This document outlines a vision for an alternative global security system based on nonviolence and peace. It proposes replacing the current "war system" with a "peace system" that includes common security without foreign military bases, phasing out weapons of mass destruction, ending invasions and occupations, and creating nonviolent civilian-based defense forces. The document debunks common myths about the inevitability and benefits of war, and outlines steps that could be taken to strengthen international institutions and foster a global culture of peace.
1) World peace is an ideal state where all nations cooperate in freedom, peace and happiness without any violence or hostility.
2) While theoretically possible, some believe human nature inherently prevents true global peace due to factors like imbalance in wealth/power and diversity in cultures/religions.
3) After World Wars, the UN was formed to prevent future wars, but peace remains elusive as conflicts continue around the world.
CHAPTER4 Bui lding Positive Peace I t is important t.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER4
Bui lding "Positive Peace"
I t is important to be against war. But it is not enough. We also need to be in favor o f something- something positive and affirm ing: na mely, peace. Peace studies is u nique not only because it is multid iscip linary a nd forth-
rightly proclaims its adherence to "values" but also because it identifies positive visions of
peace as being greater tha n tl1e a bsence of war.
The "pos itive peace" toward whim peace studies strives may be, if anyth ing, even
more challengi ng than the prevention o f war. It is a variatio n on what has been called the
"dog-car problem." Imagine a dog that has spent years barking and run ning after cars.
Then, o ne day, it catmes one. What does it do with it? What would devotees of peace do
w ith the world if they had the opportunity?
This is not a useless exercise because before any future ca n be esta blished, it must first
be imagined. And moreover, unl ike our hypothetical car-m asing dog, the estab lishment
of positive peace is not an ali-or-noth ing p heno meno n. The movement toward positive
peace is likely to be halting and fragme ntary, w ith substantial success along certain dimen-
s ions and likely failures along others. O n bala nce, the project is formidable, nothing less
than a funda mental effort to retl1ink the relatio nship of h uman beings to earn otl1er and
to their shared planet. If war and its causes are difficult to define- and this is assu red ly
the case- positive peace is even more elus ive. (It ca n even be da ngerous, because d isagree-
ments over what constitutes a desirable "peace" ca n lead to war.)
Earlier, we briefly considered "j ust war" doctrine. The co nditio ns for a "just peace"
are no less stren uo us or importa nt. The releva nt issues include-but are not limited to-
aspirations for h uman rights, economic fa irness and opportunity, democratization, and
environmenta l well-being and sustainabili ty. Nonetheless, there is no agreement as to
what, specifically, is des ired or how much e mphasis to place on earn goal.
The pursuit of positive peace nonethe less leads to certain agreed princip les, one of
which is a minimization of vio lence, not o nly the overt vio lence of war, but also what
has been called "structural violence," a co ndition that is typically built into many social
and cultural institutions. A s lavehold ing society may be at peace in that it is not literally at
1 61
162 Build ing ·rositive Peace•
war, but it is also rife w ith structural vio lence. Structu ral violence has the effect of deny-
ing people importa nt rights s uch as economic opportunity, socia l a nd politica l equality,
a sense of fulfillme nt and se lf-worth, and access to a healthy natural environment. When
people starve to d eath, or even go hungry, a kind of vio lence is taking place. Simi larly,
when huma n beings s uffe r from diseases that are preventable, when they are denied a
decent education, hous ing, an o.
The document discusses the threats to world peace and the challenges of achieving lasting peace. It notes that while science and technology have improved lives, they have also enabled more destructive weapons. Most efforts to promote peace, like summits and declarations, have little real impact and fail to reduce tensions or address the underlying causes of conflicts like expansionism, fanaticism, and distrust between nations. True world peace requires genuine commitment from leaders to find solutions and consensus rather than confrontation. Unless more is done to change minds and build trust, peace will remain elusive and violence will continue to threaten mankind.
This document provides an overview of security issues, the changing nature of warfare, terrorism, and dealing with the terrorist threat. It discusses how warfare has shifted from "old wars" between states to "new wars" involving non-state actors. Terrorism is defined as using violence against civilians to effect political change. The growth of air travel, television, and the internet have aided the spread of international terrorism. Causes of terrorism include defending culture from Western influence, economic grievances, and religious motivations. Winning the war on terrorism requires winning the war of ideas through proportionate responses that maintain the moral high ground.
This document discusses key questions about war and security, including the causes and justifications of war. It examines the security dilemma concept that states' efforts to increase their own security can paradoxically make others feel less secure and more likely to prepare for conflict. The document also explores different levels of analysis for explaining war, including characteristics of individual leaders, domestic politics and societal factors, and the structure of the international system. It outlines historical trends in warfare and different types of wars. Approaches for managing international security from both liberal and realist perspectives are also summarized.
Steven Greer - CE5-CSETI - 10. Talking Points for Educating Your CommunityExopolitics Hungary
1. Government leaders must discuss the confirmation of extraterrestrial contact with the public in a calm, reassuring manner to counter fearmongering and provide accurate information.
2. Talking points should emphasize that contact has been peaceful and holds potential benefits from new technologies and knowledge, while avoiding topics like hostile intentions or government conspiracies.
3. The goal is to foster hope and cooperation and avoid conflict by developing international policies and relations with visiting civilizations.
How to Reverse the Tide of War. A Global People’s Movement. Say No to Nuclear...Chris Helweg
- The document discusses the need for a legitimate anti-war movement that challenges the propaganda and lies used to justify wars. It argues that an effective movement must: 1) Fully expose the lies and complicity of governments in terrorist attacks like 9/11 that are used as pretexts for war. 2) Question the legitimacy of political leaders rather than just protest their policies. 3) Work to undermine the propaganda that sustains public support for wars by spreading truthful information. A movement funded or influenced by those who profit from war will not succeed in preventing war.
Jack Oughton - Science Challenges The Nation State.docJack Oughton
The document discusses how nuclear weapons have profoundly impacted politics and international relations. It argues that science's development of nuclear weapons disrupted the balance of power between nation states and introduced the threat of mutually assured destruction. This existential threat caused countries to engage in arms races, proxy wars, and develop strategies of deterrence and nonproliferation during the Cold War. The document expresses concerns that nuclear proliferation to additional states and non-state actors could undermine deterrence and increase the likelihood of nuclear conflict or terrorism in the modern era.
1) World peace is an ideal state where all nations cooperate in freedom, peace and happiness without any violence or hostility.
2) While theoretically possible, some believe human nature inherently prevents true global peace due to factors like imbalance in wealth/power and diversity in cultures/religions.
3) After World Wars, the UN was formed to prevent future wars, but peace remains elusive as conflicts continue around the world.
CHAPTER4 Bui lding Positive Peace I t is important t.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER4
Bui lding "Positive Peace"
I t is important to be against war. But it is not enough. We also need to be in favor o f something- something positive and affirm ing: na mely, peace. Peace studies is u nique not only because it is multid iscip linary a nd forth-
rightly proclaims its adherence to "values" but also because it identifies positive visions of
peace as being greater tha n tl1e a bsence of war.
The "pos itive peace" toward whim peace studies strives may be, if anyth ing, even
more challengi ng than the prevention o f war. It is a variatio n on what has been called the
"dog-car problem." Imagine a dog that has spent years barking and run ning after cars.
Then, o ne day, it catmes one. What does it do with it? What would devotees of peace do
w ith the world if they had the opportunity?
This is not a useless exercise because before any future ca n be esta blished, it must first
be imagined. And moreover, unl ike our hypothetical car-m asing dog, the estab lishment
of positive peace is not an ali-or-noth ing p heno meno n. The movement toward positive
peace is likely to be halting and fragme ntary, w ith substantial success along certain dimen-
s ions and likely failures along others. O n bala nce, the project is formidable, nothing less
than a funda mental effort to retl1ink the relatio nship of h uman beings to earn otl1er and
to their shared planet. If war and its causes are difficult to define- and this is assu red ly
the case- positive peace is even more elus ive. (It ca n even be da ngerous, because d isagree-
ments over what constitutes a desirable "peace" ca n lead to war.)
Earlier, we briefly considered "j ust war" doctrine. The co nditio ns for a "just peace"
are no less stren uo us or importa nt. The releva nt issues include-but are not limited to-
aspirations for h uman rights, economic fa irness and opportunity, democratization, and
environmenta l well-being and sustainabili ty. Nonetheless, there is no agreement as to
what, specifically, is des ired or how much e mphasis to place on earn goal.
The pursuit of positive peace nonethe less leads to certain agreed princip les, one of
which is a minimization of vio lence, not o nly the overt vio lence of war, but also what
has been called "structural violence," a co ndition that is typically built into many social
and cultural institutions. A s lavehold ing society may be at peace in that it is not literally at
1 61
162 Build ing ·rositive Peace•
war, but it is also rife w ith structural vio lence. Structu ral violence has the effect of deny-
ing people importa nt rights s uch as economic opportunity, socia l a nd politica l equality,
a sense of fulfillme nt and se lf-worth, and access to a healthy natural environment. When
people starve to d eath, or even go hungry, a kind of vio lence is taking place. Simi larly,
when huma n beings s uffe r from diseases that are preventable, when they are denied a
decent education, hous ing, an o.
The document discusses the threats to world peace and the challenges of achieving lasting peace. It notes that while science and technology have improved lives, they have also enabled more destructive weapons. Most efforts to promote peace, like summits and declarations, have little real impact and fail to reduce tensions or address the underlying causes of conflicts like expansionism, fanaticism, and distrust between nations. True world peace requires genuine commitment from leaders to find solutions and consensus rather than confrontation. Unless more is done to change minds and build trust, peace will remain elusive and violence will continue to threaten mankind.
This document provides an overview of security issues, the changing nature of warfare, terrorism, and dealing with the terrorist threat. It discusses how warfare has shifted from "old wars" between states to "new wars" involving non-state actors. Terrorism is defined as using violence against civilians to effect political change. The growth of air travel, television, and the internet have aided the spread of international terrorism. Causes of terrorism include defending culture from Western influence, economic grievances, and religious motivations. Winning the war on terrorism requires winning the war of ideas through proportionate responses that maintain the moral high ground.
This document discusses key questions about war and security, including the causes and justifications of war. It examines the security dilemma concept that states' efforts to increase their own security can paradoxically make others feel less secure and more likely to prepare for conflict. The document also explores different levels of analysis for explaining war, including characteristics of individual leaders, domestic politics and societal factors, and the structure of the international system. It outlines historical trends in warfare and different types of wars. Approaches for managing international security from both liberal and realist perspectives are also summarized.
Steven Greer - CE5-CSETI - 10. Talking Points for Educating Your CommunityExopolitics Hungary
1. Government leaders must discuss the confirmation of extraterrestrial contact with the public in a calm, reassuring manner to counter fearmongering and provide accurate information.
2. Talking points should emphasize that contact has been peaceful and holds potential benefits from new technologies and knowledge, while avoiding topics like hostile intentions or government conspiracies.
3. The goal is to foster hope and cooperation and avoid conflict by developing international policies and relations with visiting civilizations.
How to Reverse the Tide of War. A Global People’s Movement. Say No to Nuclear...Chris Helweg
- The document discusses the need for a legitimate anti-war movement that challenges the propaganda and lies used to justify wars. It argues that an effective movement must: 1) Fully expose the lies and complicity of governments in terrorist attacks like 9/11 that are used as pretexts for war. 2) Question the legitimacy of political leaders rather than just protest their policies. 3) Work to undermine the propaganda that sustains public support for wars by spreading truthful information. A movement funded or influenced by those who profit from war will not succeed in preventing war.
Jack Oughton - Science Challenges The Nation State.docJack Oughton
The document discusses how nuclear weapons have profoundly impacted politics and international relations. It argues that science's development of nuclear weapons disrupted the balance of power between nation states and introduced the threat of mutually assured destruction. This existential threat caused countries to engage in arms races, proxy wars, and develop strategies of deterrence and nonproliferation during the Cold War. The document expresses concerns that nuclear proliferation to additional states and non-state actors could undermine deterrence and increase the likelihood of nuclear conflict or terrorism in the modern era.
DOCUMENT 4Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address to the Nation” (DustiBuckner14
DOCUMENT 4
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address to the Nation” (1961)
Document Background: On January 17, 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his farewell address to the nation. Over the previous two decades, the United States had undergone numerous significant changes, including World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, the Korean War, the emergence of nuclear weapons, a rapidly growing economy, and several substantial Civil Rights victories. Eisenhower, as a general and then as president, had been at the center of many of these. In his farewell address, Eisenhower focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and on the challenges facing the United States, including a warning about the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
I.
My fellow Americans:
Three days from now, after half a century in the service of our country, I shall lay down the responsibilities of office as, in traditional and solemn ceremony, the authority of the Presidency is vested in my successor.
This evening I come to you with a message of leave-taking and farewell, and to share a few final thoughts with you, my countrymen.
Like every other citizen, I wish the new President, and all who will labor with him, Godspeed. I pray that the coming years will be blessed with peace and prosperity for all.
Our people expect their President and the Congress to find essential agreement on issues of great moment, the wise resolution of which will better shape the future of the Nation.
My own relations with the Congress, which began on a remote and tenuous basis when, long ago, a member of the Senate appointed me to West Point, have since ranged to the intimate during the war and immediate post-war period, and, finally, to the mutually interdependent during these past eight years.
In this final relationship, the Congress and the Administration have, on most vital issues, cooperated well, to serve the national good rather than mere partisanship, and so have assured that the business of the Nation should go forward. So, my official relationship with the Congress ends in a feeling, on my part, of gratitude that we have been able to do so much together.
II.
We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts America is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.
III.
Throughout America's adventure in free government, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations. To strive for less would be un ...
DOCUMENT 4Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address to the Nation” (.docxpetehbailey729071
DOCUMENT 4
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address to the Nation” (1961)
Document Background: On January 17, 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his farewell address to the nation. Over the previous two decades, the United States had undergone numerous significant changes, including World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, the Korean War, the emergence of nuclear weapons, a rapidly growing economy, and several substantial Civil Rights victories. Eisenhower, as a general and then as president, had been at the center of many of these. In his farewell address, Eisenhower focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and on the challenges facing the United States, including a warning about the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
I.
My fellow Americans:
Three days from now, after half a century in the service of our country, I shall lay down the responsibilities of office as, in traditional and solemn ceremony, the authority of the Presidency is vested in my successor.
This evening I come to you with a message of leave-taking and farewell, and to share a few final thoughts with you, my countrymen.
Like every other citizen, I wish the new President, and all who will labor with him, Godspeed. I pray that the coming years will be blessed with peace and prosperity for all.
Our people expect their President and the Congress to find essential agreement on issues of great moment, the wise resolution of which will better shape the future of the Nation.
My own relations with the Congress, which began on a remote and tenuous basis when, long ago, a member of the Senate appointed me to West Point, have since ranged to the intimate during the war and immediate post-war period, and, finally, to the mutually interdependent during these past eight years.
In this final relationship, the Congress and the Administration have, on most vital issues, cooperated well, to serve the national good rather than mere partisanship, and so have assured that the business of the Nation should go forward. So, my official relationship with the Congress ends in a feeling, on my part, of gratitude that we have been able to do so much together.
II.
We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts America is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.
III.
Throughout America's adventure in free government, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations. To strive for less would be un.
This document discusses the topic of war and explores various perspectives on its morality and human costs. It provides an overview of just war theory and criteria, references debates around recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and examines perspectives from the Catholic Church and others questioning the acceptability of modern warfare. It also compares global military spending to alternative uses of funds that could alleviate poverty and human suffering. The document advocates that peace should be prioritized over war and questions why more is spent on preparing for violence rather than non-violent solutions and human needs.
This document discusses the topic of war and explores various perspectives on its morality and human costs. It provides an overview of just war theory and criteria, references debates around recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and examines perspectives from the Catholic Church and others questioning the acceptability of modern warfare. It also compares global military spending to alternative uses of funds that could alleviate poverty and human suffering. The document advocates that peace should be prioritized over war and questions why more is spent on preparing for violence rather than non-violent solutions and human needs.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
An alternative to armed defence
Defence, a vital function
Dealing with new threats
Alternative to armed defence
Conventional defence
Armed popular defence
nuclear defence.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
DOCUMENT 4Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address to the Nation” (DustiBuckner14
DOCUMENT 4
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address to the Nation” (1961)
Document Background: On January 17, 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his farewell address to the nation. Over the previous two decades, the United States had undergone numerous significant changes, including World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, the Korean War, the emergence of nuclear weapons, a rapidly growing economy, and several substantial Civil Rights victories. Eisenhower, as a general and then as president, had been at the center of many of these. In his farewell address, Eisenhower focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and on the challenges facing the United States, including a warning about the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
I.
My fellow Americans:
Three days from now, after half a century in the service of our country, I shall lay down the responsibilities of office as, in traditional and solemn ceremony, the authority of the Presidency is vested in my successor.
This evening I come to you with a message of leave-taking and farewell, and to share a few final thoughts with you, my countrymen.
Like every other citizen, I wish the new President, and all who will labor with him, Godspeed. I pray that the coming years will be blessed with peace and prosperity for all.
Our people expect their President and the Congress to find essential agreement on issues of great moment, the wise resolution of which will better shape the future of the Nation.
My own relations with the Congress, which began on a remote and tenuous basis when, long ago, a member of the Senate appointed me to West Point, have since ranged to the intimate during the war and immediate post-war period, and, finally, to the mutually interdependent during these past eight years.
In this final relationship, the Congress and the Administration have, on most vital issues, cooperated well, to serve the national good rather than mere partisanship, and so have assured that the business of the Nation should go forward. So, my official relationship with the Congress ends in a feeling, on my part, of gratitude that we have been able to do so much together.
II.
We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts America is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.
III.
Throughout America's adventure in free government, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations. To strive for less would be un ...
DOCUMENT 4Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address to the Nation” (.docxpetehbailey729071
DOCUMENT 4
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address to the Nation” (1961)
Document Background: On January 17, 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his farewell address to the nation. Over the previous two decades, the United States had undergone numerous significant changes, including World War II, the beginning of the Cold War, the Korean War, the emergence of nuclear weapons, a rapidly growing economy, and several substantial Civil Rights victories. Eisenhower, as a general and then as president, had been at the center of many of these. In his farewell address, Eisenhower focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and on the challenges facing the United States, including a warning about the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
I.
My fellow Americans:
Three days from now, after half a century in the service of our country, I shall lay down the responsibilities of office as, in traditional and solemn ceremony, the authority of the Presidency is vested in my successor.
This evening I come to you with a message of leave-taking and farewell, and to share a few final thoughts with you, my countrymen.
Like every other citizen, I wish the new President, and all who will labor with him, Godspeed. I pray that the coming years will be blessed with peace and prosperity for all.
Our people expect their President and the Congress to find essential agreement on issues of great moment, the wise resolution of which will better shape the future of the Nation.
My own relations with the Congress, which began on a remote and tenuous basis when, long ago, a member of the Senate appointed me to West Point, have since ranged to the intimate during the war and immediate post-war period, and, finally, to the mutually interdependent during these past eight years.
In this final relationship, the Congress and the Administration have, on most vital issues, cooperated well, to serve the national good rather than mere partisanship, and so have assured that the business of the Nation should go forward. So, my official relationship with the Congress ends in a feeling, on my part, of gratitude that we have been able to do so much together.
II.
We now stand ten years past the midpoint of a century that has witnessed four major wars among great nations. Three of these involved our own country. Despite these holocausts America is today the strongest, the most influential and most productive nation in the world. Understandably proud of this pre-eminence, we yet realize that America's leadership and prestige depend, not merely upon our unmatched material progress, riches and military strength, but on how we use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment.
III.
Throughout America's adventure in free government, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations. To strive for less would be un.
This document discusses the topic of war and explores various perspectives on its morality and human costs. It provides an overview of just war theory and criteria, references debates around recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and examines perspectives from the Catholic Church and others questioning the acceptability of modern warfare. It also compares global military spending to alternative uses of funds that could alleviate poverty and human suffering. The document advocates that peace should be prioritized over war and questions why more is spent on preparing for violence rather than non-violent solutions and human needs.
This document discusses the topic of war and explores various perspectives on its morality and human costs. It provides an overview of just war theory and criteria, references debates around recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and examines perspectives from the Catholic Church and others questioning the acceptability of modern warfare. It also compares global military spending to alternative uses of funds that could alleviate poverty and human suffering. The document advocates that peace should be prioritized over war and questions why more is spent on preparing for violence rather than non-violent solutions and human needs.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
An alternative to armed defence
Defence, a vital function
Dealing with new threats
Alternative to armed defence
Conventional defence
Armed popular defence
nuclear defence.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
2. A VISION OF PEACE
We will know we have achieved peace when the world is safe for all the
children.
There will be good education for all of them for as far as they are able to go.
There will be no carbon burning industry and global warming will have been
halted.
All children will study peace and will be trained in powerful, peaceful methods
of confronting violence, should it arise at all.
When they grow up they may enlist in a shanti sena, a peace force that will
be trained in civilian-based defense, making their nations ungovernable if
attacked by another country or a coup d’etat and therefore immune from
conquest.
These children will realize they are citizens of one small planet as well as
citizens of their respective countries. These children will never be soldiers,
although they may well serve humanity in voluntary organizations or in some
kinds of universal service for the common good.
3. In On Violence, Hannah Arendt wrote that the reason warfare is still with
us is not a death wish of our species nor some instinct of aggression, “.
. .but the simple fact that no substitute for this final arbiter in
international affairs has yet appeared on the political scene.”
5. Common War System Myths
War is inevitable; we have always had it and always
will
War is “human nature”
War is necessary
War is beneficial
The world is a “dangerous place”
The world is a zero-sum game
We have “enemies”
6. Do wars just
break out?
Wars are highly organized, pre-
planned mobilizations of forces
prepared long in advance by the
War System which permeates all
institutions of society.
The War System does not work.
It does not bring peace, or even
minimal security. What it produces
is mutual insecurity. Yet we go on.
7. It is no longer sufficient to
end a particular war or
particular weapons
system if we want peace.
The entire cultural
complex of the War
System must be replaced
with a different system for
managing conflict.
Fortunately, as we shall
see, such a system is
already developing in the
real world.
8. Wars do not
work.
They create a state of
perpetual war, or what
some analysts are now
calling “permawar.”
9. War is Becoming
Ever More
Destructive
Ten million died in World
War I, 50 to 100 million in
World War II. Weapons of
mass destruction could, if
used, end civilization on the
planet.
War degrades and destroys
the ecosystems upon which
civilization rests.
10. Humanity faces a global
environmental crisis from
which war both distracts us
and which it exacerbates
including but not limited to
adverse climate change.
Preparation for war creates
and releases tons of toxic
chemicals.
Most Superfund sites in the
U.S. are on military bases.
11. A PEACE SYSTEM IS
POSSIBLE
There is already more Peace in the World than war.
We Have Changed Major Systems in the Past.
We Live in a Rapidly Changing World.
Compassion and Cooperation are Part of the
Human Condition.
The Importance of Structures of War and Peace.
12. • An Alternative System
is Already Developing
• Nonviolence: The
Foundation of Peace
13. OUTLINE OF AN
ALTERNATIVE GLOBAL
SECURITY SYSTEM
Common Security
Demilitarizing Security
Shift to a Non-Provocative Defense Posture
Create a Nonviolent, Civilian-Based Defense Force
Phase Out Foreign Military Bases
14. • Disarmament
• United Nations Office for
Disarmament Affairs
• End the Use of Militarized
Drones
• Phase Out Weapons Of Mass
Destruction
• Outlaw the Arms Trade
• Outlaw Weapons In Outer
Space
• End Invasions and
Occupations
• Economic Conversion
15. IMMEDIATE NONVIOLENT
RESPONSES TO
TERRORISM
SMART SANCTIONS THAT FOCUS ON AND
AFFECT ELITES ONLY
MEDIATION, NEGOTIATION, ADJUDICATION
INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE TO ANY VIOLENCE
INTERPOSITION
GLOBAL OPPROBRIUM FOR ALL VIOLENCE
16. LONG-TERM NONVIOLENT
RESPONSES TO
TERRORISM
STOP AND REVERSE ALL ARMS TRADE AND MANUFACTURE
CONSUMPTION REDUCTION BY RICH NATIONS
MASSIVE AID TO POOR NATIONS AND POPULATIONS
REFUGEE REPATRIATION OR EMIGRATION
DEBT RELIEF TO POOREST NATIONS
EDUCATION ABOUT ROOTS OF TERRORISM
EDUCATION AND TRAINING ABOUT NONVIOLENT POWER
PROMOTE CULTURALLY AND ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE TOURISM AND
CULTURAL EXCHANGES
BUILD SUSTAINABLE AND JUST ECONOMY, ENERGY USE AND
DISTRIBUTION, AGRICULTURE
17. • Dismantle Military
Alliances
• Managing International
and Civil Conflicts
• Shifting To A Pro-Active
Posture
• Strengthening
International Institutions
18. Reforming the
United Nations
• Reforming the Charter to More
Effectively Deal with
Aggression
• Reforming the Security
Council
• Composition
• Revise or Eliminate the Veto
• Provide Adequate Funding
• Forecasting and Managing
Conflicts Early On: A Conflict
Management Agency within
the UN
• Reform the General Assembly
21. International Law
• Encourage Compliance
With Existing Treaties
• Create New Treaties
• Control Greenhouse
Gases
• Pave the Way for
Climate Refugees
• Establish Truth and
Reconciliation
Commissions
22. • Create a Stable, Fair and
Sustainable Global
Economy as a
Foundation for Peace
• Democratize
International Economic
Institutions (WTO, IMF,
lBRD)
• Create an
Environmentally
Sustainable Global
Marshall Plan
23. A Proposal For
Starting Over: A
Democratic,
Citizens Global
Parliament
• Inherent Problems With
Collective Security
• The Earth Federation
• International NGOs: The
Role of Global Civil
Society
24. CREATING A
CULTURE OF
PEACE
• Telling a New Story
• The Unprecedented
Peace Revolution of
Modern Times
• Debunking Old
Myths about War
25. MYTH: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
TO ELIMINATE WAR.
FACT: TO SAY THIS IS TO SUBMIT FATALISTICALLY TO
DETERMINISM, TO BELIEVE THAT WE HUMANS DO
NOT MAKE OUR HISTORY BUT ARE THE HELPLESS
VICTIMS OF FORCES BEYOND OUR CONTROL. IN
FACT, IT WAS ONCE SAID THAT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE
TO ABOLISH LEGALIZED SLAVERY, DUELING, BLOOD
FEUDS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS THAT WERE
DEEPLY EMBEDDED IN SOCIETIES OF THEIR TIME,
PRACTICES THAT ARE NOW, IF NOT FULLY IN THE
DUSTBIN OF HISTORY, UNIVERSALLY UNDERSTOOD
TO BE ELIMINABLE. WAR IS A SOCIAL INVENTION,
NOT A PERMANENT FEATURE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE.
IT IS A CHOICE, NOT SOMETHING IMPOSED BY A LAW
OF NATURE.
26. MYTH: WAR IS IN OUR
GENES.
FACT: IF THIS WERE TRUE, ALL SOCIETIES
WOULD BE MAKING WAR ALL OF THE TIME,
WHICH WE KNOW IS NOT THE CASE. DURING THE
MOST RECENT 6,000 YEARS, WAR HAS BEEN
SPORADIC AND SOME SOCIETIES HAVE NOT
KNOWN WAR.5 SOME HAVE KNOWN IT AND THEN
ABANDONED IT. SEVERAL NATIONS HAVE
CHOSEN TO HAVE NO MILITARY.6 WAR IS A
SOCIAL, NOT A BIOLOGICAL EVENT.
27. MYTH: WAR IS “NATURAL.”
FACT: IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO GET PEOPLE TO
KILL IN WARFARE. A GREAT DEAL OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONING IS REQUIRED
EVEN TO GET THEM TO FIRE THEIR GUNS AND
VERY OFTEN THEY ARE TRAUMATIZED BY THE
EXPERIENCE AND SUFFER POST-TRAU- MATIC
STRESS DISORDER. MANY VETERANS OF
COMBAT END UP CHEMICALLY DEPENDENT AND
MANY COMMIT SUICIDE, UNABLE TO LIVE WITH
WHAT THEY HAVE DONE. MASS KILLING IS NOT A
PART OF OUR NATURE—QUITE THE OPPOSITE IS
TRUE.
28. MYTH: WE HAVE ALWAYS
HAD WAR.
FACT: WAR IS AN INVENTION OF THE LAST FIVE
PERCENT OF HUMAN EXISTENCE. ARCHEOLOGY
FINDS LITTLE EVIDENCE OF WEAPONS OR WAR-
GODS OR DOMINATOR SOCIETIES BEFORE 4,000
B.C.E.
29. MYTH: WAR IS INEVITABLE
BECAUSE OF CRISES
BEYOND OUR CONTROL
FACT: HUMANS ARE CAPABLE OF RATIONAL
BEHAVIOR. WAR IS ALWAYS A CHOICE AND
OTHER CHOICES ARE ALWAYS POSSIBLE IF
HUMANS USE THEIR GENETICALLY ENDOWED
IMAGINATIONS AND INVENTIVENESS.
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IS ALWAYS A CHOICE,
AS ARE NEGOTIATION, ECONOMIC SANCTIONS,
AND MANY OTHER RESPONSES TO AGGRESSION.
30. MYTH: WE ARE A
SOVEREIGN NATION.
FACT: SOVEREIGNTY RESTS ON THE BELIEF THAT A
PEOPLE CAN DRAW A LINE AROUND THEMSELVES
AND KEEP OUT ANYTHING THEY DO NOT WANT TO
ENTER THEIR NATION, BY WAR AS A
LAST RESORT. IN FACT, BORDERS ARE NOW WHOLLY
PERMEABLE. ONE CANNOT KEEP OUT
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES, IDEAS AND
INFORMATION, DISEASE ORGANISMS, REFUGEES AND
MIGRANTS, ECONOMIC INFLUENCES, NEW
TECHNOLOGIES, THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE SHIFT,
CYBER-ATTACKS, AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS SUCH
AS FILMS AND MUSICAL TRENDS. FURTHERMORE,
MOST COUNTRIES ARE NOT AT ALL HOMOGENEOUS
BUT HAVE HIGHLY MIXED POPULATIONS.
31. MYTH: WE GO TO WAR TO
ENSURE OUR DEFENSE.
FACT: “DEFENSE” IS DIFFERENT FROM “OFFENSE.”
DEFENSE MEANS TO PROTECT ONE’S BORDERS
FROM INCURSION AS OP- POSED TO AGGRESSION,
WHICH IS TO CROSS ANOTHER NATION’S BORDERS
TO ATTACK THEM. ESTABLISHING MILITARY BASES
AROUND THE WORLD IS OFFENSIVE AND IT IS
COUNTERPRO- DUCTIVE, STIMULATING HOSTILITY
AND THREATS RATHER THAN ELIMINATING THEM. IT
MAKES US LESS SECURE. A DEFENSIVE MILITARY
POSTURE WOULD CONSIST ONLY OF A COAST
GUARD, BORDER PATROL, ANTI-AIRCRAFT WEAPONS,
AND OTHER FORC- ES ABLE TO REPEL ATTACK.
CURRENT “DEFENSE SPENDING” BY THE U.S. IS
ALMOST WHOLLY FOR PROJECTING MILITARY POWER
WORLDWIDE: OFFENSE, NOT DEFENSE.
32. MYTH: SOME WARS ARE
“GOOD” WARS; FOR
EXAMPLE, WORLD WAR II.
FACT: IT IS TRUE THAT CRUEL REGIMES WERE DESTROYED
IN WORLD WAR II, BUT TO ASSERT THIS IS TO USE A
CURIOUS DEFINITION OF “GOOD.” WORLD WAR II
RESULTED IN OVER- WHELMING DESTRUCTION OF CITIES
AND ALL THEIR CULTURAL TREASURES, IN AN ECONOMIC
LOSS OF UNPRECEDENTED PRO- PORTIONS, IN MASSIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AND (NOT LEAST) THE
DEATHS OF 100 MILLION PEOPLE, THE MAIMING AND
DISLOCATION OF MILLIONS OF OTHERS, THE BIRTH OF
TWO NEW SUPERPOWERS, AND THE UNLEASHING OF THE
AGE OF NUCLEAR TERROR. AND BOTH SIDES OF WORLD
WAR II HAD THE OPTION IN THE PRECEDING YEARS AND
DECADES, OF TAKING STEPS THAT WOULD HAVE AVOIDED
WARFARE.
33. MYTH: THE “JUST WAR
DOCTRINE”
FACT: THIS DOCTRINE STATED THAT IN ORDER TO GO
TO WAR MANY CRITERIA HAD TO BE SATISFIED,
INCLUDING THAT THE WAR HAD TO BE FOUGHT WITH
PROPORTIONATE MEANS (THE EVIL OF THE
DESTRUCTION COULD NOT OUTWEIGH THE EVIL OF
NOT GOING TO WAR), AND THAT CIVILIANS WERE
NEVER TO BE ATTACKED. THE PURPOSEFUL
SLAUGHTER OF CIVILIANS BY MASS AERIAL
BOMBARDMENT AND THE ONSET OF THE COLOSSAL
DEADLINESS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS MAKE WORLD
WAR II AN UNJUST WAR. IN FACT, GIVEN MODERN
WEAPONS (EVEN SO-CALLED “SMART BOMBS”) IT IS
IMPOSSIBLE TO WAGE WAR WITHOUT KILLING
INNOCENT CHILDREN, WOMEN, OLD MEN, AND OTHER
NON-COMBATANTS.
34. WAR AND WAR
PREPARATION BRING
PEACE AND STABILITY.
FACT: THE ANCIENT ROMANS SAID, “IF YOU WANT PEACE,
PRE- PARE FOR WAR.” WHAT THEY GOT WAS WAR AFTER
WAR UNTIL IT DESTROYED THEM. WHAT THE ROMANS
CONSIDERED “PEACE” WAS DICTATING TERMS TO THE
HELPLESS CONQUERED, MUCH AS OCCURRED AFTER
WORLD WAR I AT WHICH TIME AN OBSERVER SAID THAT
THIS WAS NOT A PEACE BUT A TRUCE THAT WOULD LAST
ONLY TWENTY YEARS, WHICH TURNED OUT TO BE THE
CASE. MAKING WAR CREATES RESENTMENT, NEW
ENEMIES, DISTRUST, AND FURTHER WARS. PREPARATION
FOR WAR MAKES OTHER NA- TIONS FEEL THEY MUST
ALSO PREPARE AND SO A VICIOUS CIRCLE IS CREATED
WHICH PERPETUATES THE WAR SYSTEM.
35. MYTH: WAR MAKES US
SAFE.
FACT: WAR MAKES EVERYONE LESS SAFE. THE
LOSERS LOSE, THE WINNERS LOSE, AND ALL THE
SURVIVORS LOSE. IN FACT, NO ONE WINS A MODERN
WAR. MANY ARE KILLED ON BOTH SIDES. IF BY
CHANCE THE “WINNERS” FIGHT THE WAR IN THE
LOSERS’ LAND, THE WINNERS NEVERTHELESS HAVE
MANY KILLED, SPEND TREASURE THAT COULD HAVE
BEEN USED TO BENEFIT THEIR OWN CITIZENS, AND
POLLUTE THE EARTH THROUGH GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS AND THE RELEASE OF TOXICS. THE
“VICTORIOUS WAR” PAVES THE WAY FOR FUTURE
ARMS RACES AND INSTABILITY, LEADING
EVENTUALLY TO THE NEXT WAR. WAR SIMPLY
DOESN’T WORK.
36. MYTH: WAR IS NECESSARY
TO KILL THE
TERRORISTS.
FACT: WAR MYTHOLOGY TELLS US THAT “OUR”
WARS (WHOEVER “WE” ARE) KILL EVIL PEOPLE
WHO NEED TO BE KILLED TO PROTECT US AND
OUR FREEDOMS. IN FACT, WHILE SOME
“TERRORISTS” ARE KILLED, RECENT WARS
WAGED BY WEALTHY NATIONS ARE ONE-SIDED
SLAUGHTERS OF INNOCENTS AND ORDINARY
RESIDENTS AND END UP CREATING MORE
TERRORISTS WHILE POISONING THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT.
37. MYTH: WAR IS GOOD FOR
THE ECONOMY, BENEFITS
WAR MAKERS.
FACT: WAR AND WAR PREPARATION WEAKEN AN ECONOMY. SOME
PEOPLE ARGUE THAT IT WAS WORLD WAR II THAT GOT THE WEST OR
THE UNITED STATES OUT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION. IN FACT, IT
WAS GOVERNMENT DEFICIT SPENDING THAT RESTARTED THE
ECONOMY. THE SPENDING JUST HAPPENED TO BE ON WAR PRO-
DUCTION, THINGS THAT WHEN USED NEVERTHELESS DESTROYED
ECONOMIC VALUE. THE SPENDING COULD HAVE GONE FOR ECO-
NOMIC GOODS THAT IMPROVED THE STANDARD OF LIVING. IT IS
WELL DOCUMENTED THAT A DOLLAR SPENT ON EDUCATION AND
HEALTH CARE PRODUCES MORE JOBS THAN THE SAME DOLLAR
SPENT IN THE WAR INDUSTRY, AND A DOLLAR SPENT ON USE VALUE
(RATHER THAN BOMBS) SUCH AS REBUILDING ROADS OR
ESTABLISHING GREEN ENERGY PROVIDES FOR THE COMMON GOOD.
38. • Planetary Citizenship:
One People, One Planet,
One Peace
• Spreading and Funding
Peace Education and
Peace Research
• Cultivating Peace
Journalism
• Encouraging the Work
of Peaceful Religious
Initiatives
39. ACCELERATING THE
TRANSITION TO A GLOBAL
ALTERNATIVE SECURITY
SYSTEM
Educating the Many and the Decision and Opinion
Makers
Nonviolent Direct Action Campaigns.
40. The WBW Pledge Statement
reads as follows:
“I understand that wars and militarism make
us less safe rather than protect us, that they
kill, injure and traumatize adults, children and
infants, severely damage the natural
environment, erode civil liberties, and drain
our economies, siphoning resources from life-
affirming activities. I commit to engage in and
support nonviolent efforts to end all war and
preparations for war and to create a
sustainable and just peace.”
41. IN LESS THAN A YEAR, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE FROM 90
COUNTRIES HAVE SIGNED WORLD BEYOND WAR’S
PLEDGE FOR PEACE.
DEMILITARIZATION IS UNDERWAY. COSTA RICA AND MORE
THAN 20 OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE DISBANDED THEIR
MILITARIES ALTOGETHER.
EUROPEAN NATIONS, WHICH HAD FOUGHT EACH OTHER
FOR OVER A THOUSAND YEARS, INCLUDING THE
HORRENDOUS WORLD WARS OF THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY, NOW WORK COLLABORATIVELY IN THE
EUROPEAN UNION.
FORMER ADVOCATES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, INCLUDING
FORMER U.S. SENATORS AND SECRETARIES OF STATE AND
NUMEROUS RETIRED, HIGH-RANKING MILITARY OFFICERS,
HAVE PUBLICLY REJECTED NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND
CALLED FOR THEIR ABOLITION.
THERE IS A MASSIVE, WORLDWIDE MOVEMENT TO END
THE CARBON ECONOMY AND HENCE THE WARS OVER OIL.
42. MANY THOUGHTFUL PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS
AROUND THE WORLD ARE CALLING FOR AN END TO THE
COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE “WAR ON TERROR.”
AT LEAST ONE MILLION ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WORLD
ARE ACTIVELY WORKING TOWARD PEACE, SOCIAL
JUSTICE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
THIRTY-ONE LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN NATIONS
CREATED A ZONE OF PEACE ON JANUARY 29, 2014.
IN THE LAST 100 YEARS, WE HUMANS HAVE CREATED FOR
THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY INSTITUTIONS AND
MOVEMENTS TO CONTROL INTERNATIONAL VIOLENCE:
THE UN, THE WORLD COURT, THE INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL COURT; AND TREATIES SUCH AS THE KELLOGG-
BRIAND PACT, THE TREATY TO BAN LANDMINES, THE
TREATY TO BAN CHILD SOLDIERS, AND MANY OTHERS.
A PEACE REVOLUTION IS ALREADY UNDERWAY.
43. A Global Security System
Go to WorldBeyondWar.org for
the website, PDF, eBook,
paperback, audio book, and
other resources.