A novel calix[4]arene based chemosensor having two schiff’s base units has been designed, synthesized and characterized by NMR and ESI-MS analysis. It is found to exhibit excellent selectivity for Cu2+ over a wide range of alkali, alkaline earth and other transition metal ions in acetonitrile solution. Its metal binding affinity and binding constant studies revealed a 1:1 binding stocheometry of the ligand with Cu2+ ion.
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
Study of electrical properties of Polythiophene and its compositesIOSR Journals
Conducting polymers are known to have significant electrical properties which can be improved by strong oxidizing power of oxidizing agents like V2O5. In the current study oxidative polymerization of the thiophene monomers was done to obtain Polythiophene for converting it into its composites with V2O5 to study their improved electrical nature. The electrical properties of pure Polythiophene, pure V2O5, PTh- V2O5 composite 1:2 (thiophene: V2O5) and PTh- V2O5 composite 2:1(thiophene: V2O5) were studied by carrying out current voltage measurements. It can be stated that the increased concentration of V2O5 is responsible for the increased current flow through the polymer matrix. The study is explained on the basis of fact that oxidizing power leads to removal of higher number of charge carriers from the backbone thereby causing increases in current flow. Such conducting polymers have wide range of applications in the field of Metal ions detectors, molecular electronics, conductive adhesive, electrical displays, electromagnetic shields, chemical, biochemical and thermal sensors, rechargeable batteries, solid electrolytes, optical computers and ion exchange membrane
Fullerene Functionalized Thiophene Derivative as an Acceptor Material for Org...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Fullerene Functionalized Thiophene Derivative as an Acceptor Material for Organic Photovoltaics by Ranjith Kottokkaran* in Research & Development in Material Science
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
Study of electrical properties of Polythiophene and its compositesIOSR Journals
Conducting polymers are known to have significant electrical properties which can be improved by strong oxidizing power of oxidizing agents like V2O5. In the current study oxidative polymerization of the thiophene monomers was done to obtain Polythiophene for converting it into its composites with V2O5 to study their improved electrical nature. The electrical properties of pure Polythiophene, pure V2O5, PTh- V2O5 composite 1:2 (thiophene: V2O5) and PTh- V2O5 composite 2:1(thiophene: V2O5) were studied by carrying out current voltage measurements. It can be stated that the increased concentration of V2O5 is responsible for the increased current flow through the polymer matrix. The study is explained on the basis of fact that oxidizing power leads to removal of higher number of charge carriers from the backbone thereby causing increases in current flow. Such conducting polymers have wide range of applications in the field of Metal ions detectors, molecular electronics, conductive adhesive, electrical displays, electromagnetic shields, chemical, biochemical and thermal sensors, rechargeable batteries, solid electrolytes, optical computers and ion exchange membrane
Fullerene Functionalized Thiophene Derivative as an Acceptor Material for Org...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Fullerene Functionalized Thiophene Derivative as an Acceptor Material for Organic Photovoltaics by Ranjith Kottokkaran* in Research & Development in Material Science
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
A TiO2 immobilized Ru(II) polyazine complex: a visible-light active photoredo...Pawan Kumar
A chemically functionalized nanocrystalline TiO2 grafted ruthenium(II)
polyazine complex was found to be an efficient visible light photoredox
catalyst for the oxidative cyanation of tertiary amines to the
corresponding a-aminonitriles in high to excellent yields, using
molecular oxygen as an oxidant and sodiumcyanide in acetic acid as a
cyanide source. The developed photoredox catalyst could be easily
recovered by simple filtration and reused for several runs with
consistent catalytic activity.
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. Compounds that contain an indole ring are called indoles.
Possibility of Fullerene as Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer'ssharma93vidushi
Presentation explores the Possibility of Fullerene and its derivatives to be used as a Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer's and discusses the toxicity levels of different functional groups for the same.
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
A TiO2 immobilized Ru(II) polyazine complex: a visible-light active photoredo...Pawan Kumar
A chemically functionalized nanocrystalline TiO2 grafted ruthenium(II)
polyazine complex was found to be an efficient visible light photoredox
catalyst for the oxidative cyanation of tertiary amines to the
corresponding a-aminonitriles in high to excellent yields, using
molecular oxygen as an oxidant and sodiumcyanide in acetic acid as a
cyanide source. The developed photoredox catalyst could be easily
recovered by simple filtration and reused for several runs with
consistent catalytic activity.
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. Compounds that contain an indole ring are called indoles.
Possibility of Fullerene as Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer'ssharma93vidushi
Presentation explores the Possibility of Fullerene and its derivatives to be used as a Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer's and discusses the toxicity levels of different functional groups for the same.
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photo redox reactions
Electro catalytic performance of pt-supported poly (o-phenylenediamine) micro...sunitha81
Poly (o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) microrods were obtained by interfacial
polymerization using ferric chloride as oxidant and without any template or
functional dopant. Pt/PoPD nanocatalysts were prepared by the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with sodium borohydride, and the composite catalysts formed were
characterized by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical methods. The nanocomposite
of Pt/PoPD microrods has been explored for their electro-catalytic performance
towards oxidation of methanol. The electro-catalytic activity of Pt/PoPD was
found to be much higher (current density 1.96 mA/cm2 at 0.70 V) in comparison to
Pt/Vulcan electrodes (the current density values of 1.56 mA/cm2 at 0.71 V) which
may be attributed to the microrod morphology of PoPD that facilitate the effective
dispersion of Pt particles and easier access of methanol towards the catalytic sites.
Synthesis and Characterization of cyclohexylidene containing novel cardo pol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for C...Pawan Kumar
A copper(II) complex grafted to nitrogen-doped graphene (GrN700–CuC) was synthesized and then
demonstrated as an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation
using a DMF/water mixture. The chemical and microstructural features of GrN700–CuC nanosheets were
studied by FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Owing to its truly heterogeneous nature, GrN700–CuC
could be easily recovered after the photocatalytic reaction and showed efficient recyclability for
subsequent runs.
Metal-organic hybrid: Photoreduction of CO2 using graphitic carbon nitride su...Pawan Kumar
A novel heteroleptic iridium complex supported on graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized and used for photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation. The methanol yield obtained after 24 h irradiation was 9934 μmol g−1cat (TON 1241 with respect to Ir) by using triethylamine (TEA) as a sacrificial donor, which was significantly higher as compared to the semiconductor carbon nitride 145 μmol g−1cat under identical conditions. The presence of triethylamine was found to be vital for the higher methanol yield. After the reaction, the photocatalyst could easily be recovered and reused for subsequent six runs without significant loss in photo activity.
Metal-organic hybrid: Photoreduction of CO2 using graphitic carbon nitride su...Pawan Kumar
A novel heteroleptic iridium complex supported on graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized and used
for photoreduction of carbon dioxide under visible light irradiation. The methanol yield obtained after
24 h irradiation was 9934 mmol g1cat (TON 1241 with respect to Ir) by using triethylamine (TEA) as a
sacrificial donor, which was significantly higher as compared to the semiconductor carbon nitride
145 mmol g1cat under identical conditions. The presence of triethylamine was found to be vital for the
higher methanol yield. After the reaction, the photocatalyst could easily be recovered and reused for
subsequent six runs without significant loss in photo activity.
Similar to A Calix [4]Arene Based Chemosensor For Recognition Of Cu2+ (20)
Isolation of Natural Dyes from Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and Marigold Flower and...IOSRJAC
In this study deals with the isolation of natural dyes from hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flowers. There are different methods are used to synthesis the natural dyes on each flower. Then they are analysed by GC-MS, UV-Visible and IR Spectroscopy instrumental analysis. The instrument anlaysis reveals the structural conformation of natural dye collected from each dye. The mordant are important chemical component which is used to add with natural dye to enhance the colour strength of natural dye collected from the above flowers. In this project we use the alum, potassium dichromate, copper chloride and stannous chloride are used as mordant to increase the colour strength of each natural dye collected from the concerned flowesr. The colour strength is analysed with DATAColor Spectrophotomete. Wast fastness, Xenon fastness test are also carried out. From above test we conclude the strength of colour is increased by means of the stannous chloride mordent used compared to other mordants applied to the cotton dyed with the natural dyes extracted from the hibiscus rosa sinensis and marigold flower
Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of P...IOSRJAC
Natural fiber extracted from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fibers were treated with alkaline and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) —acetone solution at various concentrations for different soaking time. In order to identify the effect of this chemical modification on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of the fiber, Instron testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used. Mechanical properties test results reveals that chemical treatment substantially improve the strength of treated fiber and increase it bulk density. Optimum tensile strength of 690Mpa was obtained after treatment; while Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs indicate enhance surface roughness of treated fibres. Treated Fibres with 0.05% KMnO4-acetone solution for 3min (05K3) was found to the highest tensile strength, enhance uniform surface roughness, and bulk density.
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Synthesis, Identification and Surface Active Properties of Some Nonionic Surf...IOSRJAC
This research includes synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives of quinazolinone and studying the possibility for their application as surfactants. The preparation process started by the reaction of pentadecanoyl chloride with anthranilic acid gave 2-pentadecyl-4H-benzo[3,1]oxazin-4-one [1] which was used as starting material to synthesis some heterocyclic compounds by a reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles. Compound [1] as starting material reacted by three ways. The first way react Compound [1] with semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylsemicarbazide in pyridine as solvent to obtained [1-(4-oxo-2- pentadecylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea [2], thiourea [3], phenylthiourea [4] respectively]. The second way include the reaction of Compound [1] with 99% hydrazine hydrate to produce 3-amino-2-pentadecylquinazolin- 4(3H)-one [5], then converted to amino derivatives [6-8] by the reaction of Compound [5] with different halogenated compounds such as (benzoyl chloride, acetyl chloride and chloro acetyl chloride ) in DMF and pyridine as catalyst. The third way include the reaction of compound [1] with different substituted amine and amide compounds (thiourea, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, glycine, ammonium acetate and phenyl hydrazine) respectively to obtain derivatives of quinazoline [9-14]. The produced compounds [2,4,5,7 and 12] react with propylene oxide in different moles (n=3, 5 and7) to yield novel groups of nonionic compounds having a function as surface active agents. The surface active properties like surface tension and interfacial tension, wetting time, cloud point, emulsion stability, foam height and CMC of these compounds were measured and showed a pronounced surface activity, good emulsifying properties and highly foaming in some of these compounds. Newly synthesized compounds were identified via spectral methods; their [FTIR and some of them by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR] and measurements of some of its physical properties.
Here are presented the data of GC / MS, ICP / MS, UV, STA studies of Azerbaijanoil from the Gunashli field in the Caspian Sea. According to the data of chromatography-mass spectroscopy, the relative distribution of n-alkanes of oil was determined to calculate the naphthenic oil passport from various horizons and depths. It is shown that oil is of paraffin-naphthenic type, hydrocarbon composition of oil samples varies depending on the horizon and the depth of occurrence. Oil is characterized as light, average catagenetic transformation and refers to the glandular type. Mother rock of sedimentary type are of the clay type. The studied geochemical characteristics of oil indicate a biogenic genesis and differentiation of oils by characteristic biomarker indicators, and also make it possible to predict the composition and type of oils in deposits with a simular geological structure
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Studies on Anti-Inflammation Activity of Phenols Using Newly Introduced Balab...IOSRJAC
The interated ‘sum’ versus ‘product’ operation concept recently introduced by Balaban-KhadikarSufia yielding newly introduced F and G indices, has been used for proposing most significant QSAR model for modeling anti inflammatory activity of phenol. Results are discussed on the basis of well known statistical parameters.
Synthesis and Characterization of Different Molecular Weights PolyacrylamideIOSRJAC
Polyacrylamides of varying molecular weights (very low, low, medium, high and very high) were synthesized using free radical polymerization and characterized by Infra Red (IR) spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, glass transition temperature (Tg) measurement and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Thioglycolic acid and hydrogen peroxide were used as initiators to synthesis very low and low molecular weight polyacrylamides respectively. Molecular weights (medium, high and very high) polyacrylamides were synthesized using potassium persulfate and N,N,N',N'- tetramethylethylenediaminesystem as initiators. The synthesis of medium, high and very high molecular weight polyacrylamides were achieved by increasing the concentration of acrylamide monomer. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of polyacrylamides showed strong absorption at wave number 1655 cm-1 due to the presence of primary amide band. The results also showed that the increase in the intrinsic viscosity and glass transition temperature were proportional to the increase in molecular weight of polyacrylamide. On the other hand it can be seen an increase in molecular weight caused a decrease of weight loss %.
Kinetic Modeling of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Degradation in Blanched Commonl...IOSRJAC
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the most important and popular vitamins, and is contained in most fruits and vegetables; the problem with vitamin C is its easy degradation during processing. In this study, the degradation kinetics of vitamin C was determined in Lettuce and Cabbage, and the processing treatment considered was blanching at 700C of water differently for 5, 10, 15, 20,25,30,35 and 40 minutes. Samples were dried in mild temperature (15–200C) and ground to find dust and High Pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) was used for determination of the AA of vegetable salad samples which consisted of an isocratic elution procedure with UV-Visible detection at 245nm. The rate constants were calculated for both vegetable salad samples under the same processing method using the integrated law method; half-life was also calculated. Degradation of ascorbic acid in Lettuce and Cabbage under the same pretreatment procedure followed the firstorder kinetic model, as the coefficient of determination (R2 -value) were 0.8981 and 0.9785 respectively. The rate constant of ascorbic acid degradation for Lettuce and Cabbage under the same blanching conditions were 0.099 min-1 and 0.088 min-1 respectively. The half-life of Lettuce and Cabbage were 420.0892 and 472.6004 seconds respectively. The most appropriate vegetable salad under the blanching pretreatment procedure is the cabbage because its rate constant depicted from the model equations was lower, and the half life longer, hence, slower rate of degradation. The first order forecast (Ln(C)), was 0.657964 for Lettuce and 1.330017 for Cabbage, which further authenticate that blanched Lettuce degradation was higher than Cabbage under the same pretreatment conditions.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Poly Octadecyl Meth...IOSRJAC
Methacrylate polymers are widely used as additives in lubricating oils, as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers. In this study, homopolymer of Octadecyl methacrylate and Octadecyl methacrylate_co_methylmethacrylate with molar ratios of 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 were synthesized and characterized. The free radical polymerization was carried out at 70 °C in toluene solvent and 2, 2′- azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. All products were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The obtained results showed the efficacy of the additives as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants. The pour points of most base oils containing each polymer decreased compared to that of the pure base oil. 70% octadecyl methacrylate units showed a 15Cᵒ reduction in their pour points, thus establishing the large efficiency of the products synthesized in this work. The efficiencies of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compound as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of additives.
Simple and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Glycosides bearing triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4...IOSRJAC
There is a vast variety of naturally occurring glycosides which have marked pharmacological properties. These glycosides have widely diversed functional groups modifications which result in influencing pharmacological performance of corresponding glycosides. The 3,6-disubstituted-s-triazolo[3,4- b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles were glucosidated with 2,3,4,6tetra-o-acetyl α D glulopryanosyl bromide using simple methodologies. The compounds obtained in good yield in a 80-90 minutes.
Synthesis, Anticonvulsant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Novel Valproic Acid De...IOSRJAC
Objective: The aim of this work was to construct novel hydrazones and thiosemsicarbazide derivatives of valproic acid. The new targets will be evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity and cytotoxicity effects. Methods:Targets 7a-k, 10. 11 were synthesized starting from valproic acid using benzotriazole activation and hydrazide and thiosemicarbazide chemistry. The anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures modes using sodium valproate as a standard for comparison of the activity. The compounds with high anticonvulsant activity were subsequently examined for cytotoxicity against HepG2 by MTT assay. Results:The new targets were characterized using 1HNMR and 13CNMR and their purity were authenticated by elemental analysis. Four compounds 7e, 7j, 10 and 11exhibited the most potent anticonvulsant activity associated with low cytotixicity. Conclusion: Compounds 11 exhibited a moderate anticonvulsant activity and a significantly lower cytotoxicity than valproic acid and 5-fluorouracile suggesting that it could be used as a lead for the development of better anticonvulsant drug candidates.
Influence of Tetra Alkyl Ammonium Cation and Temperature on Molecular Interac...IOSRJAC
Ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), viscosity (η) and related acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), free energy (∆G), internal pressure (πi), relaxation time (τ) and acoustic impedance (z) have been computed using standard relation for tetra alkyl ammonium cation (Et4N + , Pr4N + , Bu4N + , and Pen4N + ) in binary liquid mixtures of 1, 4 - Dioxane and N, N – Dimethyl Formamide was prepared of 0.14M on different percentage compositions over the temperature range from 303.15K to 323.15K with the interval of 10K under room pressure to investigate inter - ionic interactions. The densities were measured by Magnetic Float Densitometer. Transport properties provide a deep and meaningful insight of various interactions taking place. It has been observed that the influence of small as well as large alkyl chain length of tetra alkyl ammonium cations (R4N + ), in terms of shape and ionic size with the DMF solvent in the presence of Dioxane, is helpful in investigating the molecular interactions, molecular rearrangement, molecular association etc
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Synthesis and Studies of Some New Dioxouranium (VI) Complexes with Azoester L...IOSRJAC
A1004010111Some new complexes of uranyl (VI) metal ion with different anions (viz. Cl- ,I- ,NO- 3 and OAc- ) have been synthesized using azoester ligand. Complexes were characterized by traditional methods viz. melting point measurements, conductivity measurements. These were also characterized by modern spectral methods viz. IR including far IR, UV –vis. spectra. Thermal studies specially DTA studies of representative have also been done and reported. Some of the complexes were also screened against selected microbes to check their antimicrobial activities. Coordination number of these complexes are proposed to be 8, 10 and 12 and tentative structures of the complexes are also reported in the present paper.
Profiling of Zn2+ Ion Sorption in Modeled Aqueous Solutions by different Part...IOSRJAC
The efficiency of the husk, stalk, cob and seed chaff from maize biomass in the removal of Zn2+ ions from solution under different conditions was studied and compared. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the different biomass parts before and after adsorption of metal ions showed that the husk and cob had more available functional groups and as such active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+ ions than the seed chaff and stalk. Percentage removal of Zn2+ions from solution increased with increase in the studied pH range for all the parts. This value also increased with increase in biomass load for the husk and cob but showed an alternating increase and decrease in Zn2+ ions removal as biomass load increased when the seed chaff and stalk were studied. At optimum pH and biomass load for the studied parts the maize husk gave the best removal efficiency of 72.8 %, making it a promising green packing material for industrial scale water treatment application.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
A Calix [4]Arene Based Chemosensor For Recognition Of Cu2+
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. 2017), PP 43-46
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-1001024346 www.iosrjournals.org 43 |Page
Synyhesis of Novel Carbazole Based Diol Monomer and Its
Photoconducting Polyurethane with Toluene Diisocyanate
Dipak Kumar Mukhopadhyay
Institute of Science & Technology, C.K.Town, West Bengal, 721201, India
Abstract: The novel carbazole based diol monomer has been synthesized by the reaction of N-ethyl carbazole-
3, 6-dicarboxylic acid with propene oxide in the solvent medium of DMF. The novel polyurethane has been
synthesized by the reaction of diol monomer with toluene diisocyanate in toluene. The monomer and the polymer
have been characterized by IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy. The novel polyurethane has good photoconducting
properties. The polymer can be doped with TNF or crystal violet and can be studied dark conductivity and
photoconductivity under illumination of different voltages and different intensities. Moveover the polymer can
be used to prepare polyurethane foam.
Keywords: 3, 6-diacetyl-N-ethyl carbazole, N-ethyl carbazole- 3, 6-dicarboxylic acid, Diol monomer,
polyurethane, polyaddition reaction.
I. Introduction
Photoconductivity is the increase in electrical conductivity of a material caused by absorption of
electromagnetic radiation. Photoconducting polymers are typically very good insulators in dark when the
carriers of electricity free electrons and/ or holes are virtually absent. They become more conductive when
exposed to light. In order to become a photoconductor, the polymer must satisfy two major requirements:
i. It must absorb light and thus allow photoexcitation of electrons from the ground state. The vacancy left behind
( a hole) and the photoexcited electron from a pair of charge carriers, which can be separated by the action of an
electric field.
ii. It must allow migration of either photoexcited electrons or holes, or both, through the polymer in the electric
field towards the appropriate electrodes. Since, no ions move and matter is not displaced, the conduction process
is wholly electronic with no ionic contribution.
Polymers that do not absorb light of a particular wave length can still support migration of charge
carriers generated in an adjacent material .In such a case the polymer are merely as charge transporting media.
Since most known organic photoconducting polymers absorb only ultra-violet radiation, extrinsic
photogeneration of charges has to be employed to make those polymers active in visible light, and in most
practical organic photoconductors, the polymers are only charge-transporting media for charges photogenerated
in adjacent photoconductors. Carbazole is another heterocyclic compound that has been used in the synthesis of
many organic photoconductors due to its photoconducting properties and high electron donating characters.
Therefore these polymers possess interesting electro- optical and photo-chemical properties as well as high
thermal stability due to carbazole backbone. Simple carbazole is easily available from coal-tar. Hogel first
showed that poly N-vinyl carbazole has efficient photoconducting properties which find applications in devices.
A large number of photoconducting polymers have been synthesized using different kinds of polycyclic homo or
hetero atomic aromatic compound, but still poly vinyl carbazole is the most important one with respect to
efficiency and cost of preparation.
It is known that photon absorption by polymer can generate charge carriers under external electric field
and suitable carrier injectors. Polymeric organic photoconductors mostly follow hopping mechanism of
conduction. The hopping mechanism is well dependent on structural sequence and regularity of the polymer.
The relationship between mechanism of photoionization, photoconduction and trapping of charge carriers with
respect to structure is not well established. The photoconducting polymers are finding many important
applications like xerography, photoimaging, photorefractive materials and photoelectric diodes.
The aim of this article is to synthesize a novel diol monomer of the following structure:
Then preparation of polyurethane of novel diol monomer with toluene di isocyanate.
2. Synyhesis of Novel Carbazole Based Diol Monomer and Its Photoconducting Polyurethane with ..
DOI: 10.9790/5736-1001024346 www.iosrjournals.org 44 |Page
II. Experimental
2.1. Synthesis of N-ethyl carbazole:
To a three-necked round-bottom flask equipped with nitrogen purge and refiux condenser was added
3.34 g (0.02) of carbazde along with 75 ml of anhydrous DMF. To the stirred solution was added 0.72g
(0.03mol) of sodium hydride. Immediately a precipitate formed with evolution of hydrogen gas. This was stirred
for a further 15 minutes to dissolve the carbazole anion. Then 4.68g (0.03mol) of ethyl iodide was added in one
portion. The reaction was exothermic, indicating the reaction proceeded immediately. After 5h, 200 ml of water
was added to give a precipitate. The product is recrystallzed from chloroform.
2.2. Synthesis of 3, 6-Diacetyl-N-ethyl carbazole:
Finely powdered anhydrous aluminium chloride (100g), N-ethyl carbazole (70g), and 500 ml dry
carbon disulfide were placed in a 1-liter three-necked flask equipped with mechanical stirrer and reflux
condenser. 90 g of acetyl chloride were added dropwise with stirring .The addition generated enough heat to
keep the solvent at reflux. The mixture was heated at reflux during an additional hour and the solvent distilled
off. 200 ml 1(N) hydrochloric acid and 200 ml ice were added cautiously to the flask. The solid product was
removed and washed with water. The product was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate to give 55g of 3,6-
diacetyl-N-ethyl carbazole. The product was characterized by IR, UV and NMR spectra.
2.3. Synthesis of N-ethyl carbazole-3, 6-Dicarboxylic acid:
9.5 g of the 3, 6-diacetyl-N-ethyl carbazole was dissolved in 400 ml pyridine and added to 200 ml of
5% aqueous sodium hydroxide in a 3-liter Erlenmeyer flask. While cooling the mixture in ice, 715 ml of 5%
sodium hypochlorite (bleach) was added. The reaction was allowed to stir 4 h at room temperature. A
concentrated solution of sodium bisulfate was added until no hypochlorite remained (starch-iodine test). The
basic solution was neutralized with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the precipitated diacid filtered. The yield
of N-ethyl carbazole- 3, 6-dicarboxylic acid was 6.5 g. The product was characterized by IR, UV and NMR
spectra.
2.4. Synthesis of novel Diol monomer:
11.32 g (0.04mol) N-ethyl carbazole-3, 6-dicarboxylic acid was added to 100 ml anhydrous DMF. To
the stirred solution 4.64 g (0.08mol) propene oxide was added in one portion. The mixture was heated at 600
c
for 1 h. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was precipitated out in methanol, washed with water and
methanol and dried under vacumn. The diol monomer was characterized by IR, UV and NMR spectra.
3. Synyhesis of Novel Carbazole Based Diol Monomer and Its Photoconducting Polyurethane with ..
DOI: 10.9790/5736-1001024346 www.iosrjournals.org 45 |Page
2.5. Polymerization:
0.04 mols diol monomer was dissolved in 150 ml dry toluene. To this stirred solution 0.04 mols of
toluene diisocyanate was added and the mixture was stirred vigorously. Then the mixture was warmed at 500
c
for 1h. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was precipitated out in methanol, washed with methanol
and hexane and dried under vacumn. The polymerization was done by simple polyaddition reaction. The
polyurethane was characterized by IR, UV and NMR spectra.
III. Result and Discussion
The study of IR, UV and NMR spectra revealed the successful preparation of the polymer. The synthesis of
novel diol monomer starting from carbazole is given in scheme-1.
Scheme-1
N-ethyl carbazole was synthesized by treating carbazole with sodium hydride and ethyl iodide in the
solvent medium of DMF. The product was precipitated out in water. 3, 6-diacetyl-N-ethyl carbazole was
synthesized by reacting N-ethyl carbazole with acetyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride.
After refluxing the mixture the product was precipitated out in ice water. N-ethyl carbazole -3, 6-dicarboxylic
acid was synthesized by treating 3, 6-diacetyl- N-ethyl carbazole with sodium hypochlorite in presence of
pyridine. The novel carbazole based diol monomer was synthesized by reacting N-ethyl carbazole -3, 6-
dicarboxylic acid with propene oxide in the solvent medium of DMF. The polyurethane was synthesized by
simple polyaddition reaction between the diol monomer and toluene diisocyanate in the solvent medium of
toluene. The polymer was precipitated out in methanol. The synthesis route of polymer was given in scheme-II.
4. Synyhesis of Novel Carbazole Based Diol Monomer and Its Photoconducting Polyurethane with ..
DOI: 10.9790/5736-1001024346 www.iosrjournals.org 46 |Page
Scheme-II
The urethane polymer was soluble in most common organic solvents. The polymer has good
mechanical strength and thermal stability due to carbazole backbone. The polymer has good photoconducting
property. The polymer can be doped with sensitizer like TNF and crystal violet to enhance the photoconducting
property .The doped polymer can be used to measure photoconductivity in the dark or under illumination at
different voltages and different intensities. Moreover, the polymer can be used to prepare carbazole based
polyurethane foam.
IV. Conclusion
The article has summarized the synthesis of novel diol monomer and the corresponding polyurethane
with the reaction of diol monomer and toluene diisocyanate. The photoconducting polyurethane possess many
interesting properties like xerography, electroluminescent property and electrooptical property. The most
important polymer sofar in commercial use is poly N-vinyl carbazole. However, this polymer is quite costly and
the preparation of the monomer is quite delicate. This investigation will help us to formulate a new and cheaper
photoconducting polymer. Moreover, this polymer can be studied for dark conductivity in sandwich
configuration at different voltages, different temperatures with different sensitizers like TNF, crystal violet etc.
Same studies can be done under illumination at different wavelengths and different intensities.
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