The document summarizes India's major industrial policies from 1948 to the late 1970s. The key points are:
1) The 1948 policy established a mixed economy with industries divided between public, private, and joint sectors. It emphasized balanced regional development and harmonious labor relations.
2) The 1956 policy expanded the public sector and classified industries into schedules A, B, and C based on state involvement. It aimed to accelerate industrialization and reduce economic inequalities.
3) Subsequent policies in the 1970s gradually liberalized the economy by raising investment limits, delicensing industries, and providing incentives for exports and backward area development. This moved India toward a more market-oriented economy.
working age population is the population in the age group of 15-64 in the economy currently employed.
People who are still undergoing studies, housewives and persons younger than 15 and above the age of 64 are not reckoned in the labour force. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is defined as the number of persons in the labour force divided by the total working age population.
Unit 4 c) changes in policy perspectives role of institutional framework afte...Mahendra Kumar Ghadoliya
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Development of Indian economy has passed from many phases. We followed the policy of Import Substitution and restrictive trade policies. we liberalized the economy gradually and slowly. After 1991 Industrial policy India followed path of Liberalization.
working age population is the population in the age group of 15-64 in the economy currently employed.
People who are still undergoing studies, housewives and persons younger than 15 and above the age of 64 are not reckoned in the labour force. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is defined as the number of persons in the labour force divided by the total working age population.
Unit 4 c) changes in policy perspectives role of institutional framework afte...Mahendra Kumar Ghadoliya
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Development of Indian economy has passed from many phases. We followed the policy of Import Substitution and restrictive trade policies. we liberalized the economy gradually and slowly. After 1991 Industrial policy India followed path of Liberalization.
Introduction
The industrial policy means the procedures, principles, policies rules and regulations which control the industrial undertaking of the country and pattern of industrialization. It explains the approach of Government in context to the development of industrial sector. In India the key objective of the economic policy is to achieve self-reliance in all sectors of the economy and to develop socialistic pattern of society. The industrial policy in the pre-reform period i.e. before1991 put greater emphasis on the state intervention in the field of industrial development. These policies no doubt have resulted into the creation of diversified industrial structure but caused a number of inefficiencies, distortions and rigidities in the system. Thus during late 70âs and 80âs, Government initiated liberalization measures in the industrial policy framework. The drastic liberalization measures were however, carried out in 1991.
Industrial Policies Prior to 1991
Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948
The first important industrial policy statement was made in the Industrial policy Resolution (IPR), 1948. The main thrust of IPR, 1948 was to lay down the foundation of mixed economy whereby the private and public sector was accepted as important components in the development of industrial economy of India. The policy divided the industries into four broad categories:
(i) Industries with Exclusive State Monopoly: It included industries engaged in the activity of atomic energy, railways and arms and ammunition.
(ii) Industries with Government Control: It included the industries of national importance and so needs to be registered. 18 such industries were put under this category eg. fertilizers, heavy chemical, heavy machinery etc.
(iii) Industries in the Mixed Sector: It included the industries where private and public sector were allowed to operate. Government was allowed to review the situation to acquire any existing private undertaking.
(iv)Industries under Private Sector: Industries not covered by above categories fell in this category.
IPR, 1948 gave public sector vast area to operate. Government took the role of catalytic agent of industrial development. The resolution assigned complementary role to small-scale and cottage industries. The foreign capital which was seen with suspect in the pre-independent era was recognized as an important tool to speedup up industrial development
Industrial policy is a document that sets the tone in implementing, promoting the regulatory roles of the government. It was an effort to expand the industrialization and uplift the economy to its deserved heights. It signified the involvement of the Indian government in the development of the industrial sector.
Similar to Import Substituting Regulatory Policy Regime (20)
The economic growth potential that can result from shift in a Populationâs age structure, mainly when the share of working age population (15-64) is larger than the non-working age share of the population(14 Years and younger and 65 years and older)
The Planning Commission set up a Working Group in 1962. It recommended that the national minimum for a household of 5 persons should be not less than Rs. 100/- per month for rural and Rs. 125/- for urban at 1960-61 prices.
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
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Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange đ± this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAYÂ you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers â„ïž
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
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The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ â 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
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USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
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The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
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financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
âą The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
âą The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
âą The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
âą Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and assetâs value is determined by companyâs performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
ï Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the companyâs board of director or the business decisions to be made.
ï Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for companyâs growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
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Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
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As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
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If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. đ I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
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Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
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Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
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The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a âRoaring Twentiesâ? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. governmentâs aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
âIn order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,â says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
2. Industrial Policy, 1948:
On April 6, 1948, the Government of India adopted its first industrial
policy
The policy laid a foundation of a mixed economy which included both
the public sector as well as private sector for accelerating the
industrial development of the country.
1. Division of Industrial Sector:
(a) Industries with complete state Monopoly:
In this first category the manufacture of arms and ammunition, the
production and control of atomic energy and ownership and
management of railway transport were included. Their expansion,
development and new construction was the responsibility of the
government.
3. (b) Mixed Sector:
The second category included coal, iron and steel, aircraft manufacture,
ship-building, manufacture of telephone, telegraphs and wireless sets and
mineral oil industries.
(c) The Sector of Government control:
In this category various industries such as salt, automobiles, tractors, prime
movers, heavy chemical, electric engineering, machine tools, fertilizers,
electro-chemical industries, rubber manufactures, power and industrial
alcohol, non-metals, cotton and woollen textiles, sugar, paper, cement,
newsprint, air and sea transport, minerals and industries related to defence
were included.
(d) Private Sector
All the remaining industries were placed in the fourth category which were
kept open to private sector including both individual as well as co-operative
4. 2. Role of cottage and Small Scale Industries:
Employment creation, safeguard from competition
3. Role of Foreign Capital:
Regarding foreign capital, the industrial policy recognized the need for
security and participation of foreign capital and enterprise especially
in respect of technology and knowledge.
4. Harmonious Relation between Management and Labour:
The policy emphasised the need for harmonious industrial relations
and evolving a machinery which would ensure congenial working
atmosphere.
5. Industrial Licensing Policy:
Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951:
The IDRA Act, 1951 was passed by the Parliament in October
1951 in order to control and regulate the process of industrial
development.
The main objectives of the Act were:
(a) To regulate industrial investment and production as per
priorities and targets of plan;
(b) To protect small industries from large industries;
(c) To prevent growth of monopoly and concentration of
ownerships; and
(d) To attain balanced regional development.
(e) Optimum utilisation of scarce foreign capital
6. 1. Restrictive provisions in the Act: The following are some of
the important restrictive provisions in the IDRA Act to check the
unfair practices adopted by industries.
(a)Registration and licensing:
License will be essential for establishment of any industry
whether in Public or Private sector
Extension of the existing units also require government
permission.
(b) Enquiry of Industries:
(c) Cancellation of Registration:
2. Reformative Provisions:
In order to make necessary reforms in those industries, the
following reformative measures were undertaken:
7. (a) Direct regulation or control by government:
Provisions were made to issue directions for reforms of those industries
which were showing unsatisfactory performances. In the extreme case
the government might take over the management and control of
mismanaged unit.
(b) Control on price and supply:
Provision was made through this Act to empower the government to
regulate and control the prices, distribution and supply of the product
produced by any industrial unit included in the schedule of the Act.
(c) Constructive measures:
Government established Central Advisory Council along with a number
of Development Councils for different products. Initially 37 industries
were brought under the purview of the Act and later on their number
was raised to 70.
8. Although initially capital investment limit was fixed at Rs. 1 lakh but later
on it was decided that any industrial units employing less than 100
workers and maintaining fixed capital less than Rs. 10 lakh should not be
brought under the purview of the Act.
This investment exemption limit was later raised to Rs. 25 lakh in 1963, Rs.
1 crore in 1970, Rs. 3 crore in 1978 and then to Rs. 5 crore. In 1988-89, the
government announced the industrial de-licensing package in which the
system of licensing was abolished for those industries set up in backward
areas having investment less than Rs. 50 crore and for those industries
located in non-backward areas.
But this licensing policy was criticized on the ground that it led to
under-utilization of production capacity, expansion of large industrial
houses, economic concentration, increased regional imbalances, and
promotion of inefficient enterprises.
***
9. Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956:
On April 30, 1956, a second Industrial Policy Resolution was
adopted in India replacing the policy Resolution of 1948. It was a
socialist, progressive and well defined industrial policy
Objectives:
To accelerate the rate of growth and industrialization
To develop heavy industries and machine making industries
To expand public sector
To reduce inequalities in income and wealth
To build-up large and growing cooperative sector
To prevent Monopolies and Concentration of wealth and income in
the hands of a few.
10. In this new policy, industries were re-classified into three schedules.
(a) Schedule A:
In the schedule A, 17 industries were listed and the future
developments of these industries were to be the exclusive
responsibility of the State.
These industries include arms and ammunition, atomic energy, iron
and steel, heavy castings and forgings of iron and steel, heavy
machinery, heavy electrical industries, coal, mineral oil, mining; iron
ore and other important minerals like, copper, lead and zinc; railway
transport, aircraft, ship building, telephone, telegraph and wireless
equipment, and generation and distribution of electricity.
11. (b) Schedule B:
In this schedule 12 industries were placed which will be
progressively state- owned.
In this schedule, the state would gradually set up new units and the
private industries would also be expected to supplement the effort of
the state in this regard.
These twelve industries include aluminium, other mining industries
and other non-ferrous metals not included in the schedule A, machine
tools, Ferro alloys and tool, steels, fertilizers, the chemical industry,
antibiotics and other essential drugs, synthetic rubber, carbonization
of coal, chemical pulp, road transport and sea transport.
12. (c) Schedule C:
In this schedule all the remaining industries were included and their
future development would be left to the initiative and enterprise of
the private sector.
The state would facilitate and encourage the development of all these
industries in the private sector as per the programmes finalized in the
Five Year Plans of the country.
These industries were controlled by the state in terms of the
Industries (Development and Regulation) Act of 1951 and other
relevant legislations.
13. (ii) No water-tight Classification:
It is important to note that the grouping of industries into three
schedules was not placed in water-tight compartments. As these
classifications remained open, thus the State may start any industry
even in schedule C and similarly privately owned units may be
permitted to establish industrial units even in schedule A in
appropriate cases.
(iii) Fair and Non-discriminatory Treatment for the Private
Sector:
The State would facilitate and encourage the private sector industries
by ensuring infrastructural facilities like power, transport and other
services and provide non-discriminatory treatment to both public
and private owned units.
14. (iv) Encouraging Cottage and Small Scale Industries:
The State would continue to support cottage, village and small scale
industries by restricting the volume of production in the large scale
industrial units, by imposing differential taxation or by direct subsidies
and would concentrate to improve their competitive strength by
modernizing the techniques of production.
(v) Removal of Regional Disparities:
In order to secure a balanced development, the policy emphasized to
remove regional disparities in respect of industrial development and
tries to attain higher standard of living for the people of the country.
15. (vi) Amenities for Labour:
The Resolution recognized the importance of labour and recommended
to associate the workers and technicians with management
progressively. The policy stressed the need for improving the living and
working conditions of workers and also to raise their standard of
efficiency.
(vii) Attitude towards Foreign Capital:
Regarding the foreign capital the resolution maintained the same attitude
as enunciated in our Industrial Policy, 1948. The policy recognized the
importance of foreign capital and has given clear assurance for the safety
and facilities for investment of the foreign investors.
Thus the policy laid a strong foundation for a mixed economy in the
country.
16. Industrial Licensing Policy, 1970:
As per the recommendations of Dutt Committee, the Government of
India announced a new Industrial Licensing Policy in February 1970.
Following are some of the basic features of this policy:
1. A âcore sectorâ was introduced which consisted of basic industries
and industries related to defence requirements and of critical and
strategic importance.
2. The 1970 Licensing Policy mentioned about another sector as
âheavy investment sectorâ which included all those industries having
investment more than Rs. 5 crore.
3. Other middle sector and delicensed sector were open for private
investment except those reserved for the public sector.
17. The core sector industries were divided into 9 sectors which
were consisted of:
(i) Agricultural inputs,
(ii) Iron and steel,
(iii) Non-ferrous metals,
(iv) Petroleum,
(v) Cooking coal,
(vi) Heavy industry machinery
(vii) Ship building and building of dredgers,
(viii) Newsprint and
(ix) Electronics.
Industries which were earlier reserved for public sector in the 1956
policy would continue to be reserved and in other sectors, large
industrial house and foreign companies would be allowed to develop.
18. 3. The âmiddle sectorâ consisting of all those industries having
investment between Rs. 1 crore and Rs. 5 crore, would be
considerably liberalized and their licensing procedures would be
simplified to a large extent.
4. Industries having investment less than Rs. 1 crore were placed in
the âUnlicensed sectorâ where to set up any industry no license
henceforth would be required.
5. Joint sector-It is mentioned that while sanctioning loans or
subscribing to debentures in future, all public financial institutions
should have the option to convert them into equity within the
definite period of time.
In respect of small scale sector, the existing policy of reservation was
continued and the area of such reservation was extended.
19. Industrial Licensing Policy 1973:
In February, 1973, another industrial Licensing Policy statement was
adopted in which a new definition of âlarge industrial housesâ was
adopted. In 1973 policy this definition for large houses was adopted
as per the MRTP Act in which any industrial establishment having
assets more than Rs. 20 crore would be called large houses as against
the limit of Rs. 35 crore permitted earlier by 1970 licensing policy.
20. In this new policy two previous recommendations, of 1970 policy i.e.,
exemption limit from licensing (raised from Rs. 25 lakh to Rs. 1 crore
in 1970) and the joint sector were maintained. This 1973 licensing
policy also expanded the area of core sector which would now
include 19 industry groups as compared to 9 industries permitted in
1970 policy.
This was major concession to large industrial houses as the sector
now included âlow priority but highly profitable industries like man-
made fibres and synthetic detergentsâ. It was claimed that the new
policy would net in more large industrial houses. But the claim was
not justified.
21. Industrial Policy Development in EightiesâLiberalisation Wave:
During eighties, various steps were taken by the Government for
liberalizing the industrial policy of the country.
These steps were as follows:
1. Exemption from Licensing:
In order to liberalise the industries, the exemption limit of licensing
was continuously enhanced from non-MRTP and non-FERA
companies. The exemption limit which was Rs. 3 crores in 1978,
gradually enhanced to Rs. 5 crores in 1983 and then substantially to
Rs. 55 crores for those projects to be located in non-backward areas
and to Rs. 50 crores for those projects located in backward areas in
1988-89.
22. 2. Relaxation to MRTP and FERA Companies:
The government made provision for various relaxations to those
companies under MRTP Act (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade
Practices Act) and FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) in order
to expand industrial production and also to promote exports.
These relaxations include:
(a) Raising the limit of MRTP companies from Rs. 20 crores to Rs. 100 crores in
March, 1985;
(b) Allowing the MRTP to set up new capacities in those industries of high
national importance and with import substitution potential or using
sophisticated technology without the approval to government in 1983 (May);
(c) Giving permission for unrestricted entry of large industrial houses and
companies governed by FERA in 21 high technology items of manufacture in
December, 1985. Accordingly, large industrial houses under the purview of MRTP
Act and FERA companies were given permission to freely undertake the
manufactures of 83 items.
23. (d) Specifying a list of 33 broad group of industries under Appendix I
where MRTP and FERA companies were given permission to set up
capacities provided these items are not in the reserved list of small
scale sector or public sectors;
(e) Making provision for various other concessions such as
regularisation of excess capacity and capacity re-endorsement,
special facilities to set up industries in backward areas etc. to MRTP
and FERA companies.
3. Delicensing:
Government delicensed 28 broad categories of industries and 82 bulk
drug and their formulations.
24. 4. Re-endorsement of Capacity:
In order to achieve maximum capacity utilisation, in April 1982, the
scheme of capacity re-endorsement was announced.
Again in 1986, this scheme was liberalised further to permit those
undertakings in availing such facility which achieved 80 per cent
capacity utilization (previously 94 per cent).
The industries which were not permitted for automatic re-
endorsement of capacity was reduced from 77 to 26.
5. Broad Banding Industries:
In 1984, the scheme of broad banding of industries was introduced in
order to classify these industries into broad categories. This was
done to enable the producers to change their product-mix rapidly in
order to match the changing demand pattern.
25. 6. Minimum Economic Scales of Operation:
In 1986 the government introduced the minimum economic scales of
operation in order to encourage relations of economies of scale
through the expansion of its installed capacities. Till 1989, minimum
economic capacities (MECs) were specified gradually for 108
industries and in 1989-90 some more industries were specified
under MECs.
7. Development of Backward Areas: In March 1986 the Scheme
of delicensing was extended to MRTP and FERA companies.
Later on the scheme was extended to 49 industries. Again in 1988-
89, the government set up 100 growth centres throughout the
country to provide infrastructural facilities to these backward areas.
Moreover, in 1988 income tax reliefs were announced for
promoting industrialisation of backward areas.
26. 8. Incentives for Export Production:
In order to promote exports, the government announced various
concessions in its industrial policy and export (Exim) policy. Again,
all 100 per cent export- oriented industries were exempted from
Section 21 and 22 of the Act which were set in Free-Trade Zones.
Some more industries were identified from export angle which were
permitted 5 per cent automatic growth rate annually over and above
their normal capacity.
27. 9. Enhancement of Investment of Small Scale and Ancillary Units:
The investment limits for small scale units and ancillary units which
was Rs. 20 lakhs and 25 lakhs respectively as per 1980 policy
statement, gradually enhanced to Rs. 35 lakhs and Rs. 45 lakhs
respectively in 1985 and Rs. 2 lakhs for tiny units.
In 1991, these limits were again raised to Rs. 60 lakhs and Rs. 75
lakhs for both the small scale and ancillary units respectively.
Moreover about 200 times which were earlier reserved, were
completely de-reserved and kept open for large and medium scale
sector.
28. Industrial Policy Statement, 1977:
In December 1977, the Janata Party Government announced its New
Industrial Policy through a statement in the Parliament.
1. Development of Small Scale Industrial Sector:
The main thrust of the new policy was the effective promotion of
cottage and small industries widely dispersed in rural areas and
small towns. In this policy the small sector was classified into three
groupsâcottage and household sector, tiny sector and small scale
industries.
29. This Industrial policy 1977, suggested following measures for
the promotion of small scale and cottage industries of the
country:
(a) Expanding the list of items from 180 to 807 items.
(b) Establishment of âDistrict Industries Centreâ for the development
of cottage and small scale industries.
(c) Revamping Khadi and Village Industries Commission.
(d) Special arrangement for widespread application of suitable
technology for small scale and village industries.
30. 2. Areas for Large Scale Sector:
The 1977 Industrial Policy prescribed the following areas for
large scale industrial sector:
(a) Basic industries,
(b) Capital goods industries,
(c) High technology industries and
(d) Other industries outside the list of reserved items for the small
scale sector.
3. Big Business Houses:
The 1977 Industrial Policy restricts the scope of large business
houses so that no unit of the same business group acquired a
dominant and monopolistic position in market.
31. 4. Role of the Public Sector:
The new policy prescribed the expansion of the role of public sector
especially in respect of strategic goods of basic nature. The public
sector was also encouraged to develop ancillary industries and to
transfer its expertise in technology and management to small scale
and cottage industry sectors.
5. Promotion of Technological Self-reliance through the inflow of
technology in sophisticated areas was another feature of the 1977
policy.
6. The policy recommended a consistent line of approach towards
sick industrial units of the country.
32. 7. Management-labour Relations:
The new policy of 1977 put emphasis on reducing the occurrence of
labour unrest. The Government encouraged the workerâs
participation in management from shop floor level to board level.
But the industrial Policy 1977, is subjected to serious criticism as
there was absence of effective measures to curb the dominant
position of large scale units and the policy did not envisage any
socioeconomic transformation of the economy for curbing the role of
big business houses and multinationals.
33. Adverse consequences:
âą Dominance of public sector- industrial policy 1948,1956
âą Trade and exchange control, Tariff, Quota, Taxes
âą Selective access to foreign investment, FERA
âą Industrial licensing, MRTP
âą Administered prices MSP, import restrictions
âą Subsidy to private sector
âą Increasing Role of the State
34. âą Huge losses in the Public Sector
âą Fiscal deficit
âą Debt Burden
âą Low savings and investment
âą Poor efficiency and low competitiveness
âą Low productivity
âą Increased prices
âą Unemployment
âą Balance of Payment crisis
âą Slow growth in exports
âą Regional disparities
âą Slow rate of economic growth
36. Industrial Policy of 1980:
On 3rd July, 1980 the Congress (I) Government announced its new
industrial policy. This new policy seeks to promote the concept of
economic federation, to raise the efficiency of public sector and to
reverse trend of industrial production of the past three years and
reaffirms its faith in the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices
(MRTP) Act and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). While
preparing this policy statement, the 1956 resolution was considered
as its basis.
37. Socio-economic Objectives of the Policy:
The industrial policy statement, 1980 has laid down the following
objectives:
(i) Optimum utilization of installed capacity;
(ii) Maximizing production and to achieve higher productivity and higher
employment generation;
(iii) Correction of regional imbalance through a preferential development of
industrially backward areas;
(iv) Strengthening of the agricultural base according to a preferential
treatment to agro-based industries and promoting optimum inter-sectoral
relationship;
(v) Faster promotion of export-oriented and import substitution industries;
(vi) Promoting economic federalism with an equitable spread of investment
over small but growing unit in the rural as well as urban areas; and
(vii) Revival of the economy by removing the infrastructural gaps.
38. Policy Measures:
Besides in this industrial policy, 1980 the following policy
measures were proposed to normalize the situation and to put the
economy again on its feet:
1. Effective Operational System of Management of the Public
Sector:
The new policy reaffirmed its faith in the public sector in-spite of
having erosion of faith in it in recent years. Thus, the Government
decided to launch a time bound programme in order to revive the
efficiency of public sector undertakings.
39. 2. Integrating Industrial Development in the Private Sector by
Promoting the Concept of Economic Federalism:
The policy statements state that for integrated industrial development,
it would promote the concept of economic federalism with setting up
of a few nucleus plants in each district, identified as industrially
backward district, to generate as many ancillaries and small and
cottage units as possible.
3. Nucleus Plants:
The new policy has introduced the concept of nucleus plants which
would concentrate on assembling the products of the ancillary units
falling within its orbit, on producing the inputs needed by a large
number of smaller units and making adequate marketing
arrangements. The nucleus plant would also make provision for
upgrading the technology of small units.
40. 4. Redefining Small Units:
In view of the sufficient changes in the price level, price escalation and to
develop the cottage and small scale industries, the Government decided:
(a) To raise the limit of investment in respect of tiny units from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 2
lakh;
(b) To raise the investment limits in case of small scale units from Rs. 10 lakh to
Rs. 20 lakh; and
(c) To raise the investment limit in case of ancillary units from Rs. 15 lakh to Rs.
25 lakh.
Thus, the upward revision of investment limits would eliminate the tendency to
circumvent the present limit by under-estimating the value of machinery and
equipment, falsification of accounts or resort to âbenamiâ units. This would also
help the qualified entrepreneurs in order to set up genuine small scale units and
also facilitate the long overdue modernization of the existing small scale units.
Further, the new policy also provides other facilities like financial support to
small units, buffer stocks of critical inputs for small units, marketing support and
reservation of items for small scale industries as a whole.
41. 5. Promotion of Industries in the Rural Areas:
The policy statement emphasized the necessity to promote suitable industries in
the rural areas in order to generate bigger employment and for raising per capita
income of the rural people without disturbing ecological balance in rural areas. In
this respect the development of handloom, handicrafts and khadi and village
industries would be given greater attention.
6. Removal of Regional Imbalance:
The policy encourages dispersal of industry and setting up of industrial units in
industrially backward areas for making necessary correction in regional
imbalances.
7. Liberalisation of Existing Capacities:
The policy statement gave recognition to the excess productive capacity as a
result of replacement and modernization, and regularized these unauthorized
excess capacities on selective basis.
42. 8. Automatic Expansion:
The policy also gave concession to the large scale units about their extension and
simplification for automatic expansion until now permitted to 15 industries.
9. Industrial Sickness and State Policy:
The policy statement also proposed to introduce âa checklistâ to serve as âearly
warning systemâ for identifying symptoms of sickness and also to take stern
measures about deliberate mismanagement and financial improprieties leading to
sickness. In exceptional cases only the management of sick units would be taken
over on public interests.
Conclusion:
In conclusion it can be observed that the New Industrial Policy (1980) is guided
mainly by the considerations of growth. The policy liberalized licensing for large
and big business, wanted to promote large scale industries at the cost of small
scale units. Thus the policy favours a more capital intensive path for development
and paves the way for the expansion of large and big industrial houses.
43. Industrial Policy 1991:
ï¶ Reduction in the scope of industrial licensing
ï¶ Simplification of Procedures, Rules and Regulations
ï¶ Reforms in MRTP Act
ï¶ Reduction in areas reserved for public sector to only 8
ï¶ disinvestment
ï¶ Enhancing limits of foreign equity participation
ï¶ Liberalization of Trade
ï¶ Reduction in customs and excise duties and personal and
corporate income tax
ï¶ Extension the scope of Modified Value Added Tax.
44. Industrial Licensing Policy 1991:
ï¶ Abolition of industrial licensing for all the new projects and expansion
of existing projects except for security and strategic concern, social
reasons, hazardous chemicals, overriding environmental reasons and
items of elitist consumption.
ï¶ Only 8 industries reserved for the public sector
ï¶ Automatic clearance for import of project machinery
ï¶ No requirement for industrial approval except for cities population
over one million
ï¶ Mandatory convertibility clause will no longer be applicable for term
loan from financial institutions
ï¶ Phase manufacturing programmes will not be applicable for new
projects
ï¶ Entrepreneurs to file information on new projects and subsequent
expansions.
45. Concentration of Economic Power and MRTP Act 1969
Restrictions on Large industrial houses and Dominant undertakings.
Prior approval from the Central Government for establishing
new project, merger or take over.
Regulation and prevention of Monopolistic trade practices
MRTP commission was empowered to enquire into any restrictive trade
practice and issue suitable orders.
Enquire into unfair trade practices.
In 1991 the act was amended and the clause of enquiry for restrictive
trade practice and unfair practice were abolished.
Dominant undertakings were defined. Definitions of goods and services
enlarged. More strict penalty provisions. Amended the definition of
unfair trade practice. Powers of the Commission widened. No prior
permission for investment.
46. Competition Law for India was triggered by Articles 38 and 39 of the
Constitution of India. These articles are the part of Directive principles of
state policy it was first adopted in 1969 and then amended in 2002.
Salient Features
1. IDRA Act 1951 not necessary
2. Industrial Dispute Act 1947 to be amended for easy exit
3. BIFR should be abolished
4. WTO provisions to be examined for competition clauses
5. MRTP act to be repealed.
Components of the competition Act:
1. Anti-competition Agreements
2. Abuse of Dominance
3. Combinations Regulations
4. Competition Advocacy
47. Earlier Development efforts during planned era initiated the
process of development-
Dominance of public sector- industrial policy 1948,1956
Trade and exchange control, Tariff, Quota, Taxes
Selective access to foreign investment, FERA
Industrial licensing, MRTP
Administered prices MSP, import restrictions
Subsidy to private sector
Increasing Role of the State
48. Adverse consequences
Dominance of public sector- industrial policy 1948,1956
Trade and exchange control, Tariff, Quota, Taxes
Selective access to foreign investment, FERA
Industrial licensing, MRTP
Administered prices MSP, import restrictions
Subsidy to private sector
Increasing Role of the State
49. âą Huge losses in the Public Sector
âą Fiscal deficit
âą Debt Burden
âą Low savings and investment
âą Poor efficiency and low competitiveness
âą Low productivity
âą Increased prices
âą Unemployment
âą Balance of Payment crisis
âą Slow growth in exports
âą Regional disparities
âą Slow rate of economic growth
50. New Economic Policy-1991
The Congress (I) led by Narasimha Rao Government has announced
its new industrial policy on July 24, 1991. In line with the
liberalisation move introduced during the 1980s, the new policy
radically liberalized the industrial policy itself and de-regulates the
industrial sector substantially.
51. Objectives:
The prime objectives of the new industrial policy are
to promote the growth
to build on the gains already experienced,
to correct the distortions or weakness involved in the system,
to introduce liberalisation measures in order to integrate Indian
economy with world economy,
to abolish restrictions on direct foreign investment,
to liberate the indigenous enterprise from the restrictions of MRTP Act,
to maintain a sustained growth in productivity and employment
to achieve international competitiveness.
to contain inflation
To reduce the role of public sector incurring loss
52. Thus to fulfil these objectives, the government introduced a series of
initiatives in the new industrial policy in the following areas:
1. Industrial sector Policy Reforms:
In order to liberalise the economy and to bring transparency in the
policy, the new industrial policy has abolished the system of
industrial licensing for all industrial undertaking, irrespective of
the level of investment, except for a short list of industries related to
security and strategic concerns, social reasons, hazardous chemicals
and overriding environmental concerns and items of elitist
consumption. As per Annexure II of the policy there are only 18
industries for which licensing was made compulsory.
53. These include:
(1) Coal and lignite;
(2) Petroleum (other than crude) and its distillation products;
(3) Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks;
(4) Sugar;
(5) Animal fat and oils;
(6) Cigars and Cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes;
(7) Asbestos and asbestos based products;
(8) Plywood and decorative veneers and other wood based products;
(9) Raw hides and skins, leather, chamois leather and patent leather,
(10) Tanned and dressed skins;
(11) Motor car;
(12) Paper and newsprint except bagasse based units;
(13) Electronic aerospace and defence equipmentâall types;
(14) Industrial explosives;
(15) Hazardous chemicals;
(16) Drugs and Pharmaceuticals;
(17) Entertainment Electronics;
(18) White goods such as domestic refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and air
conditioners.
54. 2. Public Sector Policy reforms:
Reduced the role of public sector loss making units to be closed
The government decided to disinvest the equity shares of selected
public units
The priority areas for the growth of future public sector enterprises
includedâessential infrastructure, exploration and exploitation of
minerals and oil, technology development and products with
strategic consideration.
The new policy has now reduced the list of industries under public
sector to 8 as against the 17 industries reserved earlier as per 1956
policy. The industries which are now removed from the list of
reserved industries includeâiron and steel, electricity, air transport,
ship building, heavy machinery industries, telecommunication
cables and instruments.
55. Those 8 industries which remained in the reserved list for the
public sector are :
(1) Arms and ammunition and allied defence equipment, defence
aircraft and warships;
(2) Atomic energy;
(3) Coal and lignite;
(4) Mineral oil;
(5) Mining of iron ore, manganese ore, chrome, gypsum, sulphur,
gold and diamond;
(6) Mining of copper, lead, zinc, tin, molybdenum and wolfarm;
(7) Minerals specified in the schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control
of Production and Use) Order, 1953; and
(8) Rail transport.
56. Industries earning higher profit will be provided with much higher
degree of management autonomy through the system of MOU.
Private sector participation would be invited to raise the
competitive capacity of these industries. Sick units will now be
referred to the Board of Industrial Finance and Reconstruction
(BIFR) for getting advice about its rehabilitation and reconstruction.
57. Exit Policy, National Renewal Fund (NRF) and Voluntary
Retirement Scheme (VRS):
In order to safeguard the interest of workers who may be affected by
technological up-gradation of industry or closure of chronically sick
units the government established a National Renewal Fund (NRF)
in February 1992. It marks the launching of a process of industrial
restructuring in the wake of new economic policies aimed at taking
the country globally competitive. NRF would provide a safety net for
workers while an âexit policyâ formulated to give recognition of the
right to âexitâ when a unit cannot be run economically or is
terminally sick.
58. 3. MRTP Limit:
MRTP firms were allowed to start only selected industries on a case
by case approval.
Monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices to be controlled.
Thus, the new policy states that the pre-entry scrutiny of investment
decisions by the so-called MRTP companies will no longer be
required.
Abolished the system to obtain approval of the centre for expansion,
establishment of new undertaking, merger, amalgamation and take
over and appointment of certain Director by the monopoly houses.
âThe thrust of the policy will be more on controlling unfair or
restrictive business practicesâ.
59. 4. Foreign Investment Policy reforms:
Automatic Approval for foreign technology in high technology and high
priority industries up to 51% foreign equity.
The Annexure III included 34 priority industries.
Such as metallurgy, boilers and steam generating plants, electrical
equipment, telecommunication equipmentâs, transportation, industrial
and agricultural machinery, industrial investments, chemicals, food
processing, hotel and tourism industry.
No permission will be required for hiring foreign technicians or for
testing of indigenously developed technology abroad
60. 5. Location Policy Liberalised:
The new policy mentioned that in location other than cities of more
than 1 million population, no industrial approvals from the centre will
be required except for industries subject to compulsory licensing. In
cities with more than 1 million population, industries other than those
of non-polluting in nature, will be located outside 25 kms of its
periphery.
61. 6. Fiscal Monetary and price policy reforms:
ï¶ Reducing non-plan revenue expenditure
ï¶ Mobilization of resources through tax and non-tax sources
ï¶ Reducing borrowing
ï¶ Controlling public expenditure
ï¶ Rationalizing the subsidy
ï¶ Ensuring the fiscal discipline
ï¶ Decontrol prices in case of petroleum products, gas etc.
Containing Government Expenditure-
Resource mobilization and tax reforms
62. 7. Foreign investment Policy Reforms:
ï¶ Relatively open foreign investment
ï¶ Ensure BoP solution and inflow of latest technology
ï¶ Selective approach
ï¶ Simplification of rules
ï¶ Automatic approval
ï¶ RBI controlling the outflow of foreign currency in the form of
profit / dividend
ï¶ A special board to approve the FDI
63. 8. Reforms in Trade Technology and Capital
plans:
ï¶ Easy procedures
ï¶ Single window clearances
ï¶ Removing of licencing system
ï¶ Reduction in quantitative restrictions
ï¶ Import policy- reducing tariffs
ï¶ Capital inflow flow
ï¶ Automatic approval to foreign technological collaboration
ï¶ Automatic clearance for import of capital goods
64. 9. Financial Sector Reforms:
ï¶ Liberalization of financial sector in India
ï¶ Dismantling of the system of administered interest rates.
ï¶ Security market reforms
ï¶ Banking sector reforms
ï¶ External sector reforms
ï¶ Setting up institutions in the private sector
ï¶ Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFCs) registration with
RBI essential.
65. Fiscal Monetary and price policy reforms:
ï¶ Reducing non-plan revenue expenditure
ï¶ Mobilization of resources through tax and non-tax sources
ï¶ Reducing borrowing
ï¶ Controlling public expenditure
ï¶ Rationalizing the subsidy
ï¶ Ensuring the fiscal discipline
66. Foreign investment Policy Reforms:
ï¶ Relatively open foreign investment
ï¶ Ensure BoP solution and inflow of latest technology
ï¶ Selective approach
ï¶ Simplification of rules
ï¶ Automatic approval
ï¶ RBI controlling the outflow of foreign currency in the form of
profit / dividend
ï¶ A special board to approve the FDI
67. Reforms in Trade Technology and Capital plans:
ï¶ Easy procedures
ï¶ Single window clearances
ï¶ Removing of licencing system
ï¶ Reduction in quantitative restrictions
ï¶ Import policy- reducing tariffs
ï¶ Capital inflow flow
ï¶ Automatic approval to foreign technological collaboration
ï¶ Automatic clearance for import of capital goods