Mining must not be conducted in Rapu-Rapu for the following reasons:
a) Rapu-rapu is an island ecosystem with
steep slope;
b) It is characterized by a Type II climate - no dry season with very pronounced wet period from November to January (PAGASA Corona classification);
c) It is located along typhoon path; and
d) Its massive iron sulfide rocks are capable of generating sulfuric acid.
These geophysico-chemical conditions are the reasons why, within only four months of operation, Lafayette mining caused two cyanide spills and fish-kills in October 11 and 31, 2005.
Apparently, it also brought about fish-kills in the adjacent province of Sorsogon.
Ambiguity in Geophysics,Gravity,Magnetic,EM,MT
Error reduction by Available applications
Geosoft,Euler,Anaylitical,Equpotential,Spectral, Principal Components
Gives a short discussion about ore, terms like precipitation, hydothermal solution and the four different types of hydrothermal ore deposits including vein type, disseminated, massive sulfide, and stratabound deposits. Hope you'll enjoy and understand it!
Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
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Ambiguity in Geophysics,Gravity,Magnetic,EM,MT
Error reduction by Available applications
Geosoft,Euler,Anaylitical,Equpotential,Spectral, Principal Components
Gives a short discussion about ore, terms like precipitation, hydothermal solution and the four different types of hydrothermal ore deposits including vein type, disseminated, massive sulfide, and stratabound deposits. Hope you'll enjoy and understand it!
Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
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Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
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Bowen’s Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
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Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Of Artisanal Mining in Oke Ogun regi...micobin
Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Of Artisanal Mining in Oke Ogun region, Oyo State Nigeria.CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CELL RISK, concept of environmental sustainability, map of oke-ogun
Unha achega ao Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, en Portugal: descrición, xeoloxía, releve, ríos, flora, fauna, aproveitamento, valores culturais, problemas...
As mobile devices become more and more pervasive, businesses must recognize this opportunity. A mobile strategy has gone from a desirable addition within a marketing plan to a critical segment.
Los hermanos (Brother's) su origen, desarrollo y testimonioantoniomd
Los "Brother's" una asignación común, llamados así en Europa en el Siglo pasado. Siervos de Dios que Dios usó para traernos misterios ocultos, verdades o revelaciones de la Palabra de Dios.
In December 2014 WRT held a Catchment Based Approach and Catchment Restoration Fund Conference in Exeter. The University of Plymouth's Sean Comber gave a summary of their work with WRT to examine the effects of road run-off on the Upper River Teign.
Lakeland Resources Inc. (TSXv: LK) (FSE: 6LL) geologist Darren L. Smith, M.Sc., P.Geol. recently gave the attached presentation investor groups in Europe. His presentation covered the technical aspects of uranium exploration in the Athabasca Basin, Saskacthewan and was titled "Athabasca Basin Uranium."
Sokoman Minerals Corp. is a discovery-oriented company with projects in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The Company’s primary focus is its portfolio of gold projects; flagship, advanced-stage Moosehead, Crippleback Lake (optioned to Trans Canada Gold Corp.) and East Alder (optioned to Canterra Minerals Corporation) along the Central Newfoundland Gold Belt, and the district-scale Fleur de Lys project in northwestern Newfoundland, that is targeting Dalradian-type orogenic gold mineralization similar to the Curraghinalt and Cavanacaw deposits in Northern Ireland. The Company also recently entered into a strategic alliance with Benton Resources Inc. through three, large-scale, joint-venture properties including Grey River, Golden Hope, and Kepenkeck in Newfoundland.
Sokoman now controls, independently and through the Benton alliance, over 150,000 hectares (>6,000 claims – 1500 sq. km), making it one of the largest landholders in Newfoundland, in Canada’s newest and rapidly-emerging gold districts. The Company also retains an interest in an early-stage antimony/gold project (Startrek) in Newfoundland, optioned to White Metal Resources Inc., and in Labrador, the Company has a 100% interest in the Iron Horse (Fe) project which has Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) potential.
A Review of Zeolite Based Treatment Water Systems and Thier Applicability in ...Daniel Eyde
The revisions to the Clean Water Act, ever lower NPDES water discharge standards and competition for scarce water resources have increased the need for cost-effective water treatment products and applications. Many water treatment sites are remote and lack infrastructure, others are passive or semi-passisve wetlands and bioreactors whose effluent, while meeting discharge standards, still require additional treatment for turbidity, COD, BOD and pH adjustment. The use of natural zeolites, alone or in conjunction with other treatment technologies, have had success in mitigating amD/amR discharges, as well as heavy metals, turbidity, NH4+, Al, Mn and silica in coal and hard rock mining impacted effluents. In uranium mining areas and NURE impacted waters, treatment systems initially designed more for problems like for Three Mile Island and Fukushima have been effective in capturing radionuclides in both passive and active treatment systems, most recently at the Homestake Uranium Tailings at Grants, NM. The applicability of the ion exchange and filtration capabilities of zeolites, their ability to be used in passive treatment systems and their limitations are reviewed.
Puma Exploration Corporate Presentation November 2017MomentumPR
PUMA EXPLORATION (PUM:TSX-V/PUXPF:OTCBB) is a Canadian mineral exploration company based in Rimouski, Quebec. This junior company working in the field since 2003 stands out by its enthusiasm with advanced projects in base metals and precious metals. The projects of the company are Turgeon and Ann's Creek properties at New Brunswick and at the moment, Puma Exploration focuses on projects located in New Brunswick.
Sokoman Minerals Corp. is a discovery-oriented company with projects in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The Company's primary focus is its portfolio of gold projects: flagship Moosehead along the Central Newfoundland Gold Belt. The Company is also active on its district-scale Fleur de Lys project in northwestern Newfoundland, which is targeting Dalradian-type orogenic gold mineralization similar to the Curraghinalt and Cavanacaw deposits in Northern Ireland, and Cononish in Scotland.
The Company is actively participating in a strategic alliance with Benton Resources Inc. through three large-scale joint venture properties including Grey River, Golden Hope and Kepenkeck in Newfoundland. Sokoman now controls independently and through the Benton alliance over 150,000 hectares (>6,000 claims – 1,500 sq. km), making it one of the largest landholders in Newfoundland, Canada’s newest and rapidly-emerging gold districts.
The Company also retains an interest in an early-stage antimony/gold project (Startrek) in Newfoundland, optioned to White Metal Resources Inc., the Crippleback Lake (optioned to Trans Canada Gold Corp.) and the East Alder (optioned to Canterra Minerals Corporation) and, the Company has a 100% interest in the Iron Horse (Fe) project in Labrador, that has Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) potential.
Sokoman Minerals Corp. is a discovery-oriented company with projects in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The company’s primary focus is its portfolio of gold projects: flagship, 100%-owned Moosehead, Crippleback Lake, and East Alder (optioned to Canterra Minerals Corporation) along the Central Newfoundland Gold Belt, and the district-scale Fleur de Lys project in northwestern Newfoundland, that is targeting Dalradian-type orogenic gold mineralization similar to the Curraghinalt and Cavanacaw deposits in Northern Ireland, and Cononish in Scotland. The company has also entered into a strategic alliance (the Alliance) with Benton Resources Inc. through three large-scale joint-venture properties including Grey River Gold, Golden Hope and Kepenkeck on the island of Newfoundland. Sokoman now controls independently and through the Alliance over 150,000 hectares (>6,000 claims – 1,500 sq. km), making it one of the largest landholders in Newfoundland, Canada’s newest and rapidly-emerging gold district. Sokoman also retains an interest in an early-stage antimony/gold project (Startrek) in Newfoundland, optioned to White Metal Resources Inc., and in Labrador, the company has a 100% interest in the Iron Horse (Fe) project that has Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) potential.
Rick Van Nieuwenhuyse (President & CEO) presented at the NovaGold SGM re: NovaCopper spin-out. Over 99% of the votes cast were in favour of the spin-out.
Buchans Resources - Investor Presentation - January 2021Tyler Hosey
Buchans Resources Limited is exploring zinc-lead-silver properties located in Newfoundland, gold properties in Newfoundland and Labrador and nickel-copper-cobalt properties in Labrador. In addition the Company holds interests in other exploration companies exploring form base and precious metals in Mexico, Ireland, the UK and New Brunswick.
The Tampakan Copper-Gold Project and Human Rights Violations in the South Cotabato, Philippines
Summary
The Tampakan Copper-Gold Project in the Philippines threatens the environment and the livelihoods of local populations. The Bla'an indigenous peoples that occupy these ancestral territories oppose the project and are victims of multiple violations of human rights. But Glencore-Xstrata is still insisting on pursiung the project.
26th session of the Human Rights Council 2014
Item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development
Joint written statement of the Europe-Third World Centre (CETIM) and Franciscans International
UN symbol: A/HRC/26/NGO/94
Speech by Julian Payne, President, Canadian Chamber of Commerce of the Philip...No to mining in Palawan
Speech by Julian Payne, President, Canadian Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines
On “A Foreign Investor’s View on Mining in the Philippines”
At the Development Academy of the Philippines, Pasig City, on July 10, 2014
MINING
“SECTION 4. Grant of Mineral Agreements Pending New Legislation. No new mineral agreements shall be entered into until a legislation rationalizing existing revenue sharing
schemes and mechanisms shall have taken effect. The DENR may continue to grant and issue Exploration Permits under existing laws, rules and guidelines.” - Executive Order No. 79, July 6, 2012.
The report is based on a desk study and a three-week
field trip to the Philippines, where data was gathered
through qualitative interviews. Interview partners included
affected communities, company representatives, local and
national civil society organizations, as well as government
authorities. By evaluating this data we shed light on the
main human rights issues linked to the Tampakan Project.
The choice of our interview partners reflects our human
rights approach. While our interviewees have both positive
and negative attitudes towards the Tampakan Project, they
do not constitute a representative sample of the population
in the area. Instead, our goal is to make sure that we include those people who have serious concerns with regard to their human rights situation and to analyze their hopes and fears and complement this information with desk research and the views of other stakeholders and experts.
Prior to the start of stock exchange trading on 5 January 2012, Intex issued a stock exchange announcement stating that it had signed a MoU with MCC8 for the development of its nickel project in Mindoro. This agreement could grant MCC8 a “project management contract” (“PMC”) which would mean that MCC8 would take on most of the responsibility for the project finance and development of the field. As consideration for this, MCC8 and its strategic partners would have an option to purchase up to 90% of Mindoro Nickel, in a staged process, for a total of USD 296 million. Intex would retain 10% and would have an option to buy back a further 10% for up to USD 60 million following completion of the project1.
CLIMATE CHANGE CONGRESS
OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.(CCCP)
POSITION PAPER ON THE PHILEX MINING DISASTER
pp.1-6
Room 1 Bonifacio Hall, UP SOLAIR, Diliman, Quezon City
Phone no. (632) 385-5638 / Email address: climatechangecongress.org
SUMMARY STATEMENT TO THE SENATE COMMITTEES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH, MARCH 19, 2013
By: Christian S. Monsod
Climate Change Congress of the Philippines
pp.1-5
PAB Resolution
IN THE MATTER OF
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND ABATEMENT CASE
DENR-PAB Case No. CAR-00836-12
- versus-
PHILEX MINING CORPORATION,
Respondent.
FOR: Violation of R.A. 9275 and Its
Implementing Rules and Regulations
25 February 2013
With an estimated $1.4 trillion in reserves, Philippine mining potential ranks
fifth in the world, covering an estimated 9 million hectares, but less than
2% has mining permits. After long stagnation, the sector has been coming
back after a 2005 SC decision affirming RA 7942, considered a world-class
legal framework for sustainable development. Minerals development is a
government priority and has great potential for jobs and revenue. Government
has identified over 60 priority PPP projects. Mining can support poor
rural areas through high quality jobs, local tax payments, and community
development. The national government receives substantial royalty and tax
payments. Government revenue from mining increased 800% from 2002 to
PhP10.4 billion in 2007. However, full development of the sector continues
to face significant challenges. Lengthy, tedious approvals for Exploration
Permits (EPs) continue to impede investment. Several LGUs have closed their
provinces to mining. Industry is concerned that the Writ of Kalikasan might
disturb lawful activities. An investor cannot tell easily if land is ancestral land.
Skilled Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) personnel often leave public
service. EO 79 has imposed a moratorium on new mining permits, pending the
passage of a new law on the revenue-sharing scheme between industry
The Fraser Institute Annual Survey of Mining
Companies was sent to approximately 4,100
exploration, development, and other mining-related
companies around the world. Several mining
publications and associations also helped publicize the
survey... The survey, conducted from October 9, 2012,
to January 6, 2013, represents responses from 742 of those
companies. The companies participating in the survey
reported exploration spending of US$6.2 billion
in 2012 and US$5.4 billion in 2011
Application For The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) Of The Tampakan Project
O.P. Case No.12-F-159
DENR Case No. 1966
Paquito N. Ochoa, Jr
Executive Secretary
Philippines
UPDATE ON THE NICKELIFEROUS LATERITE MINERAL RESOURCES
OF MARCVENTURES MINING AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION’S
MPSA 016-93-XIII
LOCATED IN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF CANTILAN AND CARRASCAL,
SURIGAO DEL SUR, PHILIPPINES
Pollution Adjudication Board fines Philex Mining over Clean Water Act ViolationsNo to mining in Palawan
Pollution Adjudication Board fines Philex Mining over Clean Water Act Violations
On Thursday, January 24, Philex disclosed to the exchange that it received a notice of issuance from the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB)to cease-and-desist from using its tailings pond at its Padcal mine in Benguet following a mine spill in August 2012.
Impacts of Lafayette Mining In The Island of Rapu-Rapu Albay Resulting From Cyanide Spill and Acid Mine Drainage
1. Impacts of Lafayette Mining in the
Island of Rapu-Rapu, Albay Resulting
from Cyanide Spill and Acid Mine
Drainage
by
EMELINA G. REGIS, Ph. D.
August 6, 2007
Institute for Environmental Conservation and Research
(INECAR)
Ateneo de Naga University
Research Grant provided by the FPE
2. Some Background
January 2000 – involvement of Ateneo de Naga University
upon request of the 2 Bishops (Bishop Sorra and Bishop
Quiambao) of the Diocese of Legazpi for assistance from
Fr. Joel E. Tabora, S.J., President of Ateneo de Naga
University
May 2000 – Januay, 2001 – research in Rapu-Rapu by
INECAR and other volunteer offices
July 12, 2001 – Lafayette was granted an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC)
July2, 2005 – Lafayette started its operation
October 11 and 31, 2005 – Cyanide spill and fish-kills
3. Collecting Station Date of Cyanide % DENR
collection level in Exceed- Standard Cyanide
mg/L ance (DAO 34) mg/L spill
Pagcolbon creek – Oct 11, 05 6.42 12,740 0.05
spills point of
discharge
Mouth of Pagcolbon Oct 11, 05 9.95 19,800 0.05
creek
Ungay creek DS Nov 4, 05 0. 468 836 0.05
Ungay creek DS Nov 5, 05 0. 244 388 0.05
Hollowstone creek DS Nov 4, 05 15.28 30,460 0.05
Hollowstone creek DS Nov 5, 05 17.82 35,540 0.05
Pagcolbon creek – Nov 4, 05 0.084 68 0.05
spills point of
discharge
Ungay creek offshore Nov 4, 05 0.095 90 0.05 Source:
(sea) DENR-PAB
Polishing pond Nov 4, 05 52.00 25,900 0.20 Case No. 05-
(effluent) 00744-05
Polishing pond Nov 5, 05 19.28 9,540 0.20
(effluent)
4. Effects of the cyanide spill and siltation of the sea
- fish-kill due to cyanide
- fish-kill due to silt that injures the gills of fishes as a
result of abrasive action of silt to gill tissues.
- loss of livelihood in fishery in the island and adjacent
municipalities at the eastern coast of Sorsogon
- various ailments experience by the people, possibly
due to the spill incident
- toxic heavy metal accumulation in aquatic
organisms and people that would cause a variety of
illnesses
5. Objectives of the study
To assess the damage to the biophysico-chemical condition
of the eastern portion of the island of Rapu-Rapu affected by
the cyanide spill and fish-kill from mining activities.
Specifically, the study intended to:
a) determine the level of heavy metal pollution in the
water (river) in and adjacent to the mining site;
b) determine the level of heavy metals adsorbed by
soil/sediments of the affected river and seashore; and
c) ascertain the impacts of heavy metals on biological
indicators.
6. Study Site 1
(Pagcolbon) with
Site 2
sampling stations*
A, B, C; and
D E
Lafayette Study Site 2
Mining (Binosauan) with
sampling stations*
Site D and E
A
B C
*determined by GPS
Site 1
8. Study Site 3:
Control/
Reference
F
site showing
the sampling
stations*
G
H F, G, H
*determined by GPS
9. Sources of heavy metal and other pollutants
1. Cyanide that spilled into the surroundings
2. Cyanide that facilitated the released of heavy
metals during extraction process
3. Heavy metals in the processing area and the
settling pond that overflowed
4. Tailings, Mud, Silt carried by rainwater
downslope towards the sea
5. Acid mine drainage that released heavy metals
from Tailings dump and processed water
17. Heavy metals in soil/sediments of riverbanks
Heavy Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Metal Pagcolbon Ungay Creek Looc/Mistika Creek
River Bgy Binosawan Town (Control)
Bgy Pagcolbon
Upstrm Outlet Shor Upstrm Outlet Shor Upstrm Outlet Shor
Arsenic 23. 2 35 25.7 0.4*-19.7 14.1 ** 0. 2*-17.9 7.4 ***
(As)
Cadmium <2 10. 9 6.3 ND*-<2 <2 ND*-<2 <MDL a ***
(Cd) **
Chromium 33 31 30. 2 23 25 ** 89 108 ***
(Cr)
Copper 400 442 990 18*-20.8 145 ** 74*-78. 2 60.4 ***
(Cu)
Mercury - - - ND* - ** 0.03 - ***
(Hg)
* PIPAC analysis; the rest by UPNSRI
Standard As Cd Cr Cu Hg
by Kloke, Natural 1 - 20 0.1 - 1 5 - 100 30 0.01 - 1
1981 Max tolerable 20 3 100 100 2
18. Heavy metals in water of river/creeks
Heavy Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Metal Pagcolbon River Ungay Creek Looc/Mistika Creek
Bgy Pagcolbon Bgy Binosawan Town (Control)
Upstrm Outlet Shor Upstrm Outlet Shor Upstrm Outlet Shor
Arsenic - - - ND* - - - - -
(As)
Cadmium 1.48 1.42 0.284 0.018* 0.035* <MDLa <MDLa <MDLa <MDLa
(Cd)
Chromium <MDLb <MDLb - - <MDLb - <MDLb <MDLb -
(Cr)
Copper 48 46.3 7.5 1.40* 3.08 0.0085 0.0065 <MDLc <MDLc
(Cu)
Zinc (Zn) 41 38 - - 4.4 - <MDLd <MDLd -
Mercury - - - ND* - - - - -
(Hg)
* PIPAC analysis; the rest by UPNSRI
DENR Standard As Cd Cr Cu Zn Hg
WHO** Standard 0.05 0.01 0.05 (Hexavalent) 1.0** 5 – 15** 0.002
19. Summary of heavy metal pollution of water and
sediments
a) contamination of water in Sites 1 and 2 with high levels of
cadmium, copper and zinc
b) contamination of riverbank sediments with high levels of
arsenic, cadmium and copper, with the latter exceedingly high
particularly at the shore; also Hollowstone Creek with copper
c) Chromium was detected highest in Site 3 but below the
standards at the upstream and slightly higher than the
standard at the outlet.
d) Copper is also high in water and in sediments at the Upper
Tailings Pond which is located inside the Mine.
20. Impacts on Biological Indicators
1. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis – pollen grain
response
Pollen response Site 1 Site 3
Normal 78.52% 88.24%
Aborted 20.89% 7.76%
Abnormal 0.6% 4%
Natural abortiveness of plants in general = 5%
Results of statistical analysis = significant
29. Halodule pinifolia
The chloroplasts of epidermal
cells are pointed by arrows
A: Site 3 (Control site)
B: Site 1 (Pagcolbon)
A C: Site 2 (Ungay)
B C
30. Impacts of Heavy Metals on
Living Organisms
(based on published literature)
31. M etal Effects on Plants
Arsenic Root plasm olysis; death (necrosis) of leaf tips and m argins;
(As) inhibits seed germ ination; reduced growth
Cadm ium Toxic; Accum ulates in the body; Brow n m argins of leaves;
(Cd) W hitening of leaves (chlorosis); Early leaf senescence
(aging)
Loss of starch grains; Stunted grow th;
Inhibits pollen tube germ ination; No fertilization of egg, thus,
fruits do not develop
Chrom ium Toxic; Plasm olysis, causes wilting of various crops;
(Cr) Affects photosynthesis; Affects plant growth and developm ent
Accum ulation interferes with uptake of Fe, S, K, M g, M n, others
Copper Accum ulates in roots and leaves, reduces calcium and
(Cu) phosphorus uptake; reduces uptake of w ater by the plants
Leakage of ions such as phosphorus and potassium in roots
Dam ages the chloroplast lim iting m em brane; Chloroplast
decrease; Inhibits photosynthesis, Starch grains disappear;
Reduces leaf size; Prom ote early leaf senescence (aging)
Lead (Pb) Accum ulates and tends to rem ain fixed in roots
Leaves becom e w hite (Chlorosis); Inhibits photosynthesis;
Stunted grow th;
Zinc (Zn) Disruption and dilation of nuclear m em brane, cell organelles
disintegrate, cytoplasm becom es structureless
32. H eavy E ffects on Anim als
M etal
Arsenic Accum ulates in the body especially of seafoods;
(As) H igh Toxicity;
Terratogenic, B irth defects; Prom otes cancer
D eath to earthw orm s and other anim als
C adm ium B inds w ith a protein and accum ulates there
(C d) B inds w ith other heavy m etals such as copper,
zinc, and silver
Accum ulates in shellfish; B uilds up in anim al
m ilk and fatty tissues
C hrom ium Terratogenic; reproductive and developm ental
(C r) effects in anim als
D elayed hardening of the bones
B irth defects, hydrocephalus, cleft palate
N ecrosis (death) of som e tubules in kidney
C opper Toxic to m arine organism s such as C opepod
(C u), Zinc R eproductive effects
(Zn), & C d D eath to m arine organism s
M ost Poison to m any anim als
H eavy Inhibition of the thyroid gland function, Stunted
M etals grow th
R educed production of antibodies
Low ered resistance to diseases
33. M e ta l E ffe c ts o n P e o p le ’s H e a lth
A rs e n ic P o is o n ; L o w le v e l e x p o s u re c a u s e s n a u s e a , v o m itin g , d ia rrh e a
(A s ) a n d d a m a g e to b lo o d v e s s e ls
P ro m o te s a ll typ e s o f c a n c e r s u c h a s liv e r, k id n e y, b la d d e r,
s k in , a n d lu n g s
S k in c o n ta c t a lle rg e n s ; D e v e lo p m e n ta l e ffe c ts (te ra to g e n );
T h ic k e n in g a n d d is c o lo ra tio n o f th e s k in ;
H e a rin g im p a irm e n t; D a m a g e to th e n e rv o u s s ys te m
C a d m iu m R e n a l to x ic ity; D is ru p tio n o f fu n c tio n in g o f k id n e y a n d liv e r,
(C d ) m a y b e c o m e irre v e rs ib le
C a d m iu m p n e u m o n itis ; E m p h ys e m a – w h e n a ir c e lls in th e
lu n g s b e c o m e d ila te d a n d c a u s e d iffic u lty in b re a th in g
A n o s m ia (lo s s o f s e n s e o f s m e ll); Ita i-ita i o r o s te o m a la c ia –
p a in fu l b o n e d is e a s e
D e a th fro m e x c e s s iv e flu id lo s s d u e to v o m itin g a n d d ia rrh e a
A ffe c ts ta s te s , im m u n e s ys te m a n d c a rd io v a s c u la r s ys te m
C h ro m iu m D a m a g e to lu n g s , k id n e y , liv e r, s k in , a n d im m u n e s y s te m
(C r) S e v e re d e rm a titis o f th e s k in a n d u lc e rs , a lle rg y
Irrita tio n o f th e re s p ira to ry tra c t; C a u s e s c a n c e r e s p e c ia lly
lu n g s ; B o d y c a v itie s & tis s u e s re ta in to o m u c h flu id (E d e m a )
H yd ro c e p h a lu s – e s p e c ia lly in c h ild re n , flu id a c c u m u la te s in th e
b ra in a n d c a u s e m e n ta l re ta rd a tio n .
P o te n tia l e ffe c ts o n re p ro d u c tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t
C opper Irrita tio n o f th e n o s e a n d th ro a t w h e n h ig h le v e ls a re in h a le d
(C u ) C a u s e s n a u s e a , v o m itin g a n d d ia rrh e a w h e n in g e s te d
V e ry h ig h le v e ls c a u s e d a m a g e to th e liv e r a n d k id n e y
C a n c a u s e d e a th
Z in c (Z n ) A lte re d iro n fu n c tio n , re d u c e d im m u n e fu n c tio n ; h ig h le v e ls
c a u s e s e v e re n a u s e a , v o m itin g , s to m a c h c ra m p s , a n e m ia ,
n e rv o u s s ys te m d is o rd e rs a n d d a m a g e to th e p a n c re a s .
34. Effects to Sorsogon
The direction of the flow of contaminated silt is
pointed by an arrow which is towards Sorsogon.
Photo taken in February, 2006. Rainfall measured at
that month was only 363.6 mm.
35. Distance between Rapu-
Rapu and Prieto Diaz,
R a p u -R a p u
Sorsogon is only 12 km.
12 km
P to . D ia z
The spill happened at the start
of the Northeast Monsoon or
Amihan
36. Impacts to Rapu-Rapu and Sorsogon
1. Fishkills - Continued fishkills (Malasugi, shark, squid,
octopus, etc) in Rapu-Rapu in December and January
after heavy rains and in some northern and part of
western coast of Sorsogon
2. Loss of livelihood in fishing - People from the area and
adjacent areas, i.e. Legazpi and Sorsogon Cities, etc.are
afraid to buy fish coming from the affected coastal
barangays
3. Tourism as a livelihood is low - Loss of potential tourists
4. Possible health effects to several people who felt some
forms of illnesses during the fishkill
5. Break-up of families and loss of stability
37. Impacts to the ecosystem
1. Aside from Pagcolbon River, three (3) additional creeks
became acidic due to Acid Mine Drainage, which was
facilitated by the mining operations. These are Alma
Creek, Ungay Creek and Hollowstone Creek.
2. The dispersion of heavy metals into the surroundings
affected the productivity of plants (terrestrial and
marine) by destroying the capacity of their chloroplasts
to produce food
3. Cyanide solution aggravated heavy metal pollution in
the affected river/creeks and marine habitats and caused
fish-kills
38. 4. Fishing suffered from destruction of the sources such as
the seagrass beds and coral reefs
5. Huge amounts of tailings resulting from the mining
operation continue to generate AMD and are also
threats to human safety as well as to the terrestrial and
marine habitats specially during the rainy season.
6. The diseases and other ailments experienced by the local
communities in Binosauan and in the municipality of Prieto
Diaz indicate probable cyanide and heavy metal
contamination from mine wastes that were brought to their
places due to proximity or through surface waves driven by
the northeast monsoon. Such experiences happened only
during the cyanide spill and fish-kills.
39. Massive iron sulfide rocks with acid-generating
capacity or Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Acid mine drainage (AMD)
AMD occurs in iron sulfide rocks that are exposed to
oxygen and water and cause the following reaction:
2FeS2 + 702 + 2H20 = 2H2SO4 + 2FeSO4
H2SO4 = sulfuric acid
FeSO4 = red orange iron sulfate precipitate
that coats rocks and sediments
40. Heavy metals released from Tailings dump due to acid
mine drainage (AMD)
Tailings dump of the Formation of AMD in thewith no AMD (Dec
mine Rock barrier same
rock barrier (February 6, 2006)
12, 2005 picture)
42. Conclusion
It is the huge amount of tailings, waste rocks and overburden
soil generated by the mining operation that caused the fish-kills
It is the introduction of cyanide that facilitated the released
of toxic heavy metals that were released into the surroundings
and polluted the surroundings of the mine, the associated
creeks, and the adjacent sea that also caused the fish-kills
It is the natural capacity of the land for generating acid
through the process of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) that
worsened pollution. The geophysico-chemical conditions of
the island simply facilitated this process
43. It is the rainy climate, the steep slope and the typhoons that
regularly visited the area that resulted in a wider dispersion of
the toxic pollutants and the loosened silt in the eastern part of
the island of Rapu-Rapu and the coastal areas of Sorsogon
It is not the length of time of exposure to the toxic metals that
destroyed the productive capacity of the land and water but the
level of toxic pollution that mining operation brings to the
environment that caused the damage
Thus, it is the mining operations of Lafayette Philippines, Inc.
that caused the cyanide spills and fish-kills that affected
Rapu-Rapu and the coastal areas of the province of Sorsogon
and destroyed the ecosystem of the land and sea that will
persist for a long, long time. AMD will continue for hundreds
of years.
44. Recommendation
Mining must be stopped. The government must
cancel the permits associated with the issuance of
an ECC to Lafayette Philippines, Inc.
No mining must ever be allowed in Rapu-Rapu again.
The government must rehabilitate the degraded
ecosystems, especially the newly formed acidic
creek in Malobago, Pagcolbon and Binosauan
45. Expert assistance to the health problems
experienced by the local people must be provided
Government agencies responsible for evaluating
mining projects and those giving permits, must be
given more comprehensive trainings for assessing
pollution generated by mining operations and for
rehabilitating degraded areas especially in places
with acid generating capacity.
46. There are alternatives to mining metals because
metals can be recycled. There is no need to open up
new areas in order to extract the metals for the needs
of our country.
Rich nations have minerals of their own. Why
destroy the beautiful land with high biodiversity, the
natural wealth that God gave us?
The process of obtaining these materials makes
people poor and the marginalized, poorer.
47. Mining in Rapu-Rapu must be stopped.
Lafayette mine must be closed; its various
permits in connection with, and the ECC
must be cancelled.
Let us all remember that God created
minerals and metals to support our
NEEDS, and not our GREED.
48. Only our love for God, for our
Country, and for our people can
free us from this misery.