Hubble Telescope is used to observe in the near-infrared through the visible spectrum to the ultra-violet.
This Telescope is placed above the distortion of the atmosphere, far above rain clouds and light pollution.
Its advantage to avoid atmospheric turbulence.It has an extremely large field of view which is necessary to obtain high resolution images of large areas of the sky.
Hubble Telescope is used to observe in the near-infrared through the visible spectrum to the ultra-violet.
This Telescope is placed above the distortion of the atmosphere, far above rain clouds and light pollution.
Its advantage to avoid atmospheric turbulence.It has an extremely large field of view which is necessary to obtain high resolution images of large areas of the sky.
The James Webb Space Telescope is NASA's next flagship mission. Webb will revolutionize astronomy in the infrared like the Hubble Space Telescope has done for the visible portion of the spectrum over the last 22 years. Webb will reveal the story of the formation of the first starts and galaxies, investigate the processes of planet formation, and trace the origins of life.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed primarily to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its greatly improved infrared resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too early, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. This is expected to enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, such as observation of the first stars and the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets.
Goals: The James Webb Space Telescope is an infrared observatory that will complement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope, with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
Launch Date: Dec. 25, 2021 | 12:20 UTC
Science Targets: Our Solar System | Beyond Our Solar System
Type :Orbiter
Agency: NASA
Webb will study every phase in the history of our universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the big bang, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own solar system. It will build on the Hubble Space Telescope's discoveries
JWST's primary mirror is a 6.5 m (21 ft.)-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25.4 m2 (273 sq. ft.). If it were built as a single large mirror, this would have been too large for existing launch vehicles. The mirror is therefore composed of 18 hexagonal segments which unfolded after the telescope was launched
JWST operates in a halo orbit, circling around a point in space known as the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1,500,000 km beyond Earth's orbit around the Sun.
L2 is short-hand for the second Lagrange Point, a wonderful accident of gravity and orbital mechanics, and the perfect place to park the Webb telescope in space. There are five so-called "Lagrange Points" - areas where gravity from the sun and Earth balance the orbital motion of a satellite
We come across a lot of people complaining about wastage of money and time on space technology, recently when Elon Musk’s company Space X launched Falcon Heavy sending Tesla Roadster to space orbit costing around $90 million, half of the people were discussing and were considering it as a waste of money.
But the truth is, space exploration technology is incredibly influential and beneficial; not only does space research improve the economy by keeping scientists and engineers employed, it also results in discovery of new technology as well as gadget some of which we use in our everyday lives.
https://technologymoon.com/
In this presentation the following topics are covered:
- Active debris removal techniques
- Tethered space tug
- Mathematical model
- Numerical simulation and analysis
- Results and conclusion
Presentation for the 5th Eucass - European Conference for Aerospace Sciences - Munich, Germany, 1-4 July 2013.
James Webb Space Telescope- in search of our originKshitij Bane
A presentation about The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) which will be launched in 2019. The presentation covers basic information about the telescope, its primary mirror, its orbit & the Sunshield. It also explains why the telescope will work in infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum and how it truly is an Engineering marvel.
"Black holes are where God divided by zero" - Albert Einstein
Black hole – A region in the space where the gravitational pull is so strong that neither substance nor light can leave this area.
The James Webb Space Telescope is NASA's next flagship mission. Webb will revolutionize astronomy in the infrared like the Hubble Space Telescope has done for the visible portion of the spectrum over the last 22 years. Webb will reveal the story of the formation of the first starts and galaxies, investigate the processes of planet formation, and trace the origins of life.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed primarily to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its greatly improved infrared resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too early, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. This is expected to enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, such as observation of the first stars and the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets.
Goals: The James Webb Space Telescope is an infrared observatory that will complement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope, with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
Launch Date: Dec. 25, 2021 | 12:20 UTC
Science Targets: Our Solar System | Beyond Our Solar System
Type :Orbiter
Agency: NASA
Webb will study every phase in the history of our universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the big bang, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth, to the evolution of our own solar system. It will build on the Hubble Space Telescope's discoveries
JWST's primary mirror is a 6.5 m (21 ft.)-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25.4 m2 (273 sq. ft.). If it were built as a single large mirror, this would have been too large for existing launch vehicles. The mirror is therefore composed of 18 hexagonal segments which unfolded after the telescope was launched
JWST operates in a halo orbit, circling around a point in space known as the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1,500,000 km beyond Earth's orbit around the Sun.
L2 is short-hand for the second Lagrange Point, a wonderful accident of gravity and orbital mechanics, and the perfect place to park the Webb telescope in space. There are five so-called "Lagrange Points" - areas where gravity from the sun and Earth balance the orbital motion of a satellite
We come across a lot of people complaining about wastage of money and time on space technology, recently when Elon Musk’s company Space X launched Falcon Heavy sending Tesla Roadster to space orbit costing around $90 million, half of the people were discussing and were considering it as a waste of money.
But the truth is, space exploration technology is incredibly influential and beneficial; not only does space research improve the economy by keeping scientists and engineers employed, it also results in discovery of new technology as well as gadget some of which we use in our everyday lives.
https://technologymoon.com/
In this presentation the following topics are covered:
- Active debris removal techniques
- Tethered space tug
- Mathematical model
- Numerical simulation and analysis
- Results and conclusion
Presentation for the 5th Eucass - European Conference for Aerospace Sciences - Munich, Germany, 1-4 July 2013.
James Webb Space Telescope- in search of our originKshitij Bane
A presentation about The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) which will be launched in 2019. The presentation covers basic information about the telescope, its primary mirror, its orbit & the Sunshield. It also explains why the telescope will work in infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum and how it truly is an Engineering marvel.
"Black holes are where God divided by zero" - Albert Einstein
Black hole – A region in the space where the gravitational pull is so strong that neither substance nor light can leave this area.
NASA's plan to capture an asteroid and re-position it around the moon for an astronaut visit sounds coo.find best photo and images for discovery by ian iott
This slide is about our future living planet kepler 22b, Why Mars is not suitable for human being ? and why scientist go for kepler; all the reasons are here...
The Hubble Space Telescope_ A Window into the Universe.pdfAnandSingh720604
If you're fascinated by the wonders of the universe, the Hubble Space Telescope is an iconic and groundbreaking tool that has revolutionized our understanding of space. This comprehensive guide, "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope," provides a deep dive into the technology, discoveries, and impact of this remarkable instrument.
In this guide, you'll learn about the Hubble's design and features, including its powerful scientific instruments and capabilities, and how it orbits and is maintained. You'll also explore the stunning and groundbreaking discoveries made by the Hubble, including its role in uncovering the age and expansion of the universe, dark matter and dark energy, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and planetary science and exoplanet discoveries. Additionally, this guide examines the Hubble's contributions to popular culture and education, as well as its artistic and cultural impact.
This guide also looks to the future, discussing the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and the Hubble's legacy and impact on space exploration and astronomy. It answers common questions and misconceptions about the Hubble, and provides recommendations for further reading.
If you're interested in the Hubble Space Telescope and its impact on our understanding of the universe, "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope" is a must-read. Whether you're an astronomy enthusiast or just curious about space exploration, this guide offers a fascinating and in-depth look at one of the most important scientific instruments of our time.
This guide is perfect for students, educators, science enthusiasts, and anyone who wants to understand more about the universe we live in. The guide is written in an accessible and engaging style, with stunning images and illustrations to enhance the reading experience. It's also SEO keyword rich, ensuring that it's easily discoverable online for anyone searching for information about the Hubble Space Telescope.
With this guide, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the Hubble's impact on space exploration and the scientific discoveries it has made possible. So don't wait any longer to discover the secrets of the universe with "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope."
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carri.pdfangeldresses
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by a Space
Shuttle in 1990 and remains in operation.[7] A 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) aperture telescope in low Earth
orbit, Hubble\'s four main instruments observe in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near
infraredspectra. The telescope is named after the astronomerEdwin Hubble.
Hubble\'s orbit outside the distortion of Earth\'s atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-
resolution images with almost no background light. Hubble\'s Deep Field has recorded some of
the most detailed visible-light images ever, allowing a deep view into space and time. Many
Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as accurately determining
the rate of expansion of the universe.
Although not the first space telescope, Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well
known as both a vital research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. The HST was built
by the United States space agency NASA, with contributions from the European Space Agency,
and is operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute. The HST is one of NASA\'s Great
Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray
Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.[8]
Space telescopes were proposed as early as 1923.[9] Hubble was funded in the 1970s, with a
proposed launch in 1983, but the project was beset by technical delays, budget problems, and the
Challenger disaster. When finally launched in 1990, Hubble\'s main mirror was found to have
been ground incorrectly, compromising the telescope\'s capabilities. The optics were corrected to
their intended quality by a servicing mission in 1993.
Hubble is the only telescope designed to be serviced in space by astronauts. Between 1993 and
2002, four Space Shuttle missions repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on the telescope; a
fifth mission was canceled on safety grounds following the Columbia disaster. However, after
spirited public discussion, NASA administrator Mike Griffin approved one final servicing
mission, completed in 2009. The telescope is now expected to function until at least 2014, and
possibly 2020.[10] Its scientific successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is
currently scheduled to be launched in 2018.
Solution
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by a Space
Shuttle in 1990 and remains in operation.[7] A 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) aperture telescope in low Earth
orbit, Hubble\'s four main instruments observe in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near
infraredspectra. The telescope is named after the astronomerEdwin Hubble.
Hubble\'s orbit outside the distortion of Earth\'s atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-
resolution images with almost no background light. Hubble\'s Deep Field has recorded some of
the most detailed visible-light images ever, allowing a deep view into space and time. Many
Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs.
Here are the 5 Most Powerful Telescopes; 1 -Keck Observatory, began science operations in 1993 2 -Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990 3 -Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 4 -Large Binocular Telescope, first light in October 2005 5 -Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, launched in 2008
ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2015 - Paul HicksonILOAHawaii
-- Large optical telescopes on the Moon – Paul Hickson, Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia.
The Moon offers some unique advantages for future very-large optical telescopes. The airless environment, slow lunar rotation and precession would enable a zenith-pointing telescope, located near one of the lunar poles, to survey a large region of sky and study the epoch of galaxy formation. I will present results from a recent NASA/CSA study that considered the feasibility of lunar liquid-mirror telescopes having apertures in the 20 to 100 metre range.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope which conducts infrared astronomy. As the largest optical telescope in space, its high resolution and sensitivity allow it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope.[8] This will enable investigations across many fields of astronomy and cosmology, such as observation of the first stars, the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets.[9][10].The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) led JWST's design and development and partnered with two main agencies: the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Maryland managed telescope development, the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore on the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University operates JWST, and the prime contractor was Northrop Grumman. The telescope is named after James E. Webb, who was the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs.
The James Webb Space Telescope was launched on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, and arrived at the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point in January 2022. The first JWST image was released to the public via a press conference on 11 July 2022.[11]
JWST's primary mirror consists of 18 hexagonal mirror segments made of gold-plated beryllium, which combined create a 6.5-meter-diameter (21 ft) mirror, compared with Hubble's 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in). This gives JWST a light-collecting area of about 25 square meters, about six times that of Hubble. Unlike Hubble, which observes in the near ultraviolet and visible (0.1 to 0.8 μm), and near infrared (0.8–2.5 μm)[12] spectra, JWST observes in a lower frequency range, from long-wavelength visible light (red) through mid-infrared (0.6–28.3 μm). The telescope must be kept extremely cold, below 50 K (−223 °C; −370 °F), such that the infrared light emitted by the telescope itself does not interfere with the collected light. It is deployed in a solar orbit near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point, about 1.5 million kilometers (930,000 mi) from Earth, where its five-layer sunshield protects it from warming by the Sun, Earth, and Moon.Initial designs for the telescope, then named the Next Generation Space Telescope, began in 1996. Two concept studies were commissioned in 1999, for a potential launch in 2007 and a US$1 billion budget. The program was plagued with enormous cost overruns and delays; a major redesign in 2005 led to the current approach, with construction completed in 2016 at a total cost of US$10 billion. The high-stakes nature of the launch and the telescope's complexity were remarked upon by the media, scientists, and engineers.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Hubble Space telescope
1. Submitted to: Dr. Ravinder Aggrawal
Submitted by: Sarah Ali Hasan
Roll No. : 801251019
Date : Nov 19th 2013
2. Overview :
One of the technical wonders of the modern world. Hubble Space
Telescope is an orbiting astronomical observatory operating from the
near-infrared into the ultraviolet.
350 miles above Earth, Hubble sees farther and sharper than any
previous telescope.
Its discoveries have revolutionized all areas of astronomy, has
imaged more than 30,000 celestial objects, snapping more than
570,000 pictures.
3. • The reason Hubble is in orbit around the Earth, rather than on the
ground, is to get above the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere causes blurring of the images,
which is avoided when the telescope is above the atmosphere.
• Also the atmosphere absorbs some wavelengths of light, a
complication that is also avoided by being in orbit.
• Finally, some light is lost when it passes through the atmosphere. By
being in orbit above the atmosphere, Hubble avoids this light loss
and can see very faint objects.
4. • Hubble is a large astronomical telescope that was placed in orbit
around Earth. It is about the size of a school bus and a mass of about
11,000 kg.
• Hubble is in a low-Earth orbit (so it can be serviced by the Space
Shuttle).
• It Orbits the Earth about once every 96 minutes. Each orbit is about 1
hour in sunlight (orbit day) and 1/2 hour in darkness (orbit night).
• Hubble is designed to make observations of astronomical objects in
visible light, near infrared, and near ultraviolet wavelengths—it can
observe wavelengths in the range of 100–2500 nm. (Visible light lies
within this range, from 400–700 nm.)
• Hubble is able to look deep into space; up to 14 billion light years
away!
5. Hubble's instruments:
No existence for eyepiece. Instead, the images observed by
Hubble are sent to a complement of scientific instruments
(cameras and spectrometers)). Each of which can perform its
own analysis and relay the resulting spectra and images to the
ground by radio.
Right from the very beginning the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope
has been designed to be a new type of mission — a permanent
space-based observatory that could be regularly visited by the
Space Shuttle and serviced.
6. Present Instruments:
WFC3 - Wide Field Camera 3
COS - Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
ACS - Advanced Camera for Surveys (repaired during SM4)
STIS - Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (repaired during SM4)
NICMOS - Near Infrared Camera and Multi-object Spectrometer. (not currently
operational)
FGS - Fine Guidance Sensors
Former Instruments:
FOC - Faint Object Camera
WFPC2 - Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
COSTAR - Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement
WFPC1 - Wide Field and Planetary Camera 1
FOS - Faint Object Spectrograph
GHRS - Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph
HSP - High Speed Photometer
7. On board Hubble all the instruments are placed in the so-called
radial instrument bays and axial bays.
Four radial bays are placed around the sides of the telescope, and
are currently occupied by three Fine Guidance Sensors and the Wide
Field Camera 3 (WFC3). These instruments are shaped roughly like
quarter circles.
Four axial bays behind the mirror at the end of the telescope carry
rectangular box-shaped instruments. These bays are currently
occupied by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), the Advanced
Camera for Surveys (ACS), the Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-object
Spectrometer (NICMOS).
8.
9.
10. Hubble’s optics is all based on mirrors(no lenses); i.e. reflecting
telescope.
• Newtonian telescope → Cassegrain telescope → Ritchey-Chr´etien
Cassegrain design
Hubble’s primary mirror has a diameter of D=2.4 m (94.5 inches), &
has a focal length of: f =57.6 m. Another parameter often used to
characterize astronomical telescopes is the so-called f-number,
which is defined to be the ratio of the focal length to the
aperture diameter:
For Hubble, the primary mirror has an f-number of (f/24).
11. Resolution of an astronomical telescope is defined to be the smallest
angular separation of two point sources of light that will still allow
them to be resolved as individual point sources.
The exact point at which two adjacent diffraction patterns are
overlapping “too much” is a bit vague, but one commonly used
definition is the Rayleigh criterion.
Under the Rayleigh criterion, the smallest angular separation θ that
two point sources can have and still be resolvable as two individual
point sources is:
• Where θ is the angular resolution in radians, λ is the wavelength of
the light, and D is the diameter of the aperture of the instrument.
12. For the Hubble Space Telescope , D=2.4 m, and λ varies between
100 and 2500 nanometers. Using Rayleigh criterion, we can plot
the angular resolution of Hubble as a function of wavelength.
Hubble’s resolution in
visible light is about
0.05 arcseconds
(1 arcsec = 1/60 arcmint
= 1/3600 degree). This
means, if HST was in
Washington DC, it could
Distinguish 2 objects in
NY City if they were separated by a distance of just 3 inches:
13. Hubble’s Timeline
Edwin Hubble and the Hooker Telescope 1918 .
Conception of space telescope 1923 by Herman
Cberth.
The LST- Large Space Telescope 1969 by
suggested by Lyman Spitzer.
14. Congress Approves funding for The Hubble Space
Telescope1977.
• 1978Astronauts begin training for space
telescope missions
• 1979Work begins on the telescope’s 2.4-metre
mirror
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) begins
operations in Baltimore, Maryland 1981.
The Large Space Telescope is renamed Hubble 1983
, after Edwin P. Hubble, the astronomer who
proved the existence of other galaxies and
discovered the first evidence for an expanding
universe.
Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility
(ST-ECF) begins operations in Garching, Munich
1984.
15. Work on building Hubble is completed 1985.
Challenger disaster on 1986 puts all Shuttle flights
on hold Launch of Hubble delayed .
Launch: Shuttle Discovery (STS-31) launched on 24
April 1990. Hubble deployed on 25 April 1990.
-Spherical aberration discovered in the Hubble
primary mirror, 25 June 1990.
-COSTAR approved: The creation of a complex
package of five optical mirror pairs to rectify the
spherical aberration in Hubble's primary mirror.
16. First Servicing Mission (STS-61) launched on 2
December 1993 (Endeavour).
• COSTAR corrective optics installed, replacing HSP
(High Speed Photometer).
• WFPC2 (Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2)
replaced WFPC1 (Wide Field and Planetary Camera
1).
Hubble takes pictures of comet Shoemaker Levy 9 as
it hits Jupiter in 1994.
Hubble takes the famous “pillars of creation” photo
of the Eagle Nebula 1995.
The first Hubble Deep Field is released, showing the
unimaginable number of galaxies in the Universe
1996.
• Hubble resolves quasar host galaxies.
17. Servicing Mission 2 (STS-82) launched on 11 February
1997 (Discovery).
• STIS (Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph)
replaced FOS (Faint Object Spectrograph).
• NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrograph) replaces GHRS (Goddard High
Resolution Spectrograph).
HST Orbital Systems Test (HOST - STS-95) launched on
29 October 1998 (Discovery). The HOST mission was
flown to test new technologies to be used in Hubble
on the Third Servicing Mission and beyond.
Servicing Mission 3A (STS-103) launched on 19
December 1999 (Discovery).
• Replacement of gyroscopes.
• General maintenance (no science instruments
replaced).
Hubble observations detect the elements in the
atmosphere of exoplanet HD 209458b in 2001.
18. Servicing Mission 3B launched on 1 March 2002.
• Installation of ACS.
• Installation of NICMOS Cooling System (NCS).
• Installation of new Solar Panels.
Power supply on STIS fails in 2004.
• Also Hubble Ultra Deep Field released.
Hubble images two previously unknown moons orbiting
Pluto in 2005.
Hubble observations show that the dwarf planet Eris is
bigger than Pluto in 2006.
The power supply on the Advanced Camera for
Surveys, one of Hubble’s key instruments, fails in
2007.
19. Hubble photographs exoplanet Fomalhaut b, one of
the first to be confirmed through direct imaging in
2008.
• Hubble completes its 100,000th orbit around the
Earth.
Servicing Mission 4 (STS-125) launched on 11 May
2009.
• Installation of WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3).
• Installation of COS (Cosmic Origins Spectrograph).
• STIS and ACS repaired.
• Gyroscopes and batteries replaced.
• Soft Capture Mechanism installed.
• NOBLs (New Outer Blanket Layers) installed.
Hubble images show distant galaxies with likely red
shifts greater than 8, showing the Universe as it
was when it was less than a tenth of its current
age in 2010.
21. In 2011 Hubble makes its millionth observation,
a spectroscopic analysis of the exoplanet
HAT-P-7b .
10 000th scientific paper using Hubble data is
published, identifying the faintest
supernova ever to be associated with a long-duration
gamma-ray burst.
May 2012 witnessed the hit discovery of
NASA; four billion years from now: the next
major cosmic event to affect our galaxy,
sun, and solar system: the titanic collision
of our Milky Way galaxy with the
neighboring Andromeda galaxy.
22. • This illustration shows the collision paths of our Milky Way galaxy
and the Andromeda galaxy. The galaxies are moving toward each
other under the inexorable pull of gravity between them. Also
shown is a smaller galaxy, Triangulum, which may be part of the
smashup. (Credit: NASA; ESA; A. Feild and R. van der Marel,
STScI).
Editor's Notes
Fig.(1) Hubble telescope in its orbit :(a) at night & (b) in day light.