immunization and the cold chain are important topics for Nursing Students and this ppt will surely help them.

1. Neha Thakur
M.Sc Nursing (pediatrics )

2.  Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all
types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic
substances etc. which enter the body.
 It can be defined as resistance acquired by a host
towards injury caused by microorganisms and their
products.

3. 1. Innate
2. Acquired
1. Innate: this is basic immunity that is genetically passed
on from one generation to other. It is present in
individual by birth.

4. 2. Acquired: the immunity acquired during life time of an
individual is known as acquired immunity.
It is of two types:
a) Active immunity
b) Passive immunity

5.  Active immunity is a disease resistance that results
from the protection of proteins called antibodies.
 Stimulating active immunological defense mechanism
through administration of antigens before natural
exposure to infections.

6.  Immunity that develops after a person receives
immune system components, most commonly
antibodies, from another person.
 Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when an
infant receives a mother's antibodies through the
placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a
person receives antibodies in the form of an injection
(gamma globulin injection).
 Passive immunity provides immediate protection
against an antigen, but does not provide long-lasting
protection.

8. Immunizing agents
anti-sera
immunoglobulin
vaccines

9.  There are 5 major classes: IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD.
 Two types of immunoglobulin preparations are
available for passive immunization:
◦ Normal human immunoglobulin
◦ Specific (hyper-immune) human immunoglobulin

10.  A blood containing antibodies against specific antigens,
injected to treat or protect against specific disease.
 These are materials prepared by animals or non human
sources such as horses.

11.  Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate
the immune response through active immunization.
 A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed
to produce specific protection against a given disease.
 A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.

12.  Live Attenuated vaccines
 Inactivated (killed vaccines)
 Toxoids
 Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction)
vaccines
 Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.

13.  Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents
which have lost their capacity to induce full blown
disease.
 Example: chicken pox vaccine and MMR
Vaccine.

14.  Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or
chemicals but remain antigenic. They are usually safe
but less effective than live attenuated vaccines.
 Example whooping cough vaccine.

15.  They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of
some bacteria rendering them antigenic but not
pathogenic
Example: diptheria and tetanus.

16.  They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions
e.g. meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide
antigen of the cell wall, the pneumococcal vaccine
from the polysaccharide contained in the capsule of
the organism, and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
 Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.

17.  If more than one kind of immunizing agent is
included in the vaccine, it is called as combination
vaccine.
 Example: DPT vaccine, MMR etc.

18. Live
Attenuated
vaccines
Killed
Inactivated vaccines
Toxoids Cellular fraction Combination
vaccine
•BCG
•Typhoid oral
•Plague
•Oral polio
•Yellow fever
•Measles
•Mumps
•Rubella
•Intranasal
Influenza
•Typhus
•Typhoid
•Cholera
•Pertussis
•Plague
•Rabies
•Salk polio
• influenza
•Japanese encephalitis
•Hepatitis B
•Diphtheria
•Tetanus
•Polysaccharide &
polypeptide
vaccines.
•MMR
•DPT

19.  Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched
in 1978.
 It was renamed as Universal Immunization Programme
in 1985 when its reach was expanded beyond urban
areas.
 In 1992, it became part of Child Survival and Safe
Motherhood Programme

23.  The "cold chain" is a system of storage and transport of
vaccines at low temperature from the manufacturer to
the actual vaccination site.
 The cold chain system is necessary because vaccine
failure may occur due to failure to store and transport
under optimum temperature controls.

24. Cold chain equipment consists of the following:
(a) Walk in cold rooms: They are located at regional
level, meant to store vaccines up to 3 months and serve
districts.
(b) Deep freezers (300 ltr) and Ice lined Refrigerators:
supplied to all districts and the Walk in cold rooms to
store vaccines. Deep freezers are used for making ice
packs and to store OPV and measles vaccines.
(c) Small deep freezers and ILR (140 ltr) : One set is
provided to PHCs, and Family Planning Centers

25.  (d) Cold boxes: Cold boxes are supplied to all
peripheral centers. These are used mainly for
transportation of the vaccines.
 (e) Vaccine carriers: Vaccine carriers are used to
carry small quantities of vaccines (16-20 vials) for
the out of reach sessions. 4 fully frozen ice packs are
used for lining the sides, and vials of DPT, DT, TT
and diluents should not be placed in direct contact
with frozen ice packs. The carriers should be closed
tightly.
 (f) Ice packs: The ice packs contain water and no salt
should be added to it.

26.  Among the vaccines, polio is the most sensitive to heat,
requiring storage at minus 20 degree C.
 Vaccines which must be stored in the freezer
compartment are : polio and measles.
 Vaccines which must be stored in the COLD PART but
never allowed to freeze are : typhoid, DPT, tetanus
toxoid, DT, BCG and diluents