Income Gap In Canada

Income Gap in Canada
Question One:
It is often said that in Canada, "The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer." Respond.
Be certain to differentiate between income and wealth. How has the occupy movement contributed
to this debate?
Inequality in Canada is a growing problem. As income rises for the rich and remains the same for
the poor, a gap is forming between Canada's highest and lowest earners. This gap has sparked
outrage by some, resulting in the Occupy Movement, and apathy in others. However, it can indeed
be said that in Canada "the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer."
The reason for Canada's large gap in wealth is best explained by changes in labour markets, changes
in families and changes in public policies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, median net worth fell by $7,500 in 2005 in the lowest 10%, while increasing by between
$237,000 and $659,000 in the top 10%. Therefore, wealth inequality rose as the highest earners were
subject to wealth increases. When considering this, it is wholly possible to understand the saying
that "the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer", as it is true. This was brought into
the spotlight by the Occupy Movement, and the slogan of "We are the 99%". This, in turn, begs the
question; who are the one percent? The Canadian one percent are compose of 246,000 people,
whose income is $405,000 (Yalnizyan, 2010). This one percent holds 13.8% of all incomes in
Canada, and has seen its total income double (Yalnizyan, 2010). In fact, this one percent of the
population accumulated 32% of all growth in incomes from 1997 to 2007 (Yalnizyan, 2010). In
comparison, that same one percent only took 8% of all income growth in the 1950's and 60's
(Yalnizyan, 2010). So, as the one percent accumulates more wealth and more of the growth in
incomes, the gap grows. In response to the growing inequality between rich and poor Canadians,
and the growing wealth of the top 1%, the Occupy Movement took to the streets in order to protest
against the accumulation of the majority of wealth by the minority of people. On October 15th,
2011, in 900 cities across the world, thousands of average citizens protested for their rights to wealth
equality
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Importance of National Income
A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total
economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national
product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI* adjusted for natural
resource depletion). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and
services produced within some "boundary". The boundary is usually defined by geography or
citizenship, and may also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some
measures count only goods and services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods,
while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to ...
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Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the
final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called
'double counting', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by
counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In the example of meat production, the value
of the good from the farm may be $10, then $30 from the butchers, and then $60 from the
supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $60, not the sum
of all those numbers, $90. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are
respectively $10, $20, and $30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating the value of final
output.
Formulae:
GDP(gross domestic product) at market price = value of output in an economy in the particular year
– intermediate consumption
NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price – depreciation + NFIA (net factor income from abroad) –
net indirect taxes[3]
[edit]The income approach
The income approach equates the total output of a nation to the total factor income received by
residents or citizens of the nation. The main types of factor income are:
Employee compensation (cost of fringe benefits, including unemployment, health, and retirement
benefits);
Interest received net of interest paid;
Rental income (mainly for the use of real estate) net of

Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) Economic Statistics
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) economic statistics are one of the most closely watched stats
throughout each country. In the charts listed above, the nominal GDP is greater than real GDP in
each quarter of 2016 due to the nominal GDP reflecting current GDP at current price and real GDP
reflecting current GDP at past year prices. Also, the chart reflects that the nominal GDP was greater
than the real GDP for each quarter of 2016 due to the value of the nominal GDP sub–categories
(personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic investments, and government
consumption expenditures and gross investment) all being significantly higher than the same sub–
categories listed under the real GDP. The nominal GDP reflects the prices that are ... Show more
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Some differences between the two products are services or the market of goods that are produced for
that respective country's economy. However, the GNP does not include the annual foreign
production that is inherited by the domestic citizens, whereas the GDP does include the foreign
productions that are inherited by its domestic citizens. According to the table above, to determine
the GNP and GDP you will calculate the national product total from the national and personal
income. National income is the overall annual value of goods and services within a respective
country economy. The chart shows that in 2016, the GNP was $7,864.80 higher than the national
income. National income is broken down into ten categories (compensation of employees, rents,
interest, proprietor's income, corporate income taxes, dividends, undistributed corporate profits,
indirect business taxes, consumption of fixed capital and net foreign factor income). However, the
employee compensation makes up the largest portion of the national income. In my opinion, I
believe this to be true, because the economy is valued by its population and the services that are
provided and goods that are sold. This can't happen without having citizens gainfully employed,
which in return will need to be compensated for the work they are contributing to their economy.
Part III. GDP in Different Countries Country Name Country Code Series Name Series Code 2015

With The 2017 Legislature In Session, North Carolina’S
With the 2017 legislature in session, North Carolina's government leaders worked to pass Senate
Bill 325, "Billion Dollar Middle Class Tax Cut." This republican–backed law places a cap on the
personal income tax rate at 5.5 percent. Despite Governor Cooper's veto power, the overwhelming
support from the GOP supermajority overrode his mark of authority. Now, with support of the state
officials, the bill must be approved by local voters through the referendum process, as the law plans
to amend the constitution. While the elected legislators are in favor of this change, the people of
North Carolina are now in charge. It is up to Governor Cooper and the North Carolina legislators to
campaign the referendum and gain support from state voters. ... Show more content on
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These interest groups, despite variation in specific motives, would join with state legislators in
educating voters about the direct benefits of this proposed bill. This goal of capping personal income
could also be recognized by super PAC's, whose contributions to state campaigns generally have a
stronger influence on government than compared to donations at the national level, as their sizable
sums lead to direct favors from state officials (Blumenthal, 2015). While gaining support from the
general public can be stimulated by countless political figures, the greatest influencer in politics
continues to be money. Campaign spending is a strong determinant in voting outcomes, further
denoting its overwhelming importance. Funding and spending gain importance relative to the size of
the campaign; gaining support for this bill would likely cost a significant amount, as support is
needed across the state. Campaigning at this capacity requires advertisements, commercials,
appearances, and possibly travel, all of which demand significant funding. However, the nature of
this campaign lends itself well to considerable funding, as "organizational contributors tend to
support issues in the area of... tax and revenue policy" (Braunstein, 2004, 124). This unwavering
support from countless contributors will provide the state legislators an opportunity to broadcast
their campaign and positively market Senate Bill 325. Despite a strong influence from legislatures
and

The Differences Between The Developmental Policies
Donaldson examined a similar problem in Guizhou and Yunnan wherein even though poverty
reduction was one of the explicit goals of developmental programs in two of China's most remote
provinces, he found that the differences between the developmental policies in Guizhou and Yunnan.
Wherein one (Guizhou) saw fairly modest economic growth but greatly reduced poverty, compared
to Yunnan which saw strong economic growth but stagnant rates of rural poverty i.e. economic
growth did not reduce poverty. This was accomplished, Donaldson argues, based on individual
official's experiences and leadership style. Guizhou focused on micro–level opportunities to
"increase farmers livelihoods by shifting rural labor (through out–of–province migration) and
increasing opportunities for farmers to increase their incomes at home, in part by building modest
roads linking villages to local markets and promoting local, small–scale industries, such as rural
tourism and coal mining."
Donaldson's findings are evidence to the importance of evaluating and setting the policy agenda
with respect to all of the objectives outlined in food policy rather than just focusing on a single
aspect, in this case poverty reduction, can hamstring the policy. Ignoring the interdependence of the
objectives will ultimately cripple developmental policy as the externalities of narrow–minded policy
create a negative feedback loop and thus kicks the developmental can down the road rather than
dealing with the root of the

Disadvantages Of Poverty
Low income countries are those with a gross national income per capita of $1,025 or less in 2015, as
defined by The World Bank. In these countries, mainly Haiti, Afghanistan, Nepal, North Korea, and
countries in Sub–Saharan Africa, low income has a very severe negative impact on children and
teenagers. Some of the struggles and affects from living in a low income country include poor
healthcare, little or no education, and deadly diseases spreading like wildfire. These challenges are
expensive to overcome especially in low income countries where money is scarce due to unstable
governments, weak economies, wars, and geographical disadvantages. In low income countries,
access to health care is a large issue affecting children and teens. Water scarcity is a large dilemma
due to either economical or geographical reasons. In some areas such as the Saharan Desert located
in Africa, it rains very rarely and the land becomes dehydrated so finding water is hard to come
upon. Humans can last for no more than three days without water, so having enough water for
humans to survive there has been a large challenge. In other countries, there may be plenty of rain
but there are economical reasons causing water scarcity. Some of the economical issues causing
water scarcity include lack of money to create drinkable water, and no way of transporting the water
from different locations. In addition to the water scarcity issue, healthy food is expensive and takes
time and effort to produce, so

The Effect of Trade Balance on National Income Growth
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The attainment of balance of trade is always a critical factor in the economic development of many
nations. This simply means that continuous trade deficits and surpluses are undesirable. The world
has become a global village in which different countries interact with themselves and get involved in
business transactions and trade. This kind of trade between countries is known as international trade
which involves the exchange of goods and services between nations.
Some countries are more or less deficit nations which mean they import more than they export,
while some countries produce more than is absorbed by their domestic economy so they export the
surpluses. Either of these actions means that a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He proposed as an example to suppose that he, a Frenchman, exported French wine and imported
British coal, turning a profit. He supposed he was in France, and sent a Cask of wine which was
worth 50 francs to England. The custom house would record an export of 50 francs. If in England,
the wine sold for 70 francs, which he then used to buy coal, which he imported into France and was
found to be worth 90 francs in France, he would have made a profit of 40 francs. But the custom
house would say that the value of imports exceeded the value of exports and was trade deficit
against the ledger of France. By reductio ad absurdum, Bastiat argued that the national trade deficit
was an indicator of a successful economy, rather than a failing one. Bastiat predicted that a
successful, growing economy would result in greater trade deficits, and an unsuccessful, shrinking
economy would result in lower trade deficits. This was later, in the 20th century, affirmed by
economist Milton Friedman.
Trade deficits can be healthy if it is used in importing capital goods that increases output. Small
trade deficits are generally not considered to be harmful to either the importing or exporting
economy. However, when a national trade imbalance expands beyond prudence (generally thought
to be several percentage of GDP, for several years), adjustment tend to occur. While unsustainable
imbalances may persist for long periods,

Econ: Multiplier Effect
6.
To fully explain the multiplier effect, we need first to define the Injections and Withdrawals,
preferably through the model of Circular flow of income:
It is a simple economic model describing a circulation of income between producers (firms) and
consumers (households.). It consists of direct inner flow between firms and households and outer
flow. The outer flow is caused by the fact that households do not spend all of their income on
consumption; part of their income is withdrawn as net savings, Net taxes and Import expenditure.
This happens through another three agents: Banks, Government and Abroad. These agents also
represent part of the demand for firm's output. It is an additional component of aggregate demand
called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The equilibrium will move from point a to point b on the new point when withdrawals equals the
new injections J2. Thus the income will rise from Y1 to Y2. Thus, if we want to derivate a
multiplier, we see that it is a change in national income divided by the change in injections:
So as we can see from the graph, the size of multiplier depends on the slope of the W function which
is given by the marginal propensity to withdrawn mpw. That is the proportion of an increase in
national income that is withdrawn from the circular flow.
The steeper the line (and hence the higher the mpw), the smaller will be the rise in national income
and the smaller will be the multiplier.
According to this, the less is withdrawn each time a new extra income is generated, the more will be
recirculated and hence the bigger will be the rise in national income.
By this, we get another formula of multiplier showing multiplier as the inverse of mpw: k= 1/mpw
In practice, however, the withdrawals curve is likely to get progressively steeper. In other words, the
mpw is likely to rise as national income rises. The reason is that people on higher incomes can
afford to save a larger proportion of their income (the mps rises as incomes rise) and, assuming a
progressive taxation system, will have to pay a higher proportion of their income in taxes (the mpt
rises as incomes rise). Thus the value of the multiplier will tend to fall as national income rises.

The Country 's National Income
Founded on August 14th 1947, after gaining independence from Great Britain, Pakistan is located in
South East Asia bordering Afghanistan and India. With a population of about 189 million, most of
whom are Sunni Muslim, Pakistan is a country that falls under the lower middle income bracket, and
where most inhabitants reside in rural areas. The country's government, which is a federally
parliamentary republic is one that works as both a democratic and dictatorship regime ("The World
Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", 2016). The country's gross national income per capita is
about $5,090 and about 12.7 percent of the population survive on less that $1.25 a day ("GNI per
capita, Atlas method (current US$) | Data", 2015; "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence
Agency", 2016). The country has received over $3,611,900,000 dollars a year in foreign aid and
owes about $64 billion dollars in debt to other countries. ("Net official development assistance and
official aid received (current US$) | Data", 2015). In addition to the poverty in Pakistan, there is also
a severe lack of education and healthcare expenditures from the government. The population of
Pakistan has an average life expectancy of about 66.2 years of age and a crude death rate of 6.5 per
1000 population. More so, Pakistan has an average adult literacy rate of about 58% and a school
enrollment rate averaging about 57% ("The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", 2016).
The lack of education leads to

National Income in of India in 2010-11
MACRO–ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING IN
INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO THE YEAR 2010–2011 What is NATIONAL INCOME? The
concept of National Income is worth elaborating as it is the index of economic development.
Innumerable varieties of goods are produced in an economy in a year. These goods or output are
expressed in monetary terms. The aggregate of monetary values of all verities of goods produced in
a country during a given period, usually a year is called National product. For the production of
innumerable varieties of output, four factors of production have their respective contribution for
which they are paid in terms of * rent, * wage, * interest and * Profit. The sums of their
enumerations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The expenditure method cannot be used where markets are unorganised. The production method
cannot also be used for unorganised sectors such as small–scale industries, trade and transport, and
so on. Different methods are used to measure the income genera ted by various sectors of the
economy. For calculating national income, the Indian economy is divided into 14 broad sectors,
which are then grouped into three main categories : A, B and C. Agriculture, forestry and logging,
fishing, mining and quarrying, registered manufacturing and construction are included in category
A. The production method is applied to category A. The value added by this category is found by
subtracting the value of raw materials and other inputs from the aggregate of commodity–wise
output. Electricity, railways, air transport, water and organised transport, communications, banking
and insurance, real estate, public administration and defence are included in category B. For
category B, the income method is applied and, for this, all the types of factor incomes which are
reported in the annual accounts of various organisations are aggregated. In category C, gas and
water supply, unorganised roads and water transport, storage, trade, hotels and restaurants,
ownership of dwelling and other services are included. For this category, sample surveys are done
periodically to find out the average productivity of labour. Estimates of the workforce are
interpolated or extrapolated and

Essay On Demand Of Fruits And Vegetables
Demand of Fruits and their prices
Aim and Objective of this study:
As the Indian population is increasing, the demand for fresh fruits and vegetables is also increasing.
Owing to the perishable nature and very short shelf life, these items require storage and
transportation facilities in order to reach to the customer in fresh state. This requires a considerable
amount of effort from the involved parties. The entire chain is fraught with issues like lack of
transparency in pricing (at the farmers' end), dominance of traders, weak links in supply chain, etc.
This leads to loss of revenue to the farmer and increased additional costs to the other supply chain
partners, which ultimately enforces the final consumer to bear extra burden on his ... Show more
Production increased 54 percent, from 28.6 to 44 million metric tonnes between 1992 and 1999,
according to the Ministry of Agriculture (National Horticulture Board) for India. Fruit tree
production contributes 10 percent on average to the gross value of total agricultural output in India,
and 13 percent of the export earnings attributable to major agricultural products.
3. The major tropical fruits grown in India include mango, banana, guava, pineapple, papaya and
lychee, with lesser production of sapota, jackfruit, phalsa, annona and ber (Table 1). Tropical fruits
account for nearly 70 percent of all fruit production in India2. The 3 major tropical fruits (mango,
pineapple, papaya) accounted for 28 percent of total fruit production in 1999, while all other tropical
fruit accounted for 7 percent. Production of major tropical fruits by region in 1998/99 is shown in
Table 2 with harvested area, production and yield per hectare by fruit in Table 3.
4. Mango is by far the most significant tropical fruit produced in India, followed by guava. Mango
output was 9.8 million tonnes in 1999, with guava at 1.8 million tonnes. Papaya and pineapple are
also important in the sector, with production levels at almost 1.6 million tonnes and 1 million
tonnes, respectively, in 1999. Papaya production increased 96 percent between 1992 and 1999, and
pineapple production

The Global Consumption Of Oil
Oil is an important component in many industries and the majority of global energy needs are
generated by oil. Hence, it is unsurprising that the annual global consumption of oil is around 30
billion barrels and it accounts for around one–third of all energy consumed . According to the U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA),Venezuela and Saudi Arabia are the top 2 countries with
the most proven crude oil reserves and over 90% of their export revenues come from oil . In
addition, since 1980, OPEC's share of oil revenue in total exports has been consistently over 60%,
with the net export revenue at US$730 billion . Hence any disturbance in the oil sector will cause a
drastic impact on these economies. This can be illustrated in research where it has provided
evidence for a negative relationship between resource abundance and growth. For instance, since the
1970s, Nigeria has been exporting around $10billion worth of oil annually but during same period
the proportion of its population living on less than $1 per day has doubled from 36% to 70% (Sala–
I–Martin and Subramanian, 2003). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that there can also be a
positive relationship. Countries rich in oil, such as Malaysia and Norway have managed to achieve
sustained economic growth.
As such, understanding the relationship between oil abundance and growth is vital as the findings
would aid in formulating policies to help oil rich countries combat their shortcomings and achieve

Measuring Gross Income Data Is A Measure Of Economic Welfare
Evaluate the extent to which Gross Income Data is a measure of economic welfare.
Morven Chan
Economic welfare is defined as the level prosperity and financial satisfaction of participants in an
economy. Economic welfare can often be assessed through statistics such as the level of
employment. National income statistics is defined as the value of goods and services produced in an
economic system over a period of time. National Income can be broken down into four different
parts which include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), GDP per
capita, and GNP per capita. National Income is used for variety of purposes in our economy. Firstly,
national income statistics are important in that most of the government's future ... Show more
Therefore as is shown through the expenditure method, the equation for GDP becomes:
GDP=C+G+I+(X–M)
Looking at the equation we can see that the issue arises that from the equation, there is absolutely no
calculation which addresses the economic welfare of the people and thus, as an economic indicator
GDP excels, but as a welfare indicator, this could suggest that it may not be the best choice. Gross
national product of a specific country is the sum of the goods and services produced by citizens of a
country domestically and the output from external sources which are owned/part of the specific
country. The symbol used to represent gross national product is GNP and the equation for the GNP
can be simply written as:
GNP=GDP+Net property income from abroad
GNP and GDP per capita are the values for GDP and GNP divided by the population of the country.
They give an average value for the output of product per individual in the country. Before looking at
the cons of national income statistics, we must first note that there are redeeming points to using
national income. For one, national income does a very good job of representing growth in the
economy. However as we know economic growth is not necessarily always a positive thing.
The issue with wealth distribution is one of the many reasons why national income

National Low Income Housing Of African Americans
This all seems great, a savior program that allows people who cannot afford to pay rent normally.
Section 8 is utilized by the elderly, disabled, and families with and without children but is it really a
golden program? Stated above, section 8 provides for vouchers for all types of apartments and even
condos in certain states; however, are these opportunities open to all races? 41.6 percent of African
Americans are on housing assistance programs, as in this county's displaced history on minorities,
the voucher program produces elements that affect minorities. Although African Americans make up
the overall higher percentage when it comes to housing assistance programs, according to National
Low–Income Housing Coalition, surprisingly Caucasians make up 49 percent of the project–based
section 8. Yet, National Low–Income Housing Coalition mentions that African Americans as of
2010 shows that black and Hispanic public housing residents are four times more likely than their
Caucasian counterparts public housing residents to live in high–poverty neighborhoods. Black and
Hispanic voucher recipients are about three times as likely as their white counterparts to live in
high–poverty neighborhoods. Analyzing this data; furthermore, as of 2010, 28 percent of white
voucher recipients live in the lowest poverty neighborhoods! Reviewing this data Caucasians
obtains overall nationwide more voucher approvals that African Americans living in the highest of
poverty neighborhoods and that comes

Rentire States Examples
Solutions to rentire states
Batool haidar
Abstract
Rentire states are wealthy mostly, however its not developing nor producing to help in self
sufficient, which created a problem needed to be solved, two suggested solutions are taxation with
some benefits resulted from a previous study between high tax countries and low tax countries the
other solution is diversification and its effect on economy and socially and two supportive examples
Introduction
Rentire states is the country that receives its revenues mostly if not all from outside worlds (rent) on
regular basis. Most of the sources of rent paid by those other countries comes from natural resources
like oil and as Beblawi defines a rentier state as one in which rents are ... Show more content on
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The bank also has categories regarding the projects:
"Small projects" KD 0.5 million in total assets.
Uni graduates KD 100,000 – KD 3, 000 minimum.
The bank support the projects with 80% of new project
(Kuna, 2006)
2. Taxation: Tax paying would give people more sense of responsibility and an incentive to work
and produce
A study was done low tax countries with high tax countries, which will help us in the case of retire
states comparing them to the lower taxes countries, as it will be worse of course. In the study the
used some indicators to represent the social and some the economic which is similar to our case (the
mentality and economy):
Socially:
High tax countries have lower poverty percentage than high tax ones
Income is distributed more equally in high taxes countries than lower ones
The workers have more economic security n high taxes than lower taxes countries
In education the high tax countries scored a higher percentages of people completed

The Impact Of Dementia On The Health Problem With...
The impact of dementia is a mounting global health problem with worldwide education the
incidence and prevalence can be diminished. With the projected incidence raising global education
is crucial. Education about dementia prevention, increasing awareness and understanding of
dementia and reducing stigma is vital to meet this 21st century health problem. The above factors
combined have a major impact on the indivvual with dementia and society. No solo country, sector
or organisation can encounter this global health problem by themselves.
Worldwide dementia numbers will grow significantly over the next forty years and create the
necessity for improved dementia education. There is no other disease where numbers are growing as
quickly and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Incredibly by 2012 only a few countries, as seen in table two, had prepared to meet this global
health problem with national dementia plans. Hence, it is crucial to meet the main health care
challenge of the 21st century, especially in low to middle income countries, to follow high– income
countries about education on dementia prevention.
Table One: Projected dementia growth rate
Countries Projected dementia growth rate growth between 2015 to 2050 ( per cent)
High income 116
Upper middle income 227
Low middle income 223
Low income countries 264
Table One: completed with statistics from WHO (2012)
Table two: Countries with a national dementia plan in 2012
2012 – Australia, Belgium, Costa Rica, Cuba, Demark, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom and
United States (Worthmann, 2013)
Table three: Strength of evidence on risk factors for dementia
(Baumgart, Snyder, Carillo, Fazio, Kim & Johns, 2015).
Education about associated modifiable risk factors of dementia is the single most effective
prevention to reduce the burden on society. These modifiable factors are listed in table three

(Baumgart, Snyder, Carillo, Fazio, Kim & Johns, 2015). Up to date research, presents how the
combination of environmental factors can affect the risk

The Correlation Between Economic Growth And The...
One of the most highly controversial topics of our time has been about the environment, whose
quality is not indicated in the measure of GDP. Some scholars say that there is nothing wrong with
our current natural ecosystem and that we should not worry, other scholars say that we should be
more concerned about our environment today than we ever were. Many studies were done to
validate both these hypotheses which left people divided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry.
Economists have found the correlation between economic growth and the deterioration of our
environment: "In the quest for high rates of GDP, the human cost of producing goods and services is
not set against the market value of those items." (Mahadea and Rawat, 2008). In other words, there
is a constant trade–off between sustaining economic growth and maintaining the natural ecosystem.
As stated earlier, producers are unwilling to give up their opportunity to gain more profits for the
sake of sustainability. We should understand the insignificance of overproducing and having a high
GDP if in actuality the living conditions are not as good as the GDP depicts it.
Economists D. Mahadea and T. Rawat investigated the relationship between economic growth and
happiness in which they found that although being rich does make an individual happy, this extra
income would not have the ability to purchase happiness once an income threshold is reached,
especially in developed countries. They concluded that

Economics and National Income
Answers to End–of–Chapter Questions in Chapter 17 1. An economy is currently in equilibrium.
The following figures refer to elements in its national income accounts. | |£ billions | |Consumption
(total) |60 | |Investment |5 | |Government expenditure |8 | |Imports |10 | |Exports |7 | (a) What is the
current equilibrium level of national income? (b) What is the level of injections? (c) What is the
level of withdrawals? (d) Assuming that tax revenues are £7 billion, how much is the level of
saving? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Construct a table similar to Table 17.2 (on page 477), only this time assume that the mpcd is ¾.
Show that national income will increase by £640 million. Table 16.1(a) The multiplier round:
original table in text ––––––––––––––––––––– Period (J (Y (Cd (W (£m) (£m) (£m) (£m)
––––––––––––––––––––– 1 160 160 80 80 ( 2 – 80 40 40 ( 3 – 40 20 20 ( 4 – 20 10 10 ( 5 – 10 5 5 (
6 – 5 . . . . . . ––––––––––––––––––––– 1 ( ( 320 160 160 ––––––––––––––––––––– Table 16.1(b)
The multiplier round: answer to question: mpcd = ¾ –––––––––––––––––––––– Period (J (Y (Cd
(W (£m) (£m) (£m) (£m) –––––––––––––––––––––– 1 160 160 120 40 ( 2 – 120 90 30

Human Development Index
The critical difference between most development models and the human development index is that
most development models only focus on income while the human development index includes the
enlargement of all human choices – economic, political, social and cultural which all affect income.
Comparing countries' Gross National Product/Gross Domestic Product per capita is the most
common way of measuring the level of development today. This model of economic growth
assessment is based on a weak foundation that is not sustainable over a long–term economically,
ethnically and politically. Higher per capita income in a country does not necessarily mean that the
country's inhabitants are better off than those in a country with a lower income per capita. Along
with many other measures of development, these various indicators do no capture many aspects of
human well–being. Sometimes, a country with a high level of national income records a
significantly high percentage proportion deemed to be in poverty, illiterate, in poor health, with no
access to a clean water supply and sanitation, and thus limited a huge disparity is observed, based on
gender inequality, ethnicity and income.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a compilation statistics of mean schooling years, life
expectancy and income recorded then used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
The ranking illustrates how capable a country is. The changing of prices throughout the economy
due to inflation may

The Effect Of Savings And Consumption On The National...
Economy January 1 2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short
summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is
typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] [Type the document subtitle] Table of
Contents Answer 1 3 Answer 2 4 Answer 3 6 Answer 4 7 Answer 5 9 Answer 6 11 Answer 7 12
Answer 8 14 Answer 9 16 Bibliography 18 Answer 1 The multiplier is actually the method of
measuring the effects of savings and consumption on the national income of an economy and it also
shows the relationship between change in income and change in investment. The multiplier effect
occurs when an input causes a bigger final increase in national income, for example, if the spending
by the government increases by $550 billion, there would be an initial increase in aggregate demand
of $550 billion. Every time there is an input of new demand into the circular flow of money there is
most probably to be a multiplier effect. This is because an input of extra income leads to more
spending, that creates more income, and so on. The multiplier effect refers to the rise in final income
arising from any new input or spending by the government or any financial body. The size of the
multiplier depends upon household's marginal decision to spend, called the marginal propensity to
consume (MPC), or to save, marginal propensity to save (MPS). So the effect of increase in savings
on the multiplier

The Pros And Cons Of The Fair Work Commission
The Fair Work Commission has reviewed penalty rates in many businesses such as hospitality,
restaurants and retail industry awards. According to section 156 of the Fair Work Act 2009, there is a
need to deal with this issue as a prospectus of a broader review of modern awards. As per The
Australian Fair Work Commission, there is a reduction of 5 % in Sunday penalty rates in this year
for workers, who are working in hospitality and this will increase to 10% in 2018 and 2018 as well.
The same trend can be seen in the retail or pharmacy sectors and their worker will have to take
home Sunday cut by 5% this year and until 2020, it will reduce by a further 15%.This imperative
has advantages and disadvantages as well. Business giants have appreciated the decision and said
that they can open their business on weekends and will be able to hire more employees. JB Hi–Fi
and Myer will fall under the categories of those big retailers who will get benefits from these
changes. On the other hands, retail workers will face the biggest hit. For example, employees
working in the hospitality sector will face the reduction in the rates from 175% to 150%, however,
casuals will get will same rates without any changes.
According to our point of view, this decision will harm to the lowest paid workers and profitable for
big businesses. From economic point of view, if there is a cut in employee's wages then their income
will fall and they will spend less, moreover, there is a positive correlation

Difference Between Developed And Developed Countries
In the last century, incomes in the "less developed" (or euphemistically, the "developing") countries
have fallen far behind those in the "developed" countries, both proportionately and absolutely. I
estimate that from 1870 to 1990 the ratio of per capita incomes between the richest and the poorest
countries increased by roughly a factor of five and that the difference in income between the richest
country and all others has increased by an order of magnitude.1 This divergence is the result of the
very different patterns in the long–run economic performance of two sets of countries. One set of
countries–call them the "developed" or the "advanced capitalist" (Maddison, 1995) or the "high
income OECD" (World Bank, 1995)–is easily, if awkwardly, identified as European countries and
their offshoots plus Japan. Since 1870, the long–run growth rates of these countries have been rapid
(by previous historical standards), their growth rates have been remarkably similar, and the poorer
members of the group grew sufficiently faster to produce considerable convergence in absolute
income levels. The other set of countries, called the "developing" or "less developed" or
"nonindustrialized," can be easily, if still awkwardly, defined only as "the other set of countries," as
they have nothing else in common. The growth rates of this set of countries have been, on average,
slower than the richer countries, producing divergence in relative incomes. But amongst this set of
countries there have

Robert Putnam 's Our Kids : The American Dream Crisis
The American Dream is becoming less attainable, and now resembles a myth that Americans can
only hope to achieve. In Robert Putnam's Our Kids: The American Dream Crisis,the author begins
his book by analyzing his own hometown, then branches out to other locations in showing the
growing disparity within communities and families. Putman portrays the growing class differences
through statistics and narratives on actual people. In this essay I will evaluate Putnam's book and
apply it to the actions of the Democratic and Republican parties during the 2016 Presidential
Election, and outline two objections I have relating to Putnam's arguments. The newly president
elect, Donald Trump, has lead his campaign with a great emphasis on the campaign slogan of "Make
America Great Again." This phrase is used to represent a time much like what Putnam describes of
his hometown of Port Clinton, Ohio. In the 1950s, Putnam's hometown was the "embodiment of the
American Dream," a place in which all classes of people were able to live and grow together. In
order to alleviate financial pressure from the lower classes, Trump states "In order to achieve the
American dream, let people keep more money in their pockets and increase after–tax wages."
Trump's tax plan will exempt single adults whose income is equivalent $25,000 a year, or married
adults who jointly earn less than $50,000 a year from paying income taxes. This plan does show
favor to the individuals who reside in this tax bracket,

Gdp And Total Expenditure On Purchasing A New Houses Essay
1. GDP is the monetary value allocated to all goods and services produced within a given country.
This excludes the net income accruing from abroad. GDP can be measured using the total
expenditure approach for calculating National Income as a summation of total expenditure on
commodities produced in a given economy. Any expenditure on purchasing a new houses is
excluded. The final consumption of the government is also included together with all current
expenditure. Their expenditure on fixed assets is also included. The value of the physical increase in
inventories during the course if the year is also included. The summation of all these components is
the Total Domestic Expenditure, TDE. Adding up expenditure on export to the TDE determines the
Total Final Expenditure. Subtracting all expenditure on imports from this total results to a measure
known as the GDP at market rate. Subtracting taxes on expenditure levied by the government and
adding back the total amount of subsidy leads to the arrival at a figure known as GDP at factor cost.
National income is however affected by interest, rent and profit accruing from abroad and the net of
the property income from abroad ought to be added to the GDP. This leads to the arrival at the GDP
at factor cost. GDP can also be arrived at by using factor incomes in the computation of National
Income. Under this approach, the summation of individual incomes arrives at the domestic income,
as each time something is produced and sold,

The American Dream
INTRODUCTION
For decades, the idea of homeownership has become synonymous with that of the American Dream.
In order to encourage Americans to pursue this dream, the United States federal government has
created a bevy of programs that subsidize homeownership, including mortgage loan insurance
provided through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), government sponsored enterprises
such as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) and the Federal National
Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) that increase the money available for lending, and the home
mortgage interest deduction.
When Congress re–introduced the federal income tax in 1913, the home mortgage interest deduction
was included along with a number of other deductions as a concession for making citizens pay
federal income tax. The deduction works as follows: if homeowners meet certain prerequisites (i.e.
filing a Form 1040 and itemizing deductions on Schedule A, personal liability for the loan amount,
and the payment is being made on a qualified home) they can deduct their mortgage interest
payments from their adjusted gross income. Over time, this has become the most popular deduction
for millions of Americans.
As with many government programs, there are additional stipulations and elements to the mortgage
interest deduction. There are two types of debt that can be considered for the deduction: (1)
acquisition debt, or the amount taken out to purchase, build, or improve your home, and (2) equity
debt,

The Labor Market
Introduction The landscape of the labor market is a critical factor in the economic comparison of
different countries. Countries with a friendly job market are economically stronger because such an
economy is able to achieve high living standards for its citizens. This paper therefore endeavors to
explore some of the trends in the labor market in the US, EU, Japan and China Unemployment
Rates As per August 2016 the unemployment rate was reported to be at 4.9% percent by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics and this is the first time the unemployment rate fell below 5% since 2008.
However, despite the fall in unemployment rates it is worth considering that only a few of the adults
are working. Only 62.7% of the adult Americans are working and this has been so since the late
1970s.n On the other hand, the unemployment rate in the EU was rated at 10.2% in April which is
the lowest rate since 2011. In the EU, Greece is by far the country with the highest unemployment
rate of 23.3% particularly due to its economic meltdown. On the other hand Malta and Germany
have recorded the lowest unemployment rates in 2016 of about 4%. In Asia, the unemployment rate
in China by June 2016 was rated to be 4.05%. In the first half of 2016, 7.17 million jobs were
created in the majority of the Chinese urban cities therefore accounting for 71.7% of China's yearly
target of 10 million jobs. In Japan, the jobless rate rose to 3.1 % in August 2016 from 3.0% in July.
The unemployment rate in Japan

Taxation Of National Tax Sovereignty For Income Tax
In this essay, the issues for taxation of national tax sovereignty for income tax, corporation tax,
value added tax and excise duties are discussed as well as an opinion as to whether sovereign
nations should compete or co–operate on matters of tax policy. Sovereign nations have different tax
rates and they tend to change with each tax year. The issues of direct and indirect taxes are
numerous and this essay will discuss two major aspects of each using the recent issue of Scotland's
independence for major explanations. These are direct taxes such as Income tax and Corporation
tax; indirect taxes such as Value Added Tax (VAT) and Excise tax.
Income tax as defined by Melville, 2014 (page 15) is: "tax assessed for a tax year (or "year of
assessment") and is based on the taxpayer 's total income for the year from all sources, ignoring any
income which is exempt from income tax" . Sovereign nations set their own taxes individually and
as such taxpayers respond differently depending on the changes in tax rate in the respective tax
system. The changes in income tax rate from one tax year to another affects both high and low
income earners. However, in an analysis for four decades of the US tax system, it was concluded
that high–income earners tend to respond to a greater extent to tax changes than low–income tax
payers . Likewise, Micro economists suggest that this is majorly due to the fact that educational
achievements are a major contributor to the differences in income between

Essay on ECON 2155
ECON (2155) DOCUMENT
DATA EXERCISE #1
Consists of four parts
Part 1: Expenditures Approach to Calculating GDP (weight 25% of the assignment grade)
Complete the following exercise
Visit the Bureau of Economic Analysis Web site at www.bea.gov In U.S. Economic Accounts under
National click on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), then Interactive Tables: GDP and the National
Income and Product Account (NIPA) Historical Tables, click "Begin using the data", and use Section
1 – Tables 1.1.5 and 1.1.6 to identify the GDP (nominal GDP) and real GDP for the past four
quarters.
a) Present the information that you received in your project as a table.
b) Write a report (1 page double – spaced), which contains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
What is the difference between gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP)?
What is the difference in what GDP measures compared to GNP?
2. Based on the table, what calculations must you make to determine GNP from GDP?
3. What is national income (NI)? What does NI measure?
4. Which was higher in this year, GNP or NI? By how much?
5. What calculations must you make to determine NI from GNP?
6. NI is composed of a number of categories. What category makes up the largest portion of NI?
Part 3: GDP in Different Countries (weight 25% of the assignment grade)
Complete the following exercise:
Go to World Development Indicators database:
http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableSelection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world–
development–indicators The countries for this part of the Data Exercise will be assigned by your
professor.
Select the 8 countries assigned for the project by checking the check boxes under Country.
Select the 2 data series GDP (current US$) and Population (Total) under Series.
Select the most recent year under Time.
You can now retrieve that data by clicking one of the options on the upper right of the window.
Clicking "Table" will allow you to view and copy the data for each country. Clicking "Download"
will allow you to download the data in Excel, which can then be copied into your report table.
Fill in the table below. Calculate the per capita GDP for the most recent available year for the
countries with the equation

How is National Income derived? What is the GDP? What...
How is National Income derived? What is the GDP? What information does it give us about a
nation? What is per capita income? If you wanted to know about the economy of a country, which
would you consider more important, and why? (25 points)
National Income is derived through the overall income earned by a country's people, including labor
and capital investment.
Gross domestic product is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy
plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.
It measures output generated through production by labor and property which is physically located
within the confines of a country.
The following excerpts are definitions of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"At market prices" is the way GDP can measure, in a single number, the production of apples plus
oranges plus railroad cars plus all of the millions of other goods and services produced in a major
economy. Theoretically, however, goods not sold in markets should be also be included in GDP,
e.g., services of homemakers or output of home gardens, as well as illegal activities such as the sale
of narcotics, gambling, and prostitution. Also, because it is a measure of the value of output in terms
of market prices, GDP, is sensitive to changes in the average price level. The same physical output
will correspond to a different
GDP level as the average level of market prices varies. To correct for this, the concept of nominal
GDP is used to calculate real GDP, which is the value of domestic product measured in constant
prices from a base year. In effect, this is an attempt to measure actual or real output, e.g. the number
of cars, computers and meals served.".
Per capita income is a measurement of income per person in a population and is often used to
measure a country's standard of living. Measuring Per capita income has a few flaws though. It
gives no indication of the distribution of income within a country, so a small wealthy class can
increase the measured per–capita income far above that of the majority of the population. Differing
currency exchange rates between countries mean that a given amount of money has differing values
in

Macroeconomics Is The Study Of Income And Production On...
Macroeconomics is the study of income and production on the national level. The economic
problems of nations around the world are constantly in the news. A keen understanding of
macroeconomics is required to adequately comprehend the impacts a nation's decisions will have on
its economy. In the global market of today, a country's decision can have impact on the economies
of many other nations. Macroeconomics is focused on the operation of a nation's economy as a
whole, and there are many types of data available for analysis. Economists use unemployment rates
and cost, Consumer Price Index (CPI) and inflation, the rate of government tax revenue and
spending, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to determine the long run success or failure of a
nation's economic strategy. An important data point in macroeconomics is the unemployment of a
given country. Unemployment is a lot more complicated than one might initially think. A nation's
unemployed work force is comprised those individuals currently unemployed and looking for work.
Obviously, the employed work force is made of workers that currently working. These two groups
represent the labor force of a nation. The labor force does not include members of the population
that are too young to work or have retired. More importantly, the labor force does not include the
members of a nation that are no longer looking for work due to the inability to find a job. These are
referred to as discouraged workers and are treated

Gross National Income (GNI)
I chose to do GNI per capita (PPP 2013) because at first glance I could tell that the numbers would
vary a lot more than the other three options. GNI has to do with thousands while the other choices
were single digits. Gross national income (GNI) was also a topic I find to be interesting. I think it is
beneficial to see each countries individual income and a choropleth map depicts it very well. The
first methodology I used for this map the video by Professor Bell. I looked at the tables in the
Appendix comparing them and doing a little bit of research to see which one was the most
interesting to me. I then opened the Excel sheet and began plugging in the numbers for each country.
Once I plugged them in I ordered them from largest to smallest.

Cooperation And The Requirement Of Stronger Enforcement
cooperation and the requirement of stronger enforcement or more systematic dispute settlement
mechanism. My second hypothesis is that international institutions or treaties of members of
significantly asymmetric national capability will have a stronger dispute settlement mechanism.
That is to say, In other words, an institution that contains asymmetry of power in terms of national
capacity, military capacity, economic capability, and legal resources should have stronger DSMs. In
this situation, powerful states might seek for stronger DSMs for gaining advantage within
institutions. The underlying logic of this idea, based on Allee and Elsig is that "many DSMs allow
for both diplomatic and legal dispute settlement, so powerful states can benefit from having a menu
of dispute settlement options that allows them to forum–shop even within treaties."(Allee 97) Also,
for weaker countries, stronger DSMs can give weaker countries the equal chance to argue with more
powerful countries under certain framework. Strong DSMs provide relatively weaker countries such
as Mexico has more capability to confront with more powerful countries and boost their chance to
win the confrontation. To prove this hypothesis, I will find asymmetric countries in size and
compare the agreements of these asymmetric countries to some symmetric countries. The expected
conclusion should be that agreement with more heterogeneous countries would have stronger DSM.
There are many existing cases can prove this

ECO 100 Final Paper Effects of taxes on the economy
Effects of Taxes on the Economy
Donna Ralston
ECO 100 Survey of Contemporary Economic Issues
Instructor: Frank Huber
July 14, 2014
What happens to the economy when the government raises or lowers taxes? Lots of people in
America do not understand exactly what happens to the economy when the government raises or
lowers taxes. In this paper I am going to address that question as well as a few other things such as:
Describing the effect on net personal income when the government raises taxes and when the
government lowers taxes. Describing how the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is affected by higher
taxes and lower taxes. I will also identify what other economic factors are affected when taxes are
raised or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To get everything produced by a country's citizens, no matter where they are in the world, you
should look at Gross National Product (GNP), also called Gross National Income (GNI)."
(Amadeo,K. n.d) Each month, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), an agency of the U.S.
Department of Commerce, releases an estimate of the level and growth of U.S. gross domestic
product (GDP), which is the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in
the United States.
Usually, a recession is when a slowdown in economic activity happens and can cause a decrease in
jobs, as well as constricted credit for loans, and lethargic or disheartened sales overall. To be precise,
a recession is defined as a decrease in the nation's total economic activity (the GNP) for two or more
consecutive quarters. We know when a recession occurs because it affects everyone. You might lose
your job, be turned down for a loan that you normally could have gotten etc... The government
intervenes by implementing the fiscal policy; it is a type of economical intervention where the
government inserts its guidelines into the economy to either expand the economy's growth or to
contract it. They do this by fluctuating the levels of spending and taxation, the governments can
directly or indirectly affect the total demand, which is the total amount of goods and services in the
economy.
What other economic factors are affected when taxes are

Managerial Economics National Income
Assaignment topics:
Nature , conceps , measurement of nation income
Classical and Keynes approaches
nATIONAL INCOM E:
––––The t otal sum of goods and services produced by t he people of a count ry wit h t he help of
capit als and national resources called Nat ional Income (Prof. Alfred Marshall)
We can define Nat ional Income as t he collective achievement of a nat ion. In t his way, t he Nat
ional Income is t he aggregat e of t he individual incomes. (Prof. Gardner Ackley)
Nat ional Income is t he basic concept of economic, which refers t o t he market value of t he goods
and services produced during a part icular year. (Prof. Richard Lipsy)
CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL
INCOme
––––1.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUct
Total value of output (goods and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of looking so much |i|CLASSICAL ECONOMISTS–economists who |
|at individual people and businesses and their economic decisions, macroeconomics deals with the
|c|believe in no government regulation |
|overall pattern of the economy. To star with, we will look at two main groups of economists: the
|]|of the economy |
|Classical Economists and the Keynesian Economists. Classical economists generally think that the |
|KEYNESIAN ECONOMISTS–economists who |
|market, on its own, will be able to adjust while Keynesian economists believe that the government |
|believe in government regulation of |
|must step in to solve problems. The two camps have differing ideas on the causes and solutions of |
|the economy |
|unemployment. The Classical economists believe that unemployment is caused by excess supply,
which | | |
|is caused by the high price level of labor. Based on supply and demand, when wages are held too
high| | |
|by social and political

Gross Domestic Product And Gross National Income
M2A2: National Income Accounting/
Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Income
Samantha Montero & Renee Scott
After reading Economics: Principles and Tools, we understand that one is able to
measure the production of the entire economy by a tool known as the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services, produced within
a country.1 It summarizes the entire production of an economy into a single number (GDP) and it
gauge 's a country standard of living. Throughout this essay we will aim to explain both the main
components of GDP and it's differences from other forms of economic measurements, as well as
touch upon it's deficiencies as a measure of welfare. We will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1 OʼSullivan, Arthur, and Steven M. Sheffrin. Economics: Principles and Tools. 5th ed. Upper
Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Print.
2
GDP, on top of having several different components, has a few different ways in which it
measures output. Two different measurements that are widely used are Nominal GDP and Real
GDP. The main difference between nominal GDP and real GDP is that nominal GDP doesn 't
adjust for inflation and real GDP does. 2 While real GDP is adjusted for differences in price

levels, nominal GDP when calculated is not and, as a result, will often appear higher and can be
misleading. With measurements that require adjustments, one will always encounter
discrepancies. Gross domestic input or GDI measures the sum of all income earned while
producing goods and services within a nation 's borders. 3 The difference between GDI and GDP
is that GDI calculates economic activity based on income, and GDP calculates economic activity
based on spending. While they are similar, the two measurements use different methods to gauge
the economy and thus, the data collected by GDP and GDI will almost never be the same.
According to Dr. Marilyn Waring in the film Who is Counting?4 As long as activity
passes through the market, it is good for growth. In the film Dr. Waring discusses the major

A Report On The Eb 5 Program
The EB–5 program is booming in popularity, driven largely by the U.S. economy in which
developers are searching for new sources of capital. It is also fueled by rising demand from
foreigners looking for access to U.S. schools, safe investment in U.S. projects and –– in the case of
China, where most of the investors are from –– greater freedom. The program has broad bipartisan
support in Congress, and key senators who are negotiating an overhaul of the immigration system
have said they are leaning toward expanding visa programs that provide an immediate boost to the
economy. Supporters call the program a no–brainer, because it creates jobs and attracts investment.
"If you get highly skilled, highly talented immigrants with money, who are paying and committing
to things that are positive, I 'm inclined to think it 's terrific," former Treasury secretary Lawrence H.
Summers said. Since the EB–5 program began in 1992, more than 29,000 people have received
visas, foreigners have invested more than $6.8 billion and 50,000 American jobs have been created,
U.S. officials said. USCIS administers the EB–5 Program. Under this program, entrepreneurs (and
their spouses and unmarried children under 21) are eligible to apply for a green card (permanent
residence) if they make the necessary investment in a commercial enterprise in the United States.
This program is known as EB–5 for the name of the employment–based fifth preference visa that
participants receive. The immigrant investor,

Economics
ECONOMICS
TITLE : NATIONAL INCOME
TEAM MEMBERS : SARAH CHIN, ARDEN, NURUL NADYRAH & FIR DAUS
LECTURER : MR.MANO
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INCOME 3, 4
2. BACKGROUND OF NATIONAL INCOME 5, 6
3. THE MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME 7, 8
4. THE PROBLEMS IN MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME 9,
5. PROBLEMS OF COMPARISON OF NATIONAL INCOME BETWEEN 10
COUNTRIES
6. CONCLUSION 11
7. REFERENCES 12
INTRODUCTION
National Income or national product or national expenditure is the total value of all goods or
services produced or created by a nation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore GNP, rather than NNP, is used to make comparisons over time and between countries.
Net National Product
Net national product (NNP) is obtained when the value of depreciation is subtracted from the GNP.
Depreciation occurs when capital equipment use in the production process becomes obsolete after a
certain period of usage.
NNP = GNP – depreciation
NNP can also be measured at market prices or at factor prices. The formula to calculate NNP at
market price is:

NNP (market price) = GNP (market price) – depreciation
&
NNP (market price) = NNP (factor cost) + indirect taxes – subsidies
The formula to calculate NNP at factor cost is:
NNP (factor cost) = GNP (factor cost) – depreciation
&
NNP (factor cost) = NNP (market price) + subsidies – indirect taxes
BACKGROUND OF NATIONAL INCOME
National income is gross domestic income for the country. The gross domestic product (GDP) or
gross domestic income (GDI) is one of the measures of national income and output. GDP can be
defined in three ways, which should give identical results. First, it is equal to the total expenditures
for final goods and services produced within the country in a specified period of time (usually a
365–day year). Second, it is equal to the sum of the value added at every stage of production by all
the industries, plus taxes and minus subsidies on products. Third, it is equal to the sum of the
income generated by

The Impact Of National Minimum Wage On South Africa 's...
The impact national minimum wage would have on South Africa's income inequality should it be
implemented.
South Africa is still considered one of the countries which still consist of high income inequality.
Economists argue that inequality is the most unavoidable part of the economic development and that
it continues to increase in developing countries due to economic growth (Keeton, 2014). Inequality
is a problem in countries such as South Africa, because it shifts the attention from bigger and
difficult economic questions to it being seen as the source of poverty and the lack of jobs rather than
bad policies and political failure. The national minimum wage is defined as the minimum pay per
hour of labour which almost each and every worker is entitled to despite how small the employer
may be. It helps create a basic floor, below which no–one may fall, despite the region or sector that
one is in. South Africa is looking to introduce the abovementioned minimum wage in order to help
reduce the level of inequality in the country. President Jacob Zuma has stated that the possibility of
this minimum wage being one of the most important mechanisms in reducing the income inequality
will be investigated. The investigation is said to focus on different possible models, such as one that
includes the different pay structures for various sectors, looking at the nature of the work done
(Southafrica.info, 2014). Economists argue that although the national minimum wage is seen as a
way

Wages For The American Worker Essay
Honest Wages for The American Worker Congratulations, you are hired! The four words that people
long to hear. However, for many newly employed workers, their new job will not pay an income that
will enable them to live comfortably. In 2015, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 2.6
million Americans, or approximately 3.3 percent of all hourly paid workers earned wages at, or
below the federal minimum wage. Since 2009, the federal minimum wage amount has remained
stagnant. Bringing this number to a level that is consistent with the cost of living is a basic right for
every wage earning American. Raising the minimum wage enables working people to live above the
poverty line. Although opposition states that raising the wage will increase unemployment, the
increase would actually reduce the number of persons receiving food stamps, stimulate the
economy, in addition to reducing income inequality.
According to a Washington Post–ABC news poll, two–thirds of Americans say the minimum wage
should be increased. In 2015, protests by low wage workers garnered media attention and captured
the nation's attention. Workers exposed the low wage paying practices by several big–name
corporations. These companies included Macy's, Sears and Walmart in addition to fast–food outlets
Dunkin Donuts, McDonald's and Subway. Pressure is building on Congress to raise the amount,
nevertheless this is not the first time Congress has wrestled with this subject. The Fair Labor
Standards Act was a

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