This document discusses the implementation of plasmonics in VLSI chips to address limitations of current VLSI techniques. It presents plasmonic waveguides as a solution to issues with increasing clock frequencies such as difficulties distributing low clock skew clocks across chips. Surface plasmons are electron oscillations that can propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces, allowing subwavelength light confinement. Various plasmonic waveguide designs are discussed, including silicon-based and self-assembled metal nanoparticle waveguides. Dielectric loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides are highlighted as they can be fabricated using standard lithography and provide strong confinement and low loss. The document concludes plasmonic waveguides could revolutionize microprocessor speed, size and efficiency by replacing
Electronic circuits provide us with the ability to control the transport and storage of electrons. However, the performance of electronic circuits is now becoming rather limited when digital information needs to be sent from one point to another. Photonics offers an effective solution to this problem by implementing optical communication systems based on optical fibers and photonic circuits. Unfortunately, the micrometer-scale bulky components of photonics have limited the integration of these components into electronic chips, which are now measured in nanometers. Surface plasmon-based circuits, which merge electronics and photonics at the Nano scale, may offer a solution to this size-compatibility problem. Here we review the current status and future prospects of plasmonics in various applications including plasmonic chips, light generation, and nanolithography.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses surface plasmons to enable faster data transfer. Surface plasmons are oscillations of electrons that can couple with electromagnetic waves. This allows data to be transported using light at the nanoscale. Plasmonics could bridge electronics and photonics by transporting data at optical frequencies but at electronic size scales. Potential applications include faster computer chips using plasmonic interconnects and new cancer treatments using plasmonic nanoparticles.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses plasmons, which are density waves of electrons created when light hits metal surfaces under certain conditions. Plasmonics could enable faster data transmission over very small wires by combining the best aspects of photonics and electronics. Researchers hope plasmonics can overcome limitations of conventional communication systems and allow for information transfer with greater control at the nanoscale. Potential applications of plasmonics include solar cells, LEDs, invisibility cloaks, cancer treatment, and quantum dot devices for fast computing. However, challenges remain in developing active plasmonic components that can operate at ultra-high bandwidths and low power.
Plasmonics is a technology that uses surface plasmons, which are density waves of electrons that propagate along metal surfaces, to transmit data at optical frequencies. This allows for potentially smaller photonic components than traditional fiber optics, while maintaining fast data transmission speeds comparable to optics. Key advantages include using plasmonic waves at optical frequencies for higher data rates, and creating photonic devices at similar scales to electronic components. However, limitations remain due to plasmons typically only traveling a few millimeters before dissipating. Potential applications include biological sensing, microelectronics, chemical detection, and medical technology.
Plasmonics aims to merge photonics and electronics at the nanoscale by using surface plasmons. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal surfaces and can confine light to subwavelength dimensions, allowing the miniaturization of photonic components. This makes it possible to integrate optical and electronic circuits on the same chip. Plasmonic circuits use various geometries like thin metal films and arrays of gold nanoparticles as waveguides to guide surface plasmon signals while avoiding losses. This could enable the development of miniaturized optoelectronic components and circuits with subwavelength features bridging the gap between photonics and electronics.
Comparison of electrical, optical and plasmonic on chip interconnectsHarish Peta
This document compares electrical, optical, and plasmonic interconnects for on-chip communication based on delay and energy. Plasmonic interconnects can be used for local connections using metal structures that support surface plasmon polaritons for propagation. Optical interconnects are better suited for global connections due to their higher bandwidth compared to electrical interconnects. The document analyzes the delay and energy of different interconnect types and defines a critical length beyond which optical interconnects perform better than electrical interconnects.
PLASMONS: A modern form of super particle wavesDHRUVIN PATEL
The document discusses surface plasmons, which are coherent electron oscillations that exist at the interface between two materials like metal and air. Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that travel along such an interface and involve both charge motion in the metal and electromagnetic waves. They have applications in improving solar cell efficiency through increased light absorption and extraction, as well as medical uses like cancer therapy.
Electronic circuits provide us with the ability to control the transport and storage of electrons. However, the performance of electronic circuits is now becoming rather limited when digital information needs to be sent from one point to another. Photonics offers an effective solution to this problem by implementing optical communication systems based on optical fibers and photonic circuits. Unfortunately, the micrometer-scale bulky components of photonics have limited the integration of these components into electronic chips, which are now measured in nanometers. Surface plasmon-based circuits, which merge electronics and photonics at the Nano scale, may offer a solution to this size-compatibility problem. Here we review the current status and future prospects of plasmonics in various applications including plasmonic chips, light generation, and nanolithography.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses surface plasmons to enable faster data transfer. Surface plasmons are oscillations of electrons that can couple with electromagnetic waves. This allows data to be transported using light at the nanoscale. Plasmonics could bridge electronics and photonics by transporting data at optical frequencies but at electronic size scales. Potential applications include faster computer chips using plasmonic interconnects and new cancer treatments using plasmonic nanoparticles.
Plasmonics is a new technology that uses plasmons, which are density waves of electrons created when light hits metal surfaces under certain conditions. Plasmonics could enable faster data transmission over very small wires by combining the best aspects of photonics and electronics. Researchers hope plasmonics can overcome limitations of conventional communication systems and allow for information transfer with greater control at the nanoscale. Potential applications of plasmonics include solar cells, LEDs, invisibility cloaks, cancer treatment, and quantum dot devices for fast computing. However, challenges remain in developing active plasmonic components that can operate at ultra-high bandwidths and low power.
Plasmonics is a technology that uses surface plasmons, which are density waves of electrons that propagate along metal surfaces, to transmit data at optical frequencies. This allows for potentially smaller photonic components than traditional fiber optics, while maintaining fast data transmission speeds comparable to optics. Key advantages include using plasmonic waves at optical frequencies for higher data rates, and creating photonic devices at similar scales to electronic components. However, limitations remain due to plasmons typically only traveling a few millimeters before dissipating. Potential applications include biological sensing, microelectronics, chemical detection, and medical technology.
Plasmonics aims to merge photonics and electronics at the nanoscale by using surface plasmons. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal surfaces and can confine light to subwavelength dimensions, allowing the miniaturization of photonic components. This makes it possible to integrate optical and electronic circuits on the same chip. Plasmonic circuits use various geometries like thin metal films and arrays of gold nanoparticles as waveguides to guide surface plasmon signals while avoiding losses. This could enable the development of miniaturized optoelectronic components and circuits with subwavelength features bridging the gap between photonics and electronics.
Comparison of electrical, optical and plasmonic on chip interconnectsHarish Peta
This document compares electrical, optical, and plasmonic interconnects for on-chip communication based on delay and energy. Plasmonic interconnects can be used for local connections using metal structures that support surface plasmon polaritons for propagation. Optical interconnects are better suited for global connections due to their higher bandwidth compared to electrical interconnects. The document analyzes the delay and energy of different interconnect types and defines a critical length beyond which optical interconnects perform better than electrical interconnects.
PLASMONS: A modern form of super particle wavesDHRUVIN PATEL
The document discusses surface plasmons, which are coherent electron oscillations that exist at the interface between two materials like metal and air. Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves that travel along such an interface and involve both charge motion in the metal and electromagnetic waves. They have applications in improving solar cell efficiency through increased light absorption and extraction, as well as medical uses like cancer therapy.
Plasmonics... A ladder to futuristic technology Pragya
Plasmonics is the study of plasma oscillations in metals. Plasmons are density waves in the electron gas in metals that are excited by light. They have shorter wavelengths than light and can propagate signals at the nanoscale. This allows for applications in nanophotonics like enhanced optical transmission and biosensing. Plasmons can be excited by coupling light to collective electron oscillations at metal surfaces or in nanostructures like nanoparticles. Metamaterials aim to control plasmons for applications such as cloaking, perfect lenses, and transformation optics. Plasmonics may lead to faster optoelectronic devices by transmitting data with plasmonic waves instead of electric currents.
The document presents information on the topic of plasmonics. It discusses how surface plasmonics involves the interaction of light with metallic nanostructures. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces. The document reviews several papers focusing on different aspects of plasmonics, including optical metasurfaces, extraordinary optical transmission, quantum plasmonics, amplification and lasing of plasmonic modes, and plasmonic applications in areas such as biosensing and nanophotonics. Plasmonics is presented as an expanding field that provides opportunities for extremely small and fast photonic devices by bridging electronics and photonics.
Surface Plasmon Hybridization of Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisk LaserOka Kurniawan
This document summarizes research on using a plasmonic microdisk laser to efficiently generate and couple surface plasmon polaritons. The microdisk laser exhibits high-intensity whispering gallery modes that are hybridized with surface plasmon modes by attaching metal layers. This creates a surface plasmon source with over 20,000 times electric field enhancement. Simulation shows 60% coupling efficiency between the plasmonic microdisk laser and an adjacent metal-insulator-metal waveguide to transport surface plasmon polaritons. The structure could enable both high-speed and miniaturized plasmonic devices and circuits.
This document discusses nanophotonics and its applications. It begins by defining nanophotonics as the study of light behavior on the nanometer scale, including interactions between light and particles. It then discusses several nanophotonics technologies like near-field scanning optical microscopy and surface plasmon optics. The document also outlines several advantages of nanophotonics, such as enabling enormous data transmission rates and high optical memory storage density. It concludes by discussing some applications of nanophotonics like NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) devices that integrate electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale.
Plasmons are quanta of plasma oscillations that can be excited by light under certain conditions. There are two types of plasmons: bulk plasmons, which depend only on electron density, and surface plasmons, which are collective oscillations of electrons at a surface. Metallic nanoparticles support surface plasmons - when illuminated by light, the electromagnetic field causes electrons within the nanoparticle to oscillate at a resonant plasmonic frequency, generating an enhanced local electric field. Efficient energy transfer can occur between metal nanoparticles and semiconductors if their plasmons are resonantly coupled, allowing light absorption and energy transfer.
This document discusses incorporating semiconductor quantum structures into metamaterials for surface plasmon polaritons. It introduces metamaterials and their properties of negative permittivity and permeability. Semiconductor quantum structures like quantum dots, wells and wires are then discussed for their use in metamaterials. Surface plasmon polaritons are introduced as being confined plasma oscillations at dielectric interfaces that can guide light nanoscale, but have losses limiting applications. The document proposes using semiconductor quantum structures to reduce losses in metamaterials and overcome limitations of surface plasmon polaritons, enabling applications like cloaking devices.
This document summarizes research on using bimetallic nanoparticles to enhance surface plasmon resonance. Laser ablation in liquids was used to prepare silver, gold, silver-gold mixture, and silver core/gold shell nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the nanoparticles could be tuned from 532 to 546 nm by varying the laser parameters, which changed the nanoparticle size and distribution. Increasing the gold shell ablation time enhanced the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance bands. This research demonstrates that bimetallic nanoparticles allow tunable surface plasmon resonance for applications such as optical communication systems and tunable wavelength filters.
1) Researchers at UCSB and Rohm have developed a new technique for growing the crystalline layers in gallium nitride laser diodes that promises higher manufacturing yields and more efficient devices.
2) Using this new technique, the researchers successfully demonstrated the first blue-violet laser diode, filling an important gap. This new method may also enable the first bright green laser diodes and LEDs.
3) The ability to produce green lasers and LEDs would complete the red-green-blue color spectrum needed for advanced full-color displays and projections, paving the way for smaller, higher-quality displays and projectors.
Nanotechnology enables routing information at the speed of light through photonic communication networks. Photonic band gaps and nano lasers are used to generate and amplify coherent light beams for optical switching and routing. Mirrors on the nano scale can be used as versatile routers by changing their orientation electrostatically to steer light and tightly regulate the angle. Applications include on-chip data communication, medical diagnostics, fusion energy, and laser defense. In conclusion, using nanotechnology tools like photonic band gaps, nano lasers and mirrors, information can be sent at the speed of light through photonic communication.
This document discusses self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their potential applications in nanoelectronics. SAMs are organized layers of amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously assemble on substrates like silicon. They have three parts - a head group that attaches to the substrate, an alkyl chain, and a surface group. SAMs can be characterized and patterned using lithography techniques. Electronic conduction in SAMs occurs through tunneling between energy levels. Potential SAM devices include molecular rectifiers and transistors, which could enable smaller, more efficient electronics. Challenges include the difficulty of nano-scale lithography manufacturing.
Photonics devices use photons to transmit, control, manipulate and store data. They offer benefits like greater energy savings and communication distances due to their unique characteristics, such as being less sensitive to interference. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources used as indicator lamps and increasingly for lighting. They have advantages over other light sources like lower energy use, longer lifetimes, and smaller size. Photodiodes are PN junction diodes designed to detect photons and convert light into an electrical current. Laser diodes are semiconductor devices that produce coherent light when current passes through and are used to convert electrical signals into light signals.
Photonic materials manipulate photons to achieve certain functions. Photonic crystals are a type of photonic material that displays unusual properties in interacting with light due to a periodic modulation of refractive index. They can trap light in cavities and waveguides by creating photonic band gaps that prevent light from propagating in certain directions. Potential applications of photonic crystals include photonic integrated circuits, lasers, sensors, and replacing conventional optical fibers.
This document discusses the structure and classification of optical fibers. Optical fibers are classified based on the number of modes as either single-mode fiber or multi-mode fiber. The structure of an optical fiber communication system includes an information source, electrical transmitter, optical source, and optical fiber as the transmission medium. The optical source provides electrical-optical conversion, typically using a semiconductor laser or LED.
Metamaterials are artificially engineered structures that can exhibit electromagnetic properties not found in nature. Double negative (DNG) media have both negative permittivity and permeability, allowing for backward wave propagation and negative refraction. The split ring resonator is commonly used to achieve a magnetic resonance and negative permeability, while arrays of metallic wires can produce a negative permittivity. DNG metamaterials have applications in cloaking, antennas, and waveguides.
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit quantum confinement effects due to their small size. They can be made through various methods like colloidal synthesis or electron beam lithography. Their optical properties depend on size, with smaller quantum dots emitting higher energy light. Potential applications include uses in computing, biology, photovoltaics, and light emitting devices.
An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to the other.
The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering.
Fiber optic cables transmit data using thin strands of glass or plastic called optical fibers. Light travels down the core of the fiber due to total internal reflection from the surrounding cladding layer. There are two main types of fiber optic cables: single-mode fibers have a very thin core that allows only one light path, while multi-mode fibers have a thicker core that allows multiple light paths. Fiber optic technology enables high-speed, long-distance data transmission with advantages like low signal loss and weight.
Optical fiber communication involves transmitting light through thin glass or plastic fibers to carry information. Light is modulated to encode information and travels through the fiber's core via total internal reflection. At the receiver, the light is converted back to an electrical signal. Optical fibers allow much higher bandwidth than traditional copper cables and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Their small size and weight make them useful for long-distance telecommunications and high-speed networking.
This presentation is about the emerging and future possible trends of the exciting field of nanotechnology. Scientists and engineers are working on a smaller scale day-by-day to increase portability and smaller devices, and to change the way we see the world and live in!
Fiber optic and its recent trends
The document discusses the history and evolution of fiber optic technology from 1880 to present day. It covers the basic components and types of optical fibers including single mode fiber, multi-mode fiber, step index fiber and graded index fiber. Recent trends in the fiber optic industry include the move to higher bandwidth through advances like dense wavelength division multiplexing and smaller component miniaturization. Fiber optic networks continue to evolve to support faster data rates and more intelligent network architectures.
This document summarizes research on plasmonics and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). It discusses two types of excitations - localized surface plasmon resonance and propagating SPPs. Applications mentioned include spectroscopy, molecular detection, cancer treatment, photonic devices, integrated photonics, and optical data storage. Challenges include losses, thermal effects, and limitations of nanofabrication techniques. The document also reviews using SPPs for applications such as beam collimation, near-field microscopy, solar cells, and metamaterials.
1. The document discusses potential methods for realizing an all-plasmonic chip, including plasmonic photolithography and active plasmonic elements.
2. It describes a plasmonic waveguide ring resonator, which can selectively transmit wavelengths and could be used as a passive element.
3. It also discusses techniques for sub-wavelength photolithography like plasmonic lithography using localized surface plasmons, which has advantages over other methods like being low-cost and compatible with current fabrication processes.
Plasmonics... A ladder to futuristic technology Pragya
Plasmonics is the study of plasma oscillations in metals. Plasmons are density waves in the electron gas in metals that are excited by light. They have shorter wavelengths than light and can propagate signals at the nanoscale. This allows for applications in nanophotonics like enhanced optical transmission and biosensing. Plasmons can be excited by coupling light to collective electron oscillations at metal surfaces or in nanostructures like nanoparticles. Metamaterials aim to control plasmons for applications such as cloaking, perfect lenses, and transformation optics. Plasmonics may lead to faster optoelectronic devices by transmitting data with plasmonic waves instead of electric currents.
The document presents information on the topic of plasmonics. It discusses how surface plasmonics involves the interaction of light with metallic nanostructures. Surface plasmons are electromagnetic waves that propagate along metal-dielectric interfaces. The document reviews several papers focusing on different aspects of plasmonics, including optical metasurfaces, extraordinary optical transmission, quantum plasmonics, amplification and lasing of plasmonic modes, and plasmonic applications in areas such as biosensing and nanophotonics. Plasmonics is presented as an expanding field that provides opportunities for extremely small and fast photonic devices by bridging electronics and photonics.
Surface Plasmon Hybridization of Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisk LaserOka Kurniawan
This document summarizes research on using a plasmonic microdisk laser to efficiently generate and couple surface plasmon polaritons. The microdisk laser exhibits high-intensity whispering gallery modes that are hybridized with surface plasmon modes by attaching metal layers. This creates a surface plasmon source with over 20,000 times electric field enhancement. Simulation shows 60% coupling efficiency between the plasmonic microdisk laser and an adjacent metal-insulator-metal waveguide to transport surface plasmon polaritons. The structure could enable both high-speed and miniaturized plasmonic devices and circuits.
This document discusses nanophotonics and its applications. It begins by defining nanophotonics as the study of light behavior on the nanometer scale, including interactions between light and particles. It then discusses several nanophotonics technologies like near-field scanning optical microscopy and surface plasmon optics. The document also outlines several advantages of nanophotonics, such as enabling enormous data transmission rates and high optical memory storage density. It concludes by discussing some applications of nanophotonics like NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) devices that integrate electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale.
Plasmons are quanta of plasma oscillations that can be excited by light under certain conditions. There are two types of plasmons: bulk plasmons, which depend only on electron density, and surface plasmons, which are collective oscillations of electrons at a surface. Metallic nanoparticles support surface plasmons - when illuminated by light, the electromagnetic field causes electrons within the nanoparticle to oscillate at a resonant plasmonic frequency, generating an enhanced local electric field. Efficient energy transfer can occur between metal nanoparticles and semiconductors if their plasmons are resonantly coupled, allowing light absorption and energy transfer.
This document discusses incorporating semiconductor quantum structures into metamaterials for surface plasmon polaritons. It introduces metamaterials and their properties of negative permittivity and permeability. Semiconductor quantum structures like quantum dots, wells and wires are then discussed for their use in metamaterials. Surface plasmon polaritons are introduced as being confined plasma oscillations at dielectric interfaces that can guide light nanoscale, but have losses limiting applications. The document proposes using semiconductor quantum structures to reduce losses in metamaterials and overcome limitations of surface plasmon polaritons, enabling applications like cloaking devices.
This document summarizes research on using bimetallic nanoparticles to enhance surface plasmon resonance. Laser ablation in liquids was used to prepare silver, gold, silver-gold mixture, and silver core/gold shell nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the nanoparticles could be tuned from 532 to 546 nm by varying the laser parameters, which changed the nanoparticle size and distribution. Increasing the gold shell ablation time enhanced the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance bands. This research demonstrates that bimetallic nanoparticles allow tunable surface plasmon resonance for applications such as optical communication systems and tunable wavelength filters.
1) Researchers at UCSB and Rohm have developed a new technique for growing the crystalline layers in gallium nitride laser diodes that promises higher manufacturing yields and more efficient devices.
2) Using this new technique, the researchers successfully demonstrated the first blue-violet laser diode, filling an important gap. This new method may also enable the first bright green laser diodes and LEDs.
3) The ability to produce green lasers and LEDs would complete the red-green-blue color spectrum needed for advanced full-color displays and projections, paving the way for smaller, higher-quality displays and projectors.
Nanotechnology enables routing information at the speed of light through photonic communication networks. Photonic band gaps and nano lasers are used to generate and amplify coherent light beams for optical switching and routing. Mirrors on the nano scale can be used as versatile routers by changing their orientation electrostatically to steer light and tightly regulate the angle. Applications include on-chip data communication, medical diagnostics, fusion energy, and laser defense. In conclusion, using nanotechnology tools like photonic band gaps, nano lasers and mirrors, information can be sent at the speed of light through photonic communication.
This document discusses self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their potential applications in nanoelectronics. SAMs are organized layers of amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously assemble on substrates like silicon. They have three parts - a head group that attaches to the substrate, an alkyl chain, and a surface group. SAMs can be characterized and patterned using lithography techniques. Electronic conduction in SAMs occurs through tunneling between energy levels. Potential SAM devices include molecular rectifiers and transistors, which could enable smaller, more efficient electronics. Challenges include the difficulty of nano-scale lithography manufacturing.
Photonics devices use photons to transmit, control, manipulate and store data. They offer benefits like greater energy savings and communication distances due to their unique characteristics, such as being less sensitive to interference. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources used as indicator lamps and increasingly for lighting. They have advantages over other light sources like lower energy use, longer lifetimes, and smaller size. Photodiodes are PN junction diodes designed to detect photons and convert light into an electrical current. Laser diodes are semiconductor devices that produce coherent light when current passes through and are used to convert electrical signals into light signals.
Photonic materials manipulate photons to achieve certain functions. Photonic crystals are a type of photonic material that displays unusual properties in interacting with light due to a periodic modulation of refractive index. They can trap light in cavities and waveguides by creating photonic band gaps that prevent light from propagating in certain directions. Potential applications of photonic crystals include photonic integrated circuits, lasers, sensors, and replacing conventional optical fibers.
This document discusses the structure and classification of optical fibers. Optical fibers are classified based on the number of modes as either single-mode fiber or multi-mode fiber. The structure of an optical fiber communication system includes an information source, electrical transmitter, optical source, and optical fiber as the transmission medium. The optical source provides electrical-optical conversion, typically using a semiconductor laser or LED.
Metamaterials are artificially engineered structures that can exhibit electromagnetic properties not found in nature. Double negative (DNG) media have both negative permittivity and permeability, allowing for backward wave propagation and negative refraction. The split ring resonator is commonly used to achieve a magnetic resonance and negative permeability, while arrays of metallic wires can produce a negative permittivity. DNG metamaterials have applications in cloaking, antennas, and waveguides.
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit quantum confinement effects due to their small size. They can be made through various methods like colloidal synthesis or electron beam lithography. Their optical properties depend on size, with smaller quantum dots emitting higher energy light. Potential applications include uses in computing, biology, photovoltaics, and light emitting devices.
An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to the other.
The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering.
Fiber optic cables transmit data using thin strands of glass or plastic called optical fibers. Light travels down the core of the fiber due to total internal reflection from the surrounding cladding layer. There are two main types of fiber optic cables: single-mode fibers have a very thin core that allows only one light path, while multi-mode fibers have a thicker core that allows multiple light paths. Fiber optic technology enables high-speed, long-distance data transmission with advantages like low signal loss and weight.
Optical fiber communication involves transmitting light through thin glass or plastic fibers to carry information. Light is modulated to encode information and travels through the fiber's core via total internal reflection. At the receiver, the light is converted back to an electrical signal. Optical fibers allow much higher bandwidth than traditional copper cables and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Their small size and weight make them useful for long-distance telecommunications and high-speed networking.
This presentation is about the emerging and future possible trends of the exciting field of nanotechnology. Scientists and engineers are working on a smaller scale day-by-day to increase portability and smaller devices, and to change the way we see the world and live in!
Fiber optic and its recent trends
The document discusses the history and evolution of fiber optic technology from 1880 to present day. It covers the basic components and types of optical fibers including single mode fiber, multi-mode fiber, step index fiber and graded index fiber. Recent trends in the fiber optic industry include the move to higher bandwidth through advances like dense wavelength division multiplexing and smaller component miniaturization. Fiber optic networks continue to evolve to support faster data rates and more intelligent network architectures.
This document summarizes research on plasmonics and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). It discusses two types of excitations - localized surface plasmon resonance and propagating SPPs. Applications mentioned include spectroscopy, molecular detection, cancer treatment, photonic devices, integrated photonics, and optical data storage. Challenges include losses, thermal effects, and limitations of nanofabrication techniques. The document also reviews using SPPs for applications such as beam collimation, near-field microscopy, solar cells, and metamaterials.
1. The document discusses potential methods for realizing an all-plasmonic chip, including plasmonic photolithography and active plasmonic elements.
2. It describes a plasmonic waveguide ring resonator, which can selectively transmit wavelengths and could be used as a passive element.
3. It also discusses techniques for sub-wavelength photolithography like plasmonic lithography using localized surface plasmons, which has advantages over other methods like being low-cost and compatible with current fabrication processes.
Presentation for StartupVilalge. Making cheap, compact biosensors for fast virus analysis. (Unfortunatly there are some errors with graphics, because of the SlideShare system I guess)
Plasmonics can enable more efficient photovoltaic (PV) solar cells by improving light absorption. Key advantages include:
1) Enabling the use of thin-film materials with short exciton diffusion lengths and more defects.
2) Reducing dark current to increase photocurrent and open-circuit voltage, raising efficiency.
3) Potentially decreasing costs by allowing 10-100x thinner active material layers through plasmonic light trapping effects.
This document provides a biography and background information for Dr. Muhammad Zulfiker Alam. It summarizes that he is currently a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech working on quantum information processing. It details his educational background, including receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in electrical engineering, as well as his research interests and publications.
Rectangular waveguides are the most commonly used form and carry signals above a certain cutoff frequency. They propagate electromagnetic waves in different modes depending on whether the electric or magnetic vector is perpendicular to the propagation direction. For rectangular waveguides, the width determines the lower cutoff frequency and the TE10 mode is the lowest supported. Circular waveguides are less common but used when a rotating element is attached; they support all TEmn and TMmn modes with the dominant mode being TE11.
This document contains notes from a presentation on waveguides given to the Department of Telecommunication Engineering at the University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Mardan Campus. The presentation covered the history of waveguides, common types of waveguides including parallel plate, rectangular, circular and dielectric waveguides. It also discussed electromagnetic field configurations inside waveguides, possible modes of propagation including TEM, TE, TM and hybrid modes, and how the dimensions of a waveguide determine its operating frequency range.
A wideband hybrid plasmonic fractal patch nanoantennIAEME Publication
This document proposes a wideband plasmonic optical fractal patch nanoantenna for use in intra-chip and inter-chip optical communications. The antenna is based on a hybrid plasmonic structure consisting of silver, silicon dioxide, and silicon. It operates over multiple optical bands from 1460-1625nm. The antenna design is iteratively modified using a rectangular tree-shaped fractal approach to increase its bandwidth. Simulation results show the second iteration design has an impedance bandwidth of around 38.5 THz, around 4 times greater than the initial design. The fractal antenna provides a gain up to 7.5dB and radiation efficiency of around 97% across the operating bandwidth.
1. The document discusses various types of waveguides used to transmit electromagnetic waves, including rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides, coaxial lines, optical waveguides, and parallel-plate waveguides.
2. It describes the properties of parallel-plate waveguides, including their TE and TM modes. The TE modes have the electric field parallel to the plates, while the TM modes have the magnetic field parallel to the plates.
3. Cutoff frequencies are discussed, below which modes do not propagate. The cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the phase constant is zero.
IRJET- Design of a Slow Light Propagating Waveguide based on Electromagnetica...IRJET Journal
1. The document proposes a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguide system that can function as a subwavelength filter and exhibit slow light propagation based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).
2. The MIM waveguide with stub structures is modeled and simulations show the system can function as a wavelength selective filter with transmission windows in the submicron range.
3. Transmission spectra are presented showing an EIT-like transparency window that can be tuned by changing the distance between stubs in the waveguide. The maximum transmittance wavelength increases linearly with stub depth.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three types of solar cells: crystalline silicon solar cells, plasmonic solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Plasmonic solar cells use metal nanoparticles to increase light absorption and scattering in thin-film solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the functions of light absorption and charge transport to provide a potentially low-cost alternative to traditional p-n junction photovoltaics. The document discusses the operating principles, advantages, and design considerations of plasmonic and dye-sensitized solar cells, with a brief overview of conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics provided for context.
Comparison of Different types of Solar Cells – a Reviewiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) has attracted the researchers as an alternative broadband technology for wireless communication. In OWC optical beams are used to transport data through atmosphere or even vacuum. We have proposed an OWC model and analyze the transmission performance of OW channel for indoor/ outdoor application. The performance has been judged on the basis of key parameters like BER and OSNR. A theoretical model has also been presented and validated by the simulation results. The proposed OWC channel was simulated in Optisystem which is a powerful tool of Optical communication System
1) The document discusses reducing the effect of dispersion resulting from wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical networks. Dispersion occurs when light pulses spread out as they travel through fiber optic cables, which degrades signal quality over long distances.
2) WDM is used to increase network capacity but also introduces longer fiber lengths, exacerbating dispersion issues. Different types of dispersion are discussed, including chromatic dispersion which causes slower wavelengths to interfere with faster wavelengths from adjacent pulses.
3) Chromatic dispersion is modeled and compensated for using Gaussian minimum-shift keying modulation and linear filters, which can be applied at the transmitter or receiver to counteract the spreading effect of the fiber on light pulses.
GEOMETRY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW INDEX SILICON MICRO RING RESONATORSoptljjournal
An optical ring resonator is indeed a series of waveguides in which a closed loop coupled with some sort of input and output of light is at least one. The consequence of the index difference on dielectric waveguide characteristics such as single-mode process, losses, efficiency of fiber to waveguide coupling, minimum bending radius, hybridity mode, birefringence, polarization effects, repeatability and stability, integration
size, realizable circuits, technical constraints and usable materials is indeed very significant for study. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of the features of the waveguide with regard to the index correlation and to explore the difficulties. This article assesses the effect of the intensity index on the characteristics of the dielectric waveguide, such as the single-mode device, losses, technical constraints and materials available. This work is an approximation for the design of optical waveguides, so that by lowering the silicon index, we can achieve versatility
This document provides an overview of optical fibers used in communication systems. It discusses the history of optical fiber communication and how total internal reflection allows light to propagate along the fiber. The key components of an optical fiber are the core and cladding. Optical fibers can be classified based on the materials used, number of modes supported, and refractive index profile. Optical fibers play an important role in modern communication systems by providing high bandwidth data transmission over long distances.
The document provides an overview of fiber optic technology including:
- The basics of how optical fibers transmit light via total internal reflection
- The different types of optical fibers like single-mode, multi-mode, and their variations
- Components used in fiber optic systems like connectors, adapters, splitters, and attenuators
- Causes of loss in optical fibers including absorption, scattering, modal dispersion, and more
- Applications of fiber optics in telecommunications, networks, and more
This paper proposes a hybrid WDM and optical-CDMA transmission system using optical vortex over multi-mode fiber. At the transmitter, an optical-CDMA multiplexer combines four data streams encoded with a 1D zero-cross-correlation code. A WDM multiplexer combines the encoded streams using four Laguerre-Gaussian modes at different wavelengths. The optical vortex reduces mode coupling when propagating over 8 km of multi-mode fiber. Simulation results show the hybrid system using optical vortex improves bit error rate and Q-factor compared to a system without optical vortex. This demonstrates optical vortex can increase the capacity and security of the optical communication system.
MODELING STUDY OF LASER BEAM SCATTERING BY DEFECTS ON SEMICONDUCTOR WAFERSjmicro
Accurate modeling of light scattering from nanometer scale defects on Silicon wafersiscritical for enabling
increasingly shrinking semiconductor technology nodes of the future. Yet, such modeling of defect
scattering remains unsolved since existing modeling techniques fail to account for complex defect and
wafer geometries. Here, we present results of laser beam scattering from spherical and ellipsoidal
particles located on the surface of a silicon wafer. A commercially available electromagnetic field solver
(HFSS) was deployed on a multiprocessor cluster to obtain results with previously unknown accuracy
down to light scattering intensity of -170 dB. We compute three dimensional scattering patterns of silicon
nanospheres located on a semiconductor wafer for both perpendicular and parallel polarization and show
the effect of sphere size on scattering. We further computer scattering patterns of nanometer scale
ellipsoidal particles having different orientation angles and unveil the effects of ellipsoidal orientation on
scattering.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling TiO2-based slot waveguides with high optical confinement in 90-degree bends. It describes simulations of straight and bent slot waveguides using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The simulations analyzed electric field distribution and power confinement in the slot for different bend radii, slot widths, and asymmetric slot placements. The results showed that asymmetric slot placements, where the slot is displaced towards or away from the inside of the bend, can enhance electric field and power densities in the slot. This high confinement could enable new nonlinear photonic devices like couplers, resonators, and splitters based on slot waveguides.
MODELING STUDY OF LASER BEAM SCATTERING BY DEFECTS ON SEMICONDUCTOR WAFERSjmicro
Accurate modeling of light scattering from nanometer scale defects on Silicon wafersiscritical for enabling
increasingly shrinking semiconductor technology nodes of the future. Yet, such modeling of defect
scattering remains unsolved since existing modeling techniques fail to account for complex defect and
wafer geometries. Here, we present results of laser beam scattering from spherical and ellipsoidal
particles located on the surface of a silicon wafer. A commercially available electromagnetic field solver
(HFSS) was deployed on a multiprocessor cluster to obtain results with previously unknown accuracy
down to light scattering intensity of -170 dB. We compute three dimensional scattering patterns of silicon
nanospheres located on a semiconductor wafer for both perpendicular and parallel polarization and show
the effect of sphere size on scattering. We further computer scattering patterns of nanometer scale
ellipsoidal particles having different orientation angles and unveil the effects of ellipsoidal orientation on
scattering.
This document summarizes recent advances in optical communications technologies. It discusses new developments in optical modulators, switches, and reconfigurable components. For optical modulators, it covers advances in integrated laser-modulator designs as well as electro-optic polymer modulators for high speeds. For optical switches, it discusses different technologies including MEMS, liquid crystal, thermo-optic, and a new diffractive DMD approach. It also briefly introduces reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers. The document aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in optical components and subsystems for communications.
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses optical communication and fiber optic communication systems. It defines optical communication as using light to carry information over distances. The most common wavelengths used fall between 0.83-1.55 microns. Optical communication can be analog or digital. Fiber optic communication uses total internal reflection to transmit pulses of light through optical fibers to carry digital data. A fiber optic system includes a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light pulses and a receiver that converts the light pulses back to electrical signals.
Communication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to
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which acts as a carrier for the information signal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted
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using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave
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Fiber optics communication systems use optical fibers to transmit information over long distances. Optical fibers confine light and guide it through total internal reflection. This document discusses the principles, advantages, types and losses associated with optical fiber communication. It describes how step index single mode fibers have a small core and transmit a single mode of light for long distance communication. Graded index multimode fibers have a refractive index that decreases from the center of the core to reduce dispersion losses. Fiber optic communication systems work by converting signals to light pulses, transmitting them through fibers, and converting them back at the receiver end.
applications of planar transmission linesPARNIKA GUPTA
This document discusses various types of planar transmission lines and their applications. It describes microstrip lines, striplines, slotlines, finlines, and coplanar waveguides. For each type, it provides details on their structure, properties like impedance and Q factor, and common applications. Key applications discussed include microwave integrated circuits, filters, antennas, and wireless communication systems. The document concludes by noting ongoing work to improve transmission line properties and transmission speeds for communication applications.
1. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-7 December-2012
106
Implementation of Plasmonics in VLSI
Shreya Bhattacharya
Student, Department of Electronics and Telecom, MPSTME NMIMS, Mumbai-58
Abstract
This Paper presents the idea of Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) using Plasmonic Waveguides.
Current VLSI techniques are facing challenges with
respect to clock frequencies which tend to scale up,
making it more difficult for the designers to
distribute and maintain low clock skew between
these high frequency clocks across the entire chip.
Surface Plasmons are light waves that occur at a
metal/dielectric interface, where a group of
electrons is collectively moving back and forth.
These waves are trapped near the surface as they
interact with the plasma of electrons near the
surface of the metal. The decay length of SPs into
the metal is two orders of magnitude smaller than
the wavelength of the light in air. This feature of
SPs provides the possibility of localization and the
guiding of light in sub wavelength metallic
structures, and it can be used to construct
miniaturized optoelectronic circuits with sub
wavelength components. In this paper, various
methods of doing the same have been discussed
some of which include DLSPPW’s, Plasmon
waveguides by self-assembly, Silicon-based
plasmonic waveguides etc. Hence by using
Plasmonic chips, the speed, size and efficiency of
microprocessor chips can be revolutionized thus
bringing a whole new dimension to VLSI design.
Keywords
Plasmonics, Waveguides, Surface Plasmons
1. Introduction
The electronic chip industry has achieved mammoth
amounts of success using VLSI technique for
miniaturization of large electronic circuits by
integrating billions of transistors and other active and
passive elements within a single chip. But today
VLSI faces a large limitation w.r.t clock skew rates
and lower limit to circuit dimensions. Also, the
current copper interconnects used in the electronic
circuits pose a major limitation w.r.t data
transmission speeds. For example, in the widely used
FR-4 copper trace material the loss is approximately
0.5-1.5 dB/in at 5 GHz (Nyquist for 10 Gbps rate),
and the loss increases to approximately 2.0-3.0 dB/in
at 12.5 GHz (Nyquist for 25 Gbps rate). Return loss
and crosstalk can also increase with frequency [1].
Optical fibers have the disadvantage that the guided
energy cannot be steered around sharp corners with a
bending radius smaller than the wavelength λ of the
light [5]. Although light can be guided around sharp
corners in photonic crystals, its minimal confinement
is nevertheless restricted to the diffraction limit λ/2n
of the light [4]. The diffraction limit can only be
overcome, if the optical mode is somehow converted
into a non-radiating mode that is confined to
dimensions smaller than the diffraction limit. A
possible solution to all the above stated limitations is
an all-Plasmonic circuit.
Plasma, the fourth state of matter contains s free
positive and negative ions. In response to irradiated
light an electron cloud oscillation takes place in metal
and semiconductor. Thus just like photon is a
quantization of light, Plasmon is a quasi-particle
which is a result of quantization of plasma
oscillations. Thus, Plasmonics is the science of
oscillation of electron cloud in which the frequency
of the cloud is equal to that of the irradiated light.
Plasmonics is mainly made up of two parts: 1)
Surface Plasmon polaritons (SPP) and 2) localize
plasmons (LP). The energy required for sending and
receiving an SP pulse is much less than the amount
needed for charging of a metal wire. This property of
the SP does allow them to carry information within a
microprocessor with a very high bit rate. This,
combined with Plasmonic interconnects made up of
Plasmon-based waveguides would result in a much
smaller and extremely fast microchip which is not
hindered by the diffraction limit, thus giving a major
boom to the VLSI technology.
2. Plasmonic Waveguides
Silicon-based Plasmonic Waveguides:
The high refractive index of Si assures strong
confinement and a very high level of photonic
integration with achievable waveguide separations of
the order of 10 nm and waveguide bends with 500 nm
radius at telecommunication wavelengths. While
2. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-7 December-2012
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using Al and Cu plasmonic material platforms, makes
such waveguides fully compatible with existing
CMOS fabrication processes. Their potential future in
hybrid electronic/photonic chips is further reinforced
as various configurations have been shown to
compensate SPP propagation loss. The group velocity
dispersion of such waveguides allows over 10 Tb/s
signal transfer rates [2]. Dielectric Loaded SPP
Waveguides (DLSPPW) are formed by a dielectric
ridge on the surface of a metal film and can be
fabricated by using industry-standard lithographic
processes. In it, the plasmonic signals can be
controlled by modifying the properties of the
dielectric which is forming the waveguide. The
following figure shows the Si-SPP modes in the
waveguides of different cross-sections.
When width of the waveguide increases up to 200 nm
and higher, the mode becomes more and more
localized in the waveguide with its refractive index
approaching the refractive index of SPP mode on a
plain Si/Al interface.
Figure 1. a) Effective refractive index, (b)
propagation length, (c) effective area, and (d)
figure of merit M1 for Si-SPP mode as a function
of waveguide width w and height h. Insets: Field
maps presenting the absolute value of the power
flow along the waveguide for waveguide cross-
sections of 100 × 150 nm2 and 200 × 300 nm2.[2]
The sharpness of waveguide bending is determined by
the amount of contrast between the mode refractive
index and the refractive index of the surrounding
media, which in this case is quite high (Fig. 1b). The
following figure shows the output of practical
implementation of Silicon based waveguides in
nanophotonic circuits. In order to compare various
metallic material platforms for Si-based DLSPPWs
the waveguide guiding properties have been studied
for the case of Au, Al, and Cu [2].
From Fig. 2 it can be concluded that copper is inferior
to gold and aluminum in terms of plasmonic
properties. Although it provides the highest effective
refractive index and the smallest mode area, high
Ohmic losses significantly reduce the figure of merit.
On the other hand, for the wide range of waveguide
cross-sections, the plasmonic properties of aluminum
are very similar to those of gold. This makes it a
promising candidate for the metallic component of Si-
based SPP waveguide circuitry [2]. Silicon has a high
refractive index which leads to the sub-wavelength
localization of the photonic signal. This property also
leads to a sharp waveguide bending which is
important for photonic integration. As compared to
the conventional Si based waveguides, the
propagation length of the mode is inferior but for the
design of photonic circuits, it is of utmost importance
how strongly the signal is confined within the
waveguide and the effect of external stimuli on that
during propagation. DLSPPW’s are simpler to
integrate in CMOS technology and other types of
plasmonic waveguide with comparable figures of
merit.
Figure 2. (a) Effective refractive index, (b)
propagation length, (c) effective mode area, and
(d) figure of merit MC for Si SPP waveguide with
height h = 300 nm as a function of its width w for
various metals: Au, Al and Cu [2].
Plasmon Waveguides by Self-assembly:
In this method of constructing plasmon waveguides
can be carried out by using metal nanoparticle arrays.
For efficient dipole coupling of plasmons, the
3. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-7 December-2012
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interparticle should be small, e.g. In case of 50 nm-
diameter particles an Interparticle distance of 25 nm
is preferred [3]. In a self-assembly method, the
nanoparticle arrays are fabricated using template-
assisted self assembly of colloids which is an
integration of lithography and self- assembly. Wet-
chemically synthesized nanoparticles of silica and
gold are self assembled into the channels and holes to
form arrays composed of 2-15 particles. Using core-
shell colloids the interparticle distance in the Au
particle array could be controlled by the thickness of
the silica-shell [3].
Plasmon waveguides consisting of metal
nanoparticles can be fabricated using several
methods. A few of the most promising are: (1)
electron-beam lithography and lift-off; (2)
electron/ion-beam induced deposition (EBID/IBID);
(3) colloidal self-assembly. Using the first technique,
plasmon waveguides have been successfully
fabricated, and electromagnetic energy transport
below the diffraction limit has been detected [4]. This
method suffers from serious size-limitations,
however. For efficient dipole coupling of the
plasmons the interparticle distance must be small: in
case of 50 nmdiameter particles an interparticle
distance of 25 nm is preferred. Such structures are
very difficult to fabricate using conventional
electron-beam lithography and lift-off techniques. In
EBID or IBID, metal nanoparticles are formed by
electron-beam induced decomposition of a metallo-
organic gas.
Figure 3. Schematic example of a plasmon
waveguide formed by self-assembly of Au core
silica-shell colloids in electron beam defined
trenches in silica. The inset shows a cross-section
of two particles in the waveguide [4]
Using this technique, nanoparticles can be deposited
with lateral sizes of 20-30 nm and an interparticle
distance of ~10nm [4]. Drawbacks of this technique
are the high equipment costs and slow fabrication.
Colloidal self-assembly offers some great advantages
over these techniques in terms of particle dimensions,
fabrication time and costs, although the process is
less controllable. Using this method, plasmon
waveguides are formed by controlled drying of a
colloidal dispersion over a electron-beam patterned
substrate. By coating the metal particles with a
dielectric material like silica, the Interparticle
distance in the particle array can be accurately tuned
via the thickness of the shell [3].
Dielectric Loaded SPP Waveguides:
This method of constructing plasmon waveguides has
its principal rooted in the dependence of SPP
propagation constant on the dielectric refractive
index. It basically consists of depositing narrow
dielectric ridges on the metal surface. The resulting
technology is known as Dielectric Loaded SPP
Waveguides (DLSPPW’s) and provides an alternate
attractive fabrication technology by being compatible
with different dielectrics and industrial fabrication
method of UV lithography. DLSPPW’s provide
strong mode confinement and relatively low
propagation loss [6].
In fiber coupled waveguide DLSPPW based
waveguide structures, intermediate tapered dielectric
waveguides were used to funnel the radiation to and
from the plasmonic waveguides. The waveguide
structures, consisting of 1-μm-thick polymer ridges
tapered from 10-μm-wide ridges get deposited
directly on a magnesium fluoride substrate to 1-μm-
wide ridges placed on a 50-nm-thick and 100-
μmwide gold stripe. These are fabricated by large-
scale UV-lithography.
DLSPPWs have been characterized demonstrating
the overall insertion loss below 24 dB, half of which
was attributed to the DLSPPW loss of propagation
over the 100 μm-long distance [6]. The advantage of
DLSPPWs compared to other SPP waveguide types
is that a dielectric ridge can be easily functionalized
to provide thermo-optical, electro-optical, or all-
optical functionalities and can be used for the
development of active plasmonic components.
Moreover, DLSPPWs fabrication is compatible with
current lithography process used in the fabrication of
electronic circuits.
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Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-7 December-2012
109
Combined with intrinsic possibility to control optical
signals by electronic ones and vice versa, the
DLSPPW’s provide an excellent alternative to fast
plasmon based waveguides.
3. Conclusion
Thus, this paper puts forward the idea of replacing oft
used interconnects with plasmonic waveguides. This
would not only help reduce the energy losses during
transmission of data using interconnects but also
provide an ideal solution to the limitations w.r.t the
clock speed, data transmission rates, clock skew rates
and circuit size that the current VLSI technology is
facing. Also, the technologies mentioned in this paper
have been tested and are still been worked upon by
various research centres. More, importantly, most of
these technologies are compatible with the current
CMOS based VLSI techniques used by the industries,
thus making their adaptation simpler.
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Shreya Bhattacharya is pursuing
B.Tech (Electronics and
Telecommunication) degree from
Mukesh Patel School of Technology
Management and Engineering, SVKM’s
NMIMS University, Mumbai. Her
interest in Plasmonics developed during
the seminar report generation as part of
3rd year B.Tech curricula.