANTAGE IN DEMAND
WON’T BE USED.
24. 6 TREATES and 600 ARTICLES
!BUT, IN BRIEF:
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN
CIVILIAN POPULATION AND COMBATANTS
AND BETWEEN
CIVILIAN OBJECTS AND MILITARY
OBJECTIVES
25. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
- AJA
Case Corfu
“!elementary considerations of humanity”
Case Nicaragua
“!fundamental general principles of
Humanitarian Law”
26. ART. 3 COMMON C.G.’49
THE “MINI-CONVENTION”
IT OFFERS FUNDAMENTAL
GUARANTEES TO THE VICTIMS OF
WARS THAT HAVE NO
INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER.
THESE GUARANTEES CONCERN
THE REGULATION OF BUSINESS
INSIDE THE STATE.
CONSEQUENTLY, THEY RESTRAIN
ITS EXCLUSIVE SOVEREIGNITY.
27. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1948
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
28. HUMAN RIGHTS
According to Davidson:
“!the phenomenon known as human rights is
LEGISLAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE CHE HA
relative not only to the protection of individuals
PER SCOPO DI GARANTIRE AGLIgovernment
from the ruling of States or of INDIVIDUI –
authorities inTEMPO –periods of their life,but it
IN OGNI certain LA POSSIBILITÀ DI
GODERE DI DIRITTI E DI LIBERTÀ
is also inclined to the creation of social
FONDAMENTALI
conditions by which each individual can develop
LIMITANO his maximum potential”
IL POTERE DELLO STATO SUGLI
INDIVIDUI
29. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
FIELD OF THE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW, ESTABLISHING THE CONDUCT RULES
OF COUNTRIES IN CASE OF WAR.
IT SETS SOME LIMITS TO THE USE OF
MEANS AND WAYS OF WAR AND IT TAKES
CARE OF PEOPLE WHO DO NOT TAKE PART
AND THOSE WHO ARE NO LONGER
PARTICIPATING IN THE HOSTILITIES.
30. BOTH OF THEM AIM AT RESTRAINING
THE POWER OF GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITIES TO PROTECT THE
HUMAN BEING
!ma allora DIU e DU sono la
stessa cosa?
BUT
BUT
!THEY PROTECT HIM IN DIFFERENT
WAYS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
31. THEY ARE DISTINCT AND
COMPLEMENTARY BRANCHES OF PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW
IHL HR
•! IT IS APPLIED IF •! THEY ARE
THERE IS A ALWAYS
CONFLICT APPLIED
•! IT CAN NEVER BE •! SOME OF THEM CAN
DEROGATED BE INTERRUPTED IN
EXCEPTIONAL
CASES.
32. “HARD POINT”
•! DIRITTO ALLA VITA
•! DIVIETO DI TORTURA THAT ALL
HUMAN RIGHTS
•! DIVIETO DI PENE E TRATTAMENTI
COUNTRIES HAVE TO
INUMANI
RESPECT IN ALL
•! DIVIETO DI SCHIAVITU’ E SERVITU’
CIRCUMSTANCES
•! PRINCIPIO DI LEGALITA’
•! GIUSTO PROCESSO
33. MARTENS CLAUSE
PREAMBLES AJA 1907 IV
“….IN CASES NOT INCLUDED IN THE
REGULATIONS ADOPTED, THE INHABITANTS
AND THE BELLIGERENTS REMAIN UNDER THE
PROTECTION AND THE RULE OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF NATIONS, AS
THEY RESULT FROM THE USAGES
ESTABLISHED AMONG CIVILIZED PEOPLES
FROM THE LAWS OF HUMANITY AND THE
DICTATES OF THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE.”
37. 6 TREATES and 600 ARTICLES
!but, in brief:
DISTINCTION
between
civilian population and combatants
and between
civilian objects and military objectives
38. MILITARY OBJECTIVE
ART. 52 CO.2 I P.A. 1977
OBJECT WHICH BY ITS NATURE,
LOCATION, PURPOSE OR USE MAKES AN
EFFECTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO MILITARY
ACTION AND WHOSE TOTAL OR PARTIAL
DESTRUCTION, CAPTURE OR
NEUTRALIZATION IN THE
CIRCUMSTANCES RULING THE TIME,
OFFERS A DEFINITE MILITARY
ADVANTAGE.
39. CIVILIANS
ALL PEOPLE WHO DO NOT BELONG TO
ONE OF THE CLASSES INDICATED
IN THE ART.4 LET.A III C.G.1949 AND ART.43 I
P.A. 1977
CIVILIAN POPULATION
ALL CIVILIANS AS A WHOLE
40. A CIVILIAN IS A CIVILIAN
If he doesn’t take part
in the conflict in no
way…
If he doesn’t behave
in a hostile way…
If he is always and
not occasionally a
civilian person
41. CIVILIAN OBJECTS
NO ATTACK
NO RETALIATION
ART.52 CO.1 I P.A. 1977
ALL OBJECTS THAT ARE NOT
MILITARY OBJECTIVES
42. DOUBTFUL
CASES???
UN BENE CHE NORMALMENTE E’
COMPARATIVE
DESTINATO AD USO CIVILE, COME
PRESUMPTION
ABITAZIONI, LUOGHI DI CULTO,
SCUOLE, SI PRESUME CHE NON SIA
SUSCEPTIBLE OF
EVIDENCE “CONTRIBUIRE
UTILIZZATO PER TO THE
EFFICACEMENTE ALL’AZIONE
CONTRARY
MILITARE”
43. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACKS
ART. 51 CO.4 I PA 1977
•! Attacks which are not directed to a specific military
objective
•! Attacks which employ a method or means of combat
which cannot be directed to a specific military
objective THEY’RE
•! Attacks which employ a method or means of combats
PROHIBITED
the effects of which cannot be limited as required by
this Protocol and consequently , in each such case,
are of a nature to strike military objectives and
civilians or civilian objects without distinction.
44. !for example
ART.51 CO.5 I P.A. 1977
•! AN ATTACK BY BOMBARDMENT, BY ANY METHODS OR
MEANS WHICH TREATES AS A SINGLE MILITARY
OBJECTIVE A NUMBER OF CLEARLY SEPARATED AND
DISTINCT MILITARY OBJECTIVES LOCATED IN A
CITY,TOWN, VILLAGE OR OTHER AREA CONTAINING A
SIMILAR CONCENTRATION OF CIVILIANS OR CIVILIAN
OBJECTS
•! AN ATTACK WHICH MAY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE
INCIDENTAL LOSS OF CIVILIAN LIFE, INJURY TO
CIVILIANS, DAMAGE TO CIVILIAN OBJECTS OR A
COMBINATION THEROF, WHICH WOULD BE EXCESSIVE IN
RELATION TO THE CONCRETE AND DIRECT MILITARY
ADVANTAGE ANTICIPATED.
NOT PEREMPTORY
45. PRECAUTIONS IN ATTACK
ART.57 I P.A. 1977
Those who plan or decide upon an attack shall:
•! DO EVERYTHING FEASIBLE TO VERIFY THAT THE OBJECTIVES TO
BE ATTACKED ARE NEITHER CIVIIAN NOR CIVILIAN OBJECTS AND
ARE NOT SUBJECT TO SPECIAL PROTECTION BUT THEY ARE
MILITARY OBJECTIVES EX ART. 52,2 AND IT IS NOT PROHIBITED BY
THE PROVISIONS OF THIS PROTOCOL TO ATTACK THEM
•! TAKE ALL POSSIBLE PRECAUTIONS IN THE CHOICE OFMEANS AND
METHODS OF ATTACK, WITH A VIEW TO AVOIDING AND IN ANY
EVENT TO MINIMIZING INCIDENTAL LOSS OR CIVILIAN LIFE,
INJURY TO CIVILIANS AND DAMAGES TO CIVILIAN OBJECTS.
46. PRECAUTIONS IN ATTACK
ART.57 I P.A. 1977
THOSE WHO PLAN OR DECIDE UPON AN ATTACK SHALL:
•! REFRAIN FROM DECIDING TO LAUNCH ANY ATTACK WHICH
MAY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE INCIDENTAL LOSS OF
CIVILIAN LIFE, DAMAGES TO CIVILIAN OBJECTS OR A
COMBINATION THEROF, THAT WOULD BE EXCESSIVE IN
RELATION TO THE CONCRETE AND DIRECT MILITARY
ADVANTAGE ANTICIPATED.
NO EXCESSIVE COLLATERAL DAMAGES
47. PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
HUMAN LOSSES and
COLLATERAL MILITARY
DAMAGES ADVANTAGE
THE PARTIES HAVE NO ILLIMITED RIGHT TO
CHOOSE METHODS AND MEANS OF WAR
48. MILITARY NECESSITY
CAUSE OF
JUSTIFICATION
WAR NECESSITY
REASON OF WAR
LIMIT TO THE WAR
ACTION
49. MILITARY NECESSITY
=
THE REASON OF WAR PREVAILS ON THE RIGHT
OF WAR
!military necessity doesn’t justify the killing of
civilian population and the destruction of towns in
the occupied territories
NUREMBERG COURT
1950 CASE “LIST AND OTHERS”
51. !and therefore
ART.57 I P.A. 1977
•! AN ATTACK SHALL BE CANCELLED OR SUSPENDED IF IT BECOMES
APPARENT THAT THE OBJECTIVE IS NOT A MILITARY ONE OR IS
SUBJECT TO SPECIAL PROTECTION, OR THAT THE ATTACK MAY BE
EXPECTED TO CAUSE INCIDENTAL LOSS OF CIVILIAN LIFE, INJURY
TO CIVILIANS,DAMAGE TO CIVILIAN THAT OBJECTS OR A
COMBINATION THEREOF, WHICH WOULD BE EXCESSIVE IN
RELATION TO THE CONCRETE AND DIRECT MILITARY ADVANTAGE
ANTICIPATED
•! WHEN A CHOICE IS POSSIBLE BETWEEN SEVERAL OBJECTIVES
FOR OBTAINING A SIMILAR MILITARY ADVANTAGE.
•! THE OBJECTIVE TO BE SELECTED SHALL BE THAT THE ATTACK ON
WHICH MAY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE THE LEAST DANGER TO
CIVILIAN LIVES AND TO CIVILIAN OBJECTS.
52. PRECAUTIONS AGAINST THE EFFECTS
OF ATTACKS
ART. 58 I P.A. 1977
!THE PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT SHALL:
•! ENDEAVOUR TO REMOVE THE CIVILIAN POPULATION,
INDIVIDUAL CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN OBJECTS UNDER THEIR
CONTROL FROM THE VICINITY OF MILITARY OBJECTIVES
•! AVOID LOCATING MILITARY OBJECTIVES WITHIN OR NEAR
DENSELY POPULATED AREAS
•! TAKE THE OTHER NECESSARY PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT
THE CIVILIAN POPULATION, INDIVIDUAL CIVILIANS AND
CIVILIAN OBJECTS UNDER THEIR CONTROL AGAINST
THE DANGERS RESULTING FROM MILITARY OPERATIONS.
53. PROTECTION OF OBJECTS INDISPENSABLE TO
THE SURVIVAL OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION
ART. 54 I P.A. 1977
IT IS PROHIBITED!
• STARVATION OF CIVILIANS AS A METHOD OF WARFARE
• TO ATTACK, DESTROY, REMOVE OR RENDER USE LESS
OBJECTS INDISPENSABLE TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE CIVILIAN
POPULATON ( SUCH AS FOOD-STUFFS, AGRICULTURAL AREAS
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD-STUFFS,CROPS,LIVESTOCK,
DRINKING WATER, INSTALLATIONS AND SUPPLIES AND
IRRIGATION WORKS) FOR THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF DENYING
THEM FOR THEIR SUSTENANCE VALUE TO THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION OR THE ADVERSE PARTY, WHATEVER THE
MOTIVE: WHETHER IN ORDER TO STARVE OUT CIVILIANS, TO
CAUSE THEM TO MOVE AWAY OR ANY OTHER MOTIVE.
54. !unless
THE OBJECTS ARE NOT USED BY AN ADVERSE
PARTY:
•! AS SUSTENANCE SOLELY FOR THE MEMBERS
OF ITS FF.AA.
•! IF NOT A SUSTENANCE , THEN IN DIRECT
SUPPORT OF MILITARY ACTION
!and however
•! PROVIDED THAT IN NO EVENT SHALL ACTIONS
AGAINST THESE OBJECTS BE TAKEN WHICH MAY
BE EXPECTED TO LEAVE THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION WITH SUCH INADEQUATE FOOD OR
WATER AS TO CAUSE ITS STARVATION OR
FORCE ITS MOVEMENT
55. CULTURAL OBJECTS AND PLACES
OF WORSHIP
ART. 53 I P.A. 1977
AJA CONVENTION 1954 + PROT.
IT IS PROHIBITED
•! TO COMMIT ANY ACTS OF
HOSTILITY AGAINST THE
HISTORIC MONUMENTS,
WORKS OF ART OR
PLACES OF WORSHIP WHICH
CONSTITUTE THE CULTURAL
OR SPIRITUAL HERITAGE
•! OF PEOPLES
•! TO MAKE SUCH OBJECTS THE
OBJECT OF REPRISALS
56. CULTURAL OBJECTS AND PLACES
OF WORSHIP
ART. 53 I P.A. 1977
AJA CONVENTION 1954 + PROT.
THEY CAN’T !
•! BE USED IN SUPPORT
TO THE MILITARY EFFORT
57. WORKS AND INSTALLATIONS
CONTAINING DANGEROUS FORCES
ART. 56 I P.A. 1977
BUT THE PROTECTION SHALL CEASE
IF
THEY ARE USED FOR OTHER THAN ITS
NORMAL FUNCTION AND FOR
NON POSSONO ESSERE OGGETTO DI ATTACCO
REGULAR,SIGNIFICANT AND DIRECT
ANCHE SE COSTITUISCONO OBIETTIVO
SUPPORT OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
MILITARE SE GLI ATTACCHI POSSONO
AND IF
PROVOCARE LA LIBERAZIONE DI TALI FORZE E
SUCH ATTACKS ARE THEPERDITE TRA LA WAY TO
CAUSARE GRAVI ONLY FEASIBLE
TERMINATE SUCH SUPPORT
POPOLAZIONE CIVILE
58. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
ART 35 N.3 AND ART 55 I PA 1977
1976
CONVENTION
INSIEME DELLE CONDIZIONI
ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY
FISICHE, CHIMICHE E BIOLOGICHE
OR ANY HOSTILE USE OF
CHE PERMETTONO E
FAVORISCONO LA VITA DEGLI
ENVIRONMENTAL
ESSERI VIVENTI
MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES
RIS. 31/72 10 DECEMBER 1976
DIVIETO DI MEZZI O METODI
CHE PROVOCHINO DANNI ESTESI, DUREVOLI E
GRAVI
59. CIVILIANS SUBJECT TO PARTICULAR
PROTECTION
•! PREGNANT WOMEN
•! UNDER-SEVENS’ MOTHERS
•! BOTH CIVILIAN AND MILITARY
BLESSED AND SICK PEOPLE
•! UNDER-FIFTEENS CHILDREN
60. CONCLUSION OF AGREEMENTS FOR
THE EVACUATION OF BLESSED, SICK
AND OLD PEOPLE, WOMEN, CHILDREN,
HEALTH AND RELIGIOUS PERSONNEL CREATION OF SECURITY HEALTH
FROM THE BESIEGED ZONES ZONES OR OF NEUTRALIZED ZONES
•!TO RESPECT THE PRECISE GUARANTEES PROVIDED BY THE CONVENTIONS
•!TO RESPECT AND PROTECT HOSPITALS
•!TO LET HEALTH MATERIALS, PROVISIONS, CLOTHES FOR CIVILIANS GO
BY FREELY
•!TO MAKE THE CORRESPONDENCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE PROTECTED
PEOPLE AND THEIR OWN FAMILIES EASIER
•!TO SUPPORT THE REUNION OF THE FAMILIES
61. MARTENS CLAUSE
PREAMBLES AJA 1907 IV
“….IN CASES NOT INCLUDED IN THE REGULATIONS
ADOPTED, THE INHABITANTS AND THE BELLIGERENTS
REMAIN UNDER THE PROTECTION AND THE RULE OF
THE PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF NATIONS, AS THEY
RESULT FROM THE USAGES ESTABLISHED AMONG
CIVILIZED PEOPLES FROM THE LAWS OF HUMANITY
AND THE DICTATES OF THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCE.”