It,s all about Index properties of Rocks.
It can help those students who want to give presentation about this topic.
Also it can give you information about Pocks and very helpful in Geo mechanics.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
physico mechanical properties of rock materials and details of different laboratory as well as field tests for determining behaviour of different rock materials in the field of mining and civil engineering
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
physico mechanical properties of rock materials and details of different laboratory as well as field tests for determining behaviour of different rock materials in the field of mining and civil engineering
تجربة الضغط على نقطة Point load test 2013 full copyAli A. Alzahrani
تجربة الضغط على نقطة Point load test 2013 full copy
هذه التجربة من اكثر التجارب سهولة واقلها تكلفة , وتستخدم في الوصف والتصنيف بعيدا تماما عن كل مايتعلق بالتصميم الهندسي وذلك كله يعود الى نتائجها المعيارية وغير المباشرة.
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
This study aims at investigating possible connections between point load index
(Is50) and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for a Basaltic rock derived from
different regions in Jordan and examining potential relationships between Basalt
physical properties and ultrasonic pulse value (UPV). A series of lab experiments
including point load test, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian split test, ultrasonic
pulse velocity, dry density, and porosity were performed on a Basaltic rock cores with
dimension as per the ISRM standard. The obtained results indicated that the
relationship between unconfined compressive strength and point load test of Basalt is
restricted with the result of the previous studies and ranged between 20 to 24 times the
point load index values. Results also revealed that a good relationship may be derived
between Brazilian split test and unconfined compressive strength. Lastly, results
indicate a good relationship between ultrasonic pulse values (UPV) attained with both
porosity and dry density.
well logging project report_ongc project studentknigh7
It briefs well logging basics for students of geophysics on well logging or partly on reservoir characterization. It can be good note book for summer ,winter training in well logging data analysis and open hole log interpretation
Total (absolute) Porosity and Isolated Porosity MeasurementRaboon Redar
Absolute porosity is the percentage or volume of void spaces or porosity of rocks that can contain hydrocarbons. Porosity is the measure of a rock’s ability to hold hydrocarbons like oil and gas, water, and condensates. Absolute porosity contains effective (interconnected) and ineffective (isolated) porosity. Effective porosity is the volume of connected pores, but isolate is the pore volume which is not connected to the pore network. Isolated porosity can be significant in volcanic rocks and some carbonates.
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Concrete and its types and properties and admixtures used in concreteZeeshan Afzal
Its free..use it and like it and share it if you think its best:
Concrete
Introduction.
2. Ingredients.
3.Manufacturing.
4. Classification On Installation Bases.
5.Terminologies.
6.Admixtures And Their Types.
7.Types Of Concrete.
8.Properties Of Concrete.
9.Uses Of Concrete.
Objective:
To know more about “concrete”.
How you can prevent corrosion?
How you can give strength to your structure using concrete?
What kind of admixtures you can use to get the required result?
What are the terminologies that are associated with concrete?
What are the tests that can be performed to check the quality?
Who Invented The Concrete ?
A “composite material” that consists essentially of a binding medium, such as a mixture of Portland cement and water, within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate.
Cement
In concrete, the most commonly used is
Portland cement, a hydraulic cement which
sets and hardens by chemical reaction with
water and is capable of doing so under water.
Cement is the “glue” that binds the
concrete ingredients together & instrumental
for the strength of the composite
Aggregate
The Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or in iron-blast furnace slag. The aggregate constitutes typically 75% of the concrete volume, or more, and therefore its properties largely determine the properties of the concrete.
Proportion of ingredients
A mix is about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20 percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also take up another 5 to 8 percent.
Classification of concrete on basis of
installation method
Types
4.1 Ready-Mix Concrete.
4.2 Reinforced Concrete.
4.3 Fresh Concrete.
4.4 Pre-cast Concrete.
4.5 Shrink-Mix Concrete.
Ready/Pre Mix Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Fresh Concrete
pre cast Concrete
properties of fresh concrete
properties of harden concrete
green concrete
mineral admixture
retarding admixture
accelarating admixture
color admixture
pozolon
water reducing admixture
air entraining admixture
chemical admixture
pigments
cement
cement paste
aggregates
terminologies in concrete
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Deleterious Material
clay lumps, shale, soft,or laminated particles, vegetable matter, or other objectionable material
Or
The harmful material in any construction is called Deleterious material.
Main reactions of deleterious material:
Alkali aggregates reaction
Alkali silica reaction
Alkali carbonates reaction
Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as "concrete cancer", is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture
Mechanism of concrete deterioration:
The mechanism of ASR causing the deterioration of concrete can be described in four steps as follows:
The alkaline solution attacks the siliceous aggregate, converting it to viscous alkali silicate gel.
Consumption of alkali by the reaction induces the dissolution of Ca2+ ions into the cement pore water.
The penetrated alkaline solution converts the remaining siliceous minerals into bulky alkali silicate gel. The resultant expansive pressure is stored in the aggregate.
The accumulated pressure cracks the aggregate and the surrounding cement paste when the pressure exceeds the tolerance of the aggregate
Alkali carbonate reaction:
The alkali–carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
Alkali from the cement might react with the dolomite crystals present in the aggregate inducing the production of brucite, (MgOH)2, and calcite (CaCO3). This mechanism was tentatively proposed by Swenson and Gillott (1950) and may be written as follows:
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + Mg(OH)2
Brucite (Mg(OH)2), could be responsible for the volumetric expansion after de-dolomitisation of the aggregate, due to absorption of water.
This section deals with potentially deleterious materials, including:
asbestos;
calcium silicate brickwork;
chlorides;
composite panels;
formaldehyde;
high alumina cement concrete;
It is the most important mechanism and helpfull in every field related to rocks and soil.
It is also very important in construction.So,these are the ways that convey information about testing of strength of soil and Rocks.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Index properties of rocks
1. THE UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU
AND KASHMIR
SUBMITTED TO: PROF.YASIR SARFRAZ
SUBMITTED BY :GROUP 5
TOPIC: TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF IN-SITU STRESSES
SESSION:2013 -2017
SECTION : MORNING
INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
2. INDEX PROPERTIES OF
ROCK
Because of vast range in the properties of rocks &due to certain
properties that are relatively easy to measure are valuable & may be
designated index properties for rock specimens.
• POROSITY
• DENSITY
• SONIC VELOCITY
• PERMEABILITY
• STRENGTH
3. 1 Porosity identifies the relative proportion of solids and voids.
2 Density adds the information about the minerals and grain
constituents.
3 The sonic velocity evaluate the degree of fissuring (planar
cracks in igneous & metamorphic rocks).
4 Permeability evaluate the relative interconnection of pores.
5 Strength determine the present competency of rock fabric to
bind the component together.
4. Porosity
Porosity is the ratio or fraction b/w the proportion of void spaces & the total spaces in the rock
n= vp /vt
Vp = volume of pores
Vt = total volume
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of grains , rock fragments & shells.
Porosity varies from 0% to 90 % with 15% as a typical value for an average sandstone
Porosity generally decreases with age & depth below the surface.
A typical cambrian sandstone has 11% porosity & cretaceous sandstone has 34 % porosity
Chalk is most porous among all the rocks its porosity is 50%.
5. Porosity can be determined from the following
calculations
• Measured density
• Measured water content after saturation in water
• Mercury content after saturation with mercury using pressure injector
• Measured solid volume & pore air volume using boyles law
6.
7. DENSITYDensity is the mass per unit volume.
Density = M/V
It is stated previously that the porosity of rock can be calculated from the knowledge of its
weight density.
Density tell about the porosity & permeability .
At 20 °C in the rock the volume of water is 62.4 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3.
If the percentage of different mineral can be estimated under a binocular microscope or
from the thin section , the specific gravity of the part of the rock can be calculated as
the weighted average of solid specific gravities of component grains & crystal.
8. G𝑖 = Specific gravity of component 𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = volume percentage in the solid part of the
rock
The relationship b/w porosity &dry density is
9. The dry density is related with wet density by relationship
W= water content of rock (dry weight basis)
Water content &porosity are related by
10. In case of mercury content
Specific gravity of mercury =13.5
11.
12. SONIC VELOCITY
Sonic velocity evaluate the degree of fissuring( planar cracks in igneous and
metamorphic rock)
SONIC VELOCITY AS AN INDEX TO DEGREE OF FISSURING:
The velocity with which stress waves are transmitted. First calculate the longitudinal
wave velocity that the specimen would have,if it lacked pores or fissures.
If the mineral composition is known longitudinal wave velocity can be calculated as
13. Where the v1 𝑖 is the longitudinal wave velocity in mineral constituent 𝑖
which have volume proportion C𝑖 in the rock.
Now measure the actual velocity of the longitudinal waves in the rock
specimen & form the ratio
As a quality index define
Where np% is the porosity of non fissured rocks a
percentage.
14.
15.
16. PERMEABILITY
Permeability evaluate the relative interconnection of
pores.
Fluid mechanics depend upon permeability.
Shale is porous ,not permeable &fluid mechanics is not
involved
Sandstone is porous ,permeable & fluid mechanics is
involved,
17. STRENGTH
Strength determine the present competency of rock fabric
to bind the component together.
Strength determination of rock usually required careful
test setup & specimen preparation & result are highly
sensitive to the method & style of loading.
Strength index is now available using the point load test
describe by “BROCH & FRANK”.
18. Where P is the load of rupture & D is the
distance b/w the point loads
Test are done on pieces of drill core at atleast 4 times as long as
the diameter