Concrete

“CONCRETE”
PRESENTED TO: SIR SOHAIL MUSTAFA

Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Ingredients.
3.Manufacturing.
4. Classification On Installation Bases.
5.Terminologies.

Outline
6.Admixtures And Their Types.
7.Types Of Concrete.
8.Properties Of Concrete.
9.Uses Of Concrete.

Objective
1. To know more about “concrete”.
2. How you can prevent corrosion?
3. How you can give strength to your structure using concrete?
4. What kind of admixtures you can use to get the required result?
5. What are the terminologies that are associated with concrete?
6. What are the tests that can be performed to check the quality?

Who Invented The Concrete ?
• Concrete is derived from a Latin word “concretus” which means “compact”.
• To create this structure, between 1756 and 1759, British engineer John Smeaton
pioneered the use of hydraulic lime cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin on
1824. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Moniere in concrete,
using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. A method for producing
Portland.

“Concrete”
A “composite material” that consists
essentially of a binding medium, such as
a mixture of Portland cement and water,
within which are embedded particles or
fragments of aggregate, usually a
combination of fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete is by far the most versatile and most widely used construction material
worldwide.

“Composite Material”
• A composite material is a material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical
properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual components.

Why Concrete Is A Composite Material?
Concrete is made from small stones and
gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement
and water. The small stone and gravel
(aggregate) is the reinforcement and the
cement is the matrix that binds it together.

Material In Concrete
• There are three main materials that combine together to form concrete.
1.1 Cement.
1.2 Aggregate.
1.3 Sand.

1.1 Cement
• In concrete, the most commonly used is
• Portland cement, a hydraulic cement which
• sets and hardens by chemical reaction with
• water and is capable of doing so under water.
• Cement is the “glue” that binds the
• concrete ingredients together & instrumental
• for the strength of the composite

1.2 Aggregate
• The Aggregate is a granular material, such as
sand, gravel, crushed stone, or in iron-blast
furnace slag. The aggregate constitutes
typically 75% of the concrete volume, or
more, and therefore its properties largely
determine the properties of the concrete.

1.3 Sand
• To make the concrete stronger, add more cement
or less sand. The closer you bring the ratio to an
even one-to-one of sand to cement, the stronger
the rating becomes. This principles works in the
opposite direction as well.

INGREDIENTS OF CONCRETE
• Concrete is made up of three basic components:
• 2.1 Water.
• 2.2 Aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel).
• 2.3 Portland cement.
• Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when
mixed with water and aggregates.

PROPORTION OF
INGREDIENTS
• A mix is about 10 to 15 percent
cement, 60 to 75 percent
aggregate and 15 to 20 percent
water. Entrained air in many
concrete mixes may also take up
another 5 to 8 percent.

(4) CLASSIFICATION
OF CONCRETE ON
BASIS OF
INSTALLATION
METHOD

(4) TYPES
4.1 Ready-Mix Concrete.
4.2 Reinforced Concrete.
4.3 Fresh Concrete.
4.4 Pre-cast Concrete.
4.5 Shrink-Mix Concrete.

(4.1) Ready/Pre Mix Concrete
• Concrete that is batched and mixed in a plant and than transported
by truck in its fresh, or plastic, state to the construction site for
final placement is called ready/pre mix concrete.

(4.2) Reinforced
Concrete
• Concrete reinforced with steel or high
strength material is known as reinforced
concrete.

(4.3) Fresh Concrete
• The material obtained immediately upon mixing of
various concrete ingredients is called fresh
concrete.

(4.4) Pre-cast Concrete
• Pre-cast concrete refer to any structure or component that is produced at
one site, typically in a pre-casting plant, and then transported in its
hardened state to its final destination is known as pre-cast concrete.

(4.5) Shrink-Mix Concrete.
• Concrete that is partially mixed in a plant mixer and then discharged into
the drum of the truck mixer for completion of the mixing is called shrink
mixed concrete.

Terminologies Associated With Concrete
5.1 Portland Cement.
5.2 Corrosion.
5.3 Pigments.
5.4 Cement Paste
5.5 Mortar.

Cont…
5.6 Creep.
5.7 Shrinkage.
5.8 Hydration.

(5.1) Portland Cement
• Cement manufactured from chalk and clay which hardens under water and
when hard resembles Portland stone in colour.

(5.2) Corrosion
• It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical
reaction with their environment.

(5.3) Pigments
• The natural colouring matter of animal or
plant tissue.
1. Titanium White
2. Ultra White.
3. Cool Grey.
4. Warm Grey.
5. Curry.
6. Sesame.
7. Redwood.

(5.4) Cement Paste
• A mixture of cement and water is called
cement paste.

(5.5) Mortar
• Cement paste + Fine
aggregate is called
mortar or concrete
matrix.

(5.6) Creep
• Creep is the tendency of a solid material to
move slowly or deform permanently under
the influence of mechanical stresses.

(5.7) Shrinkage
• Contracting of harden concrete mixture due to
the lose of capillary water and it causes an
increase of tensile stress which may lead to
cracking, internal wrapping and external
deflection.

(5.8) Hydration
• Addition of water.

(6.1) Admixtures
• The action of adding an
ingredient to Something else.

(6.1.1) Chemical Admixtures
6.1.1.1 Air Entraining Admixtures.
6.1.1.2 Water Reducing Admixtures.
6.1.1.3 Retarding Admixtures.
6.1.1.4 Accelerating Admixtures.
6.1.1.5 Colour Pigments.

6.1.1.1 Air Entraining Admixtures
• Air entraining agents are chemicals that are
added to concrete to improve freeze and
thaw resistance.

6.1.1.2 Water Reducing Admixtures
• Water Reducing Admixtures, is also known as super-per-
plasticizers, are chemicals that lower the viscosity of concrete in
liquid state.

6.1.1.3 Retarding Admixtures
• It delay the setting time, which may be necessary in situation
where delay is the placement of concrete can be expected.

6.1.1.4 Accelerating Admixtures
• Accelerating admixtures can be used to
increase the rate of stiffening or setting of the
concrete.

6.1.1.5 Colour Pigments
• It is powder or in liquid form may be added to the
concrete mix to produce colour concrete.

6.1.2 Mineral Admixtures
6.1.2.1 Pozzollanic.
6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS).
6.1.2.3 Silica Fume.

6.1.2.1 Pozzolan
• A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with lime, exhibits cementations
properties. Pozzolans are commonly used as an addition (the technical term is
"cement extender") to Portland cement concrete mixtures to increase the long-term
strength and other material properties of Portland cement concrete and in some cases
reduce the material cost of concrete.

6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast-furnance Slag
• Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is the granular material formed when molten iron blast furnace slag (a by-
product of iron and steel making) is rapidly chilled (quenched) by immersion in
• (Blast-Furnace Slag: A by-product of steel manufacture which is sometimes used as a substitute for Portland
cement. In steel industry when iron ore is molted, then in the molted state all the impurities come at its surface
which are removed called slag. It consists mainly of the silicates and alumino silicates of calcium, which are
formed in the blast furnace in molten form simultaneously with the metallic iron. Blast furnace slag is blended
with Portland cement clinker to form PORTLAND BLASTFURNACE SLAG CEMENT). GGBFS is used to
make durable

6.1.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast-furnance Slag

CONT…
• Strength
• Concrete containing GGBFS cement has a higher ultimate strength than concrete made
with Portland cement. it has higher proportion of calcium silicate hydrate than
concrete made with portland cement

COLD JOINTS
• Often to mistakes in structural ,cracking in building.

6.1.2.3 Silica Fume
• By-product of semiconductor industry.
• The terms condensed silica fume, micro silica, silica fume and volatilized silica are
often used to describe the by-products extracted from the exhaust gases of silicon,
ferrosilicon and other metal alloy furnaces. However, the terms micro silica and silica
fume are used to describe those condensed silica fumes that are of high quality, for
use in the cement and concrete industry.

6.1.2.3 Silica Fume
• Silica Fume consists of very fine particles with a surface area ranging from
60,000 to 150,000 ft²/lb or 13,000 to 30,000 m²/kg, with particles
approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle. Because
of its extreme fineness and high silica content, Silica Fume is a highly
effective pozzolanic . Silica Fume is used in concrete to improve its
properties. It has been found that Silica Fume improves compressive
strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance; reduces permeability of
concrete to chloride ions; and therefore helps in protecting reinforcing steel
from corrosion.

Types Of Concrete
• Concrete is an engineered material, with a variety of specialty product design for
specific application.
7.1 Light-Weight Concrete.
7.2 Heavy-Weight Concrete.
7.3 Architectural Concrete.
7.4 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.
7.5 Polymer-Modified Concrete.

CONT.…
7.6 Roller-Compacted Concrete.
7.7 Ultra-High Strength Concrete.
7.8 Self-Leveling Concrete.
7.9 Green Concrete.

(7.1) Light-weight Concrete
• Lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced using a variety of
lightweight aggregates.
• two types of light weight concrete
(a)Including expanding agent
(b)Having low density and thermal conductivity
• Construction material
• Manufacture from industrial by-products such as fly ash, i.e. Lytag.

(7.2) Heavy-weight Concrete
• Heavyweight concrete uses heavy natural aggregates such as
barites or magnetite or manufactured aggregates such as iron or
lead shot.

(7.3) Architectural Concrete
• Architectural concrete refers to concrete that while
providing an aesthetic finish to the building also serves a
structural function. Decorative concrete typically refers
to concrete flatwork or building elements such as panels,
that while enhanced with texture or color, are not
structural building members.

(7.4) Fiber-reinforced Concrete
• Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing
fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It
contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed
and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers,
glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers.

(7.5) Polymer-modified Concrete
• When certain types of admixtures are blended into Portland
cement concrete, the resulting mixes may be called polymer-
modified concretes.

(7.6) Roller-compacted Concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete is a special blend
of concrete that has essentially the same ingredients as
conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly with
partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement.

(7.7) Ultra-high Strength Concrete
• Concrete with compressive strength of 40-85
MPa.

(7.8) Self-leveling Concrete
• Self-leveling concrete is polymer-modified cement that has high flow
characteristics and, in contrast to traditional concrete, does not require the
addition of excessive amounts of water for placement.

(7.9) Green Concrete
• Concrete which is made from concrete wastes that are
eco-friendly are called as “Green concrete”. The other
name for green concrete is resource saving structures with
reduced environmental impact for e.g. Energy saving ,co2
emissions, waste water.

(8.1) PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE
• Properties of concrete in its fresh state are very important because the
influence the quality of the hardened concrete. The fresh concrete has
the following procedure.
8.1.1 Consistency
8.1.2 Workability
8.1.3 Settlement & Bleeding
8.1.4 Plastic shrinkage
8.1.5 Loss of consistency

(8.2) PROPERTIES OF HARDEN
CONCRETE
• Hardened concrete has a number of properties, including:
• 8.2.1 Mechanical Strength.
• 8.2.2 Durability.
• 8.2.3 Fire resistance.
• 8.2.4 Thermal and Acoustic Insulation Properties.
• 8.2.5 Impact Resistance.

(8.3) DURABILITY
• Durability of concrete may be defined as
the ability of concrete to resist weathering
action, chemical attack, and abrasion while
maintaining its desired engineering properties.
• 8.3.1 Physical Durability

(8.3.1) PHYSICAL DURABILITY
• Physical durability is against the following
actions:
• 8.3.1.1 Freezing and thawing action:

CONT…
• 8.3.1.2 Percolation / Permeability of water:

CONT…
• 8.3.1.3 Ultraviolet Resistance:

CONT…
• 8.3.1.4 Abrasion:
Examples of severe abrasion and erosion are particles
in rapidly moving water, floating ice, or areas where
steel studs are allowed on tires.

(8.4) Thermal And Other Properties
• The influence of factors such as age, water/cement ratio, temperature
and moisture content on specific heat, thermal expansion and
diffusivity of cement paste fall in this category.

Uses
• Being one of the most versatile building materials, concrete is used in many forms of
construction.
9.1 Reinforced concrete is used to make building columns and decks in high rises
9.2 Concrete is often used in residential driveways, house foundations, walls, paving,
curb & gutter applications.
9.3 Precast concrete used to produce a variety of items such as drainage piping. Large
warehouses with a large flat floor and wall sections use what is called Tilt-up concrete
construction.

Concrete

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