Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Graphene Presentation
As each era is defined by the material's age like STONE AGRE,BRONZE AGE etc,soon this very era is going to be regarded as GRAPHENE era because of its extraordinary properties.If it comes to the world in an easy production manner,each and every thing on this earth will have the best priority of its costruction as GRAPHENE. You will surely wanna be a GRAPHENE after reading the full article. [full work on by ISHAAN SANEHI]
Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Graphene Presentation
As each era is defined by the material's age like STONE AGRE,BRONZE AGE etc,soon this very era is going to be regarded as GRAPHENE era because of its extraordinary properties.If it comes to the world in an easy production manner,each and every thing on this earth will have the best priority of its costruction as GRAPHENE. You will surely wanna be a GRAPHENE after reading the full article. [full work on by ISHAAN SANEHI]
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction,History of Nanotechnology,What is Nanotechnology, Definition of Nano,History of Graphene,Graphene,Why Nanotechnology,Size of Nanotechnology,What is Graphene, Properties of Graphene,Graphene Structure,Types of Graphene ,Synthesize Graphene,Applications,Conclusions,References
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks(MOFs)Nitish Kumar
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks.
1. Metal organic frameworks has surface area more than 40 tennis courts per gram. So, it has high adsorption capacity.
2. Gas storage in a cylinder filled with MOFs can store much more gas than empty cylinder.
3. Apart from storage ,MOFs can also be used for Gas Separation.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction,History of Nanotechnology,What is Nanotechnology, Definition of Nano,History of Graphene,Graphene,Why Nanotechnology,Size of Nanotechnology,What is Graphene, Properties of Graphene,Graphene Structure,Types of Graphene ,Synthesize Graphene,Applications,Conclusions,References
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks(MOFs)Nitish Kumar
Gas storage in metal organic frameworks.
1. Metal organic frameworks has surface area more than 40 tennis courts per gram. So, it has high adsorption capacity.
2. Gas storage in a cylinder filled with MOFs can store much more gas than empty cylinder.
3. Apart from storage ,MOFs can also be used for Gas Separation.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This presentation contains various aspects of Graphene like synthesis techniques, characterization, commercialization, mechanical and electrical properties and present and future application.
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis Characterizations Of Silver Nanoparticles On R...IOSRJAC
Graphene-based nanocomposite have significant applicability in catalysis, electronics, medicine, and energy. In this report silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) - nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal process using silver nitrate as a precursor. Under hydrothermal process Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (RGO), without using chemical reagents. As synthesized (Ag-RGO) nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, UV Vis-spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activities of the composite were investigated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results demonstrate that Ag-RGO nanocomposite was a strong bactericide against Gram-negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for bare GO, Ag and Ag-RGO nanocomposite by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed that Ag/RGO nanocomposite has enhanced antioxidant activity than bare GO and Ag.
Sonocatalytic Performance of Fe3O4 Cluster Microspheres Gratiphic Carbon Comp...ijtsrd
Fe3O4 g C3N4 composite was synthesized using hydrothermal simple and facile techniques. The sonocatalytic activity of the magnetic Fe3O4 g C3N4 composite was studied through the H2O2 assisted system for degradation of water soluble organic pollutants such as methylene blue MB , rhodamine B RhB and methyl orange MO . X ray diffraction XRD and scanning electron microscopy SEM equipped were employed for the characterizing the structure and morphology of the so synthesized nanohybrid. The integration of H2O2 and catalyst dosage enhaced the sonocatalytic degradation of dyes. Furthermore, the magnetic property of the sample leaded to easier separation of the microhybrid, made it recyclable with a negligible decline in the dye degradation even after four consecutive recycles. Xuan Sang Nguyen "Sonocatalytic Performance of Fe3O4 Cluster Microspheres/Gratiphic Carbon Composite for Efficient Degradation of Organic Dyes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57418.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/57418/sonocatalytic-performance-of-fe3o4-cluster-microspheresgratiphic-carbon-composite-for-efficient-degradation-of-organic-dyes/xuan-sang-nguyen
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
In the present work, Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using improved modified Hummer’s method. Reduced
Graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized by cow urine extract using sonication and refluxing process. Tin Oxide quantum dots were
synthesized using wet chemical method. RGO/SnO2 based pellets were prepared using hydraulic press. These pellets were
characterized for glucose. Structural and optical characterization of GO, rGO and SnO2 quantum dots was performed using XRD,
UV-visible and FTIR. The sensors show good response towards glucose.
CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND GRAPHENE NITRIDENirmalKumar596
I UPLOADED MY POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ABOUT THE GRAPHENE CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
OUR PEOPLE WILL LEARN THESE AND UNDERSTANDS FEW BASIC THINGS ABOUT GRAPHENE
I COMPLETED MY PROJECT IN SANKARA NETHRALAYA IN MARCH 2020
GRAPHENE CAN BE USED FOR BIOTECH INDUSTRIES AS WELL AS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
A graphene/hemin hybrid material as an efficient green catalyst for stereosel...Pawan Kumar
A hemin/graphene composite, prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of graphene oxide (GO) with hemin
and sonicating the suspension for 5 h at room temperature, was investigated for olefination of aldehydes
using ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of triphenylphosphine. Efficient olefination of aromatic
aldehydes with high (E)-selectivity was obtained, revealing that rGO/hemin is a promising heterogeneous
catalyst for the olefination reaction. The as-synthesized catalyst could easily be recovered from the
reaction mixture and was subsequently used for several runs without any significantly loss in activity and
selectivity.
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.
Brief report on disinfection using uv radiation by incubig korea and pan iitDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
December 31 last year, China alerted WHO to several cases of people being affected by an
unknown “Virus”. The new disease was called COVID-19 and the virus causing it was identified as
SARS_CoV2/ COVID-19 virus, a member of the Coronavirus family, which includes SARS, MERS and
the common cold.
Controlling and manipulating matter on the nanometer-length scale (1-100 nm), and
Exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, electrical) at the nanoscale.
Stem cells and nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and tissue engineeringDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Alexis Carrel, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and the father of whole-organ transplant, was the first to develop a successful technique for end to end arteriovenous anastomosis in transplantation.
Micro and nanoengineering approaches to developing gradient biomaterials sui...Dr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Interface tissue found between soft and hard tissue regions such as cartilage-bone, tendon-bone, ligament-bone and other tissues. (e.g. dentin-enamel). Conventional Biomaterials are monophasic or composite materials are inefficient facilitating tissue formation. So, gradient materials are required for interface tissue engineering.
Characterization of the adhesive interactions between cells and biomaterialsDr. Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Biomaterials have been introduced as a means to facilitate cell adhesion and infiltration during the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissues.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Graphene Based Material for Biomedical Applications
1. Graphene Based Materials for Biomedical
Applications
Sitansu Sekhar Nanda
Department of Chemistry
Myongji University
1
2. Table Of Contents
2
Chapter.1. Introduction
Chapter.2. Graphene Oxide Based Fluorometric
Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Milk
Chapter.3. Study of Antibacterial Mechanism of
Graphene Oxide using Raman Spectroscopy
Chapter.4. Oxidative Stress and Antibacterial Properties
of a Graphene Oxide-cystamine Nanohybrid
Chapter.5. Future Work & Perspective
3. Chapter.1. Introduction
Since the Nobel Prize for Physics was Awarded to Andre
Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “For Groundbreaking
Experiments Regarding the Two-dimensional Material
Graphene”, The Eyes of the Scientific World have been
Focused on this So-called Miracle Material.
GO is aTwo-dimensional Material of Exceptional Strength,
Unique Optical, Physical, Mechanical, and Electronic
Properties. Ease of Functionalization and High Antibacterial
Activity are Two Major Properties Identified with GO.
Due to its Excellent Aqueous Process Ability, Surface
Functionalization Capability, Surface Enhanced Raman
Scattering (SERS), And Fluorescence Quenching Ability, GO
Chemically Exfoliated from Oxidized Graphite is Considered a
Promising Material for Biological Applications.
3
4. Chapter-1
Graphene as Exfoliated from Graphite, is Hydrophobic,
i.e., Not Dispersible in Water, Highly Reactive and Non-
biocompatible. However, Upon Oxidation to form
Graphene Oxide (GO), it Becomes Hydrophilic and
Therefore Water Soluble and is Amenable to a Host of
Biomedical Applications.
Hybridization Of GO With Polymers, Gold and Magnetic
Nanoparticles Results in Carbon-related Nano Composites
Used in a Variety of Biomedical and Biotechnological
Applications Such as for Phototherapy, Bio-imaging, Drug
and Gene Delivery, Bio Sensing, and Antibacterial Action.
4
5. This Data Depicts the Relative Research Activity on
Different Graphene-family of Materials for Biological
Applications Indicating that more than 50% of them (62.6%)
are Biomedical in Nature.
Due to the Small Size, Large Surface Area, and Useful Non
Covalent Interactions With Aromatic Ring Molecules, GO is
a Promising Material for Drug Delivery.
For this Reason the Subject of GO Toxicity has Attracted
Special Attention in Order to Increase the Biosafety Of GO.
The Valid Evaluation and Actual Confirmation of the
Biocompatibility of GO Is Central to many Scientific
Investigations.
Chapter-1
5
6. Marcano et al. Prepared an Improved Method for the
Synthesis of GO.
They Found that Excluding NaNO3, Increasing KMnO4 and a
Mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 Can Improve the Oxidation Process.
A Schematic Presentation of Their Results are Presented
Here.
According to Their Reaction Protocol, the Reaction is not
Exothermic And Produces No Toxic Gas. This Makes it
Useful for Biomedical Applications.
Chapter-1
6
7. Table
Some of the Major Research
on GO Related Biomedical
Application are Presented
Here in the Table.
7
8. Recent Trends in Graphene Research
8
Illustrates Charge Transfer in Graphene Layers (For 1–10 Layers).
The Inset Shows the Raman Spectra of Graphite Before and After
Exposure to 60 Torr NO2. For Monolayer (1L) and Two Layers
(2L) Of Graphene, the So-called G Peaks Were Observed at 1614
Cm−1 and 1608 Cm−1 Respectively. In Case of the Three Layers
(3L) of Graphene, The G Peaks are Splitted into Two Peaks Such
As 1601.5 Cm−1 and 1584 Cm−1 Denoted by the G−, Lower
Energy Peak. As the number of Graphene Layers Exceeds Three,
The Signal Peak Occurred at 1582 Cm−1 and 1598 Cm−1 and also
Intensity of Lower Energy Peaks Increased Compared with Layer.
This Confirmed that NO2 Adsorbs on the Top and Bottom
Surfaces Which Does Not Intercalate. Due to the Heavy
Adsorption on Both Side Of 1L Graphene, It Produces a Single G
Peak.
9. Illustrates Reduced Graphene Oxide-gold Nanostar
Nanocomposites Prepared by Seed-mediated Growth And
Their Use As Active SERS Materials for Anticancer Drug
(Doxorubicin; DOX) Loading and Release. By This Approach,
Both Optical Properties and Morphology of Nanohybrids can
be Controlled without Using Stabilizer Such As Polymer or
Surfactant. By Changing Growth Rate Parameter Optical
Properties and its SERS Sensitivity Towards Aromatic Ring
Molecules Can Be Increased.
9
Recent Trends in Graphene Research
10. Illustrates the Use of Monolayer Graphene, Sliver, and
R6G Molecules to Enhance the Reproducibility and
Stability of SERS. In this Figure (A) Control Structure
(R6G/Ag) was Prepared by Using Rhodamine 6G (R6G)
Molecules Absorbed on Ag Surface.
(B) (R6G/G/Ag) Structure was Prepared by R6G
Molecules Absorbed on Graphene/Ag Substrate.
(C) (G/R6G/Ag) Structure was Prepared by
Incorporation Of R6G Molecules in Ag and Monolayer
Graphene.
(D) Monolayer Graphene On Ag Substrate was Evaluated
with a Time Interval of 8 Minutes on Continuous Laser
Irradiation.
10
Recent Trends in Graphene Research
11. Presents A Typical TERS Profile of Graphene. Strong CH
Bending and Stretching Modes are Confirmed by Hydrogen-
terminated Graphene. In this Figure All the Spectra Were
Dominated By SLG (Solid Blue Line). It Does Not Show Any
Defects, CH Contamination or Edge Problem. Weak Defects
or Contamination in a SLG Observed in Dashed Red Line.
Some G Band And CH Bending and Stretching Mode
Intensity Observed in Dotted Green Line. From this Figure it
Concluded that From a Constant Signal TERS can be
Measured.
11
Recent Trends in Graphene Research
12. Chapter.2. Graphene Oxide Based Fluorometric
Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Milk
The Analytical Feature of our Proposed Method
Includes Low Detection Limit (10 Mmol Ml−1) and
Satisfactory Recovery Values for Samples.
The Presence of H2O2 in Milk is a major Concern
Because It Constitutes a Public Health Hazard. Many
Milk Industries are Using H2O2 as a Preservative, But If
the Concentration Increases Then It Causes So Many
Health Problems Such as Neurodegenerative
Disorders, Cancer and Diabetes.
Present Methods Show an Easy Way for Detecting H2o2
Generally Require Considerable Time and Laboratory
Facilities. The Chemical Tests have Sufficient
Sensitivity to Detect Wide Linear Range of H2O2
Concentration.
12
13. Chapter-2
In Fig. (A) Typical Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
(FE-SEM) Images of GO are Shown.
In Fig. (B) The Main Absorbance Peak Attributable to π-π*
Transitions Of C=C in Synthesized GO Occurs at Around 232 Nm.
In Fig. (C) The XRD Spectra of GO Show a Distinct Peak At 15.10°
Corresponding to a D-spacing (In This Case, The Interlayer
Distance Between Sheets) of Approximately 7.15 Å That is Due to
Interlamellar Water Trapped Between Hydrophilic GO Sheets.
In Fig. (D) The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra of the
GO Clearly Show the Presence Of Carboxyl (O-H Deformation
1730-1700 Cm-1), Hydroxyl (O-H Stretching Vibration 3450 Cm-1),
Epoxy (750 Cm-1), And Carbonyl (C=O Stretching 1050 Cm-1)
Groups.
13
14. Chapter-2
In Figure (A) the XPS Spectra of GO are Shown.
In Figure (B) the Deconvolution of the C1s Peak in the
XPS Spectrum Shows The Presence Of Four Types of
Carbon Bonds: C–C (284.8 eV), C–O (Hydroxyl and
Epoxy, 288.2 eV), C=O (Carbonyl, 292.7 eV), and O- C–
O (Carboxyl, 294.8 eV).
By Integrating the Area of the Deconvolution Peaks, the
Approximate Percentage Obtained For C–C is 45.36%.
Similarly, In Figure 2(c) the Deconvolution of the O1s
Peak in the XPS Spectrum Shows the Presence of One
Type of Oxygen Bond: O–H (530 eV).
By Integrating the Areas of the Deconvolution Peaks,
The Approximate Percentage for O–H was Obtained to
Be 38.72%.
14
15. CHAPTER-2
In This Figure the photoluminescence spectra (PL) of
milk containing GO and DCFH-DA are shown.
The solution was excited at 350 nm and the emission
spectra were obtained at 420 nm and 480 nm,
respectively. Due to the absence of H2O2, the PL is
mostly similar to the spectra of GO.
Initially, they show the distinctive band-edge absorption
peak at 420 nm. As the stacking deposition proceeds,
the absorption reaches to the shorter wavelengths down
to 480 nm and becomes more featureless.
15
16. CHAPTER-2
In this Figure the PL Spectra of Milk with GO, DCFH-DA
and H2O2 are Shown. The Solution was Excited at 350
nm and the Emission Spectra were Obtained at 530 nm.
This Newly Proposed Method has been Used to
Determine H2O2 in Nine Milk Samples; A Low Limit of
H2O2 (10 mmol mL−1) has been Detected. When H2O2
was Added into the Milk at Nine Different
Concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50
mmol mL−1 of H2O2 are Observed for All Samples.
16
17. Chapter.3. Study of Antibacterial Mechanism of
Graphene Oxide Using Raman Spectroscopy
Proteins from Bacterial Cultures with Different
Concentrations of GO, Allowed Us to Probe the
Antibacterial Activity of Go with its Mechanism at The
Molecular Level.
We Developed a New and Sensitive Fingerprint
Approach to Study the Antibacterial Activity of GO and
Underlying Mechanism, Using Raman Spectroscopy.
Spectroscopic Signatures Obtained from Biomolecules
Such As Adenine, Amide and Proteins.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus faecalis (E.
faecalis) were Used as Model Micro-organisms for All
the Experiments Performed.
17
18. CHAPTER-3
In General, the Raman Spectrum of Graphite Exhibits a
‘G Band’ at 1580 Cm-1 and A ‘D Band’ at 1350 Cm-1. The
G Band is Due to the First Order Scattering of the E2g
Mode Whereas the D Band is Related to the Defect in
the Graphite Lattice.
The Raman Spectra of GO are Shown in Figure, Which
Show the Presence Of a G Band At 1660 Cm-1 and a D
Band At 1380 Cm-1. The G Band of GO is Shifted
Towards a Higher Wave Number, an Observation that
Co-relates with the Oxidation of Graphite Which Results
in the Formation of Sp3 Carbon Atoms.
Furthermore, the D Band in the Go is Broadened Due to
the Size Reduction of the In-plane Sp2 Domains During
Oxidation.
18
19. CHAPTER-3
(a) SEM Images of E. coli (control) (b) SEM Images of E. coli When Treated with 50µg/mL of GO (c) SEM Images
of E. coli When Treated with 100µg/mL of GO (d) SEM Images of E. coli When Treated with 150µg/mL of GO.
As the Concentration of GO Increases the Shape of E.coli Changes.
19
20. CHAPTER-3
Among the Bands Displaying Obvious Changes, the 729
cm−1 Band was Assigned to Adenine. As the
Concentration of GO Increased, the Concentration of
the Adenine Ring Mode Increased, as shown in Figure.
The Conformation About These Bonds is Related to the
Structure of the Protein. The S-S Stretching Vibration
Occurred at 490 cm-1 as shown in Figure. The Intensity
of the S-S Stretching Vibrations Increased as the
Concentration of GO Increased.
Here, the Amide VI band (CO-NH bending vibration)
occurred at 610 cm-1 which is shown in Figure. The
intensity of Amide VI band (CO-NH bending vibration)
increased as the concentration of GO increased.
20
21. CHAPTER-3
Bio- AFM Images of E.coli cells, Before and After
Treatment with various concentrations of GO,
Immobilized on a Glass Slide.
(a) Images of untreated E.coli, Showing a Height Profile
of 150.9 nm. (b) Images of E.coli after GO of 50 µg/mL
Concentration was Added Showing an Increased Height
Profile up to 207.8 nm. (c) Images of E.coli after GO of
100µg/mL Concentration was Added Showing an
increased Height Profile up to 329.1 nm. (d) Images of
E.coli after GO of 150 µg/mL Concentration was added
Showing an Increased Height Profile up to 551.9 nm. (e)
Plot of Bacterial Height Profile (y-axis) vs. GO
Concentration (x-axis); as the Concentration of GO
Increased the E.coli Height Profile Increased.
21
22. Chapter-3
Bio- AFM Images of E. faecalis Cells, Before and After
Treatment with Various Concentrations of GO, Immobilized on a
Glass Slide.
(a) Images of Untreated E. faecalis, Showing a Height Profile of
376.2 nm. (b) Images of E. faecalis After GO of 50 µg/mL
concentration was added showing an increased height profile up
to 571.2 nm. (c) Images of E. faecalis after GO of 100 µg/mL
concentration was Added Showing an Increased Height Profile
up to 711.2 nm. (d) A Concentration of 150µg/mL of GO was
Added to Images E. faecalis After GO of 150 µg/mL
concentration was Added Showing an Increased Height Profile
up to 727.7 nm. (e) Plot of Bacterial Height Profile (y-axis) vs.
GO Concentration (x-axis); as the Concentration of GO
Increased the E. faecalis, Height Profile Increased.
22
23. Chapter-3
Herewith, By Using Morphological and Spectroscopic
Data We have Confirmed Experimentally And
Theoretically That GO can Induce the Degradation of
the Outer and Inner Cell Membranes of E. coli and E.
faecalis Bacteria. The Work Presented Here
Demonstrates the Great Antibacterial Action Of GO is
Due to the Release of Adenine and Protein from
Bacteria.
23
24. Cystamine has been Successfully Conjugated with
Graphene Oxide (GO) as a Drug Carrier.
The Current Study Used the Microdilution Method to
Determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations Of
Cystamine-conjugated GO Against Four Types of
Pathogenic Bacteria. Minimum Inhibitory
Concentrations Values Were 1 μg/mL Against
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, 6 μg/mL
Against Enterococcus faecalis, and 4 μg/mL Against
Bacillus subtilis.
Toxicity of the Conjugate Against Squamous Cell
Carcinoma 7 Cells was Minimal at Low
Concentrations, But Increased in a Dose-dependent
Chapter.4. Oxidative Stress and Antibacterial Properties
of a Graphene Oxide-cystamine Nanohybrid
24
25. Chapter-4
Magnified AFM Images of GO Showed its Height 0.8 nm
Whereas cystamine-conjugated GO Shows its Height 1.2
nm.
SEM Image Showed Conjugation of Cystamine with GO Which
is Confirmed by the Reduction of the Size of Cystamine-
Conjugated GO. 25
26. Chapter-4
Cytotoxicity and ROS Studies of Cystamine Conjugated GO. Uv–Vis Spectrum and FT-IR of Cystamine,
GO, and Cystamine-Conjugated GO. 26
27. CHAPTER-4
XPS Measurements Provided Additional Information
About the Nature Of Cystamine-conjugated GO. Both
Conjugated and Unconjugated GO Exhibited C=C (sp2),
C-C (sp3), C=O (Carbonyl), O-C=O (Carboxyl), and C-
O/C-O-C (Hydroxyl and Epoxy) Groups).
Figure Shows the C1s Peaks of GO Including C-O
(Hydroxyl And Epoxy, 288.1 eV), C=O (Carbonyl, 291.4
eV), C=C/C-C (284.7 eV), and O=C-O (Carboxyl, 294.8
eV) Species. The C=C/C-C Peak Was 45.36% Of The
Total GO. C-O (Hydroxyl and Epoxy, 288.5 eV), C=O
(Carbonyl, 291.9 eV), And O=C-O (Carboxyl, 294.5 eV)
Peaks Are Shown in Figure B and Indicate Cystamine
Conjugation With GO. The Major Species, C=C/C-C
(284.7 eV), Was Reduced To 36.53% of the Total.
27
28. Chapter-4
In Our Study, the Differential Toxicity of Cystamine-
conjugated GO Toward Gram-negative Bacteria
Compared To Gram-positive Bacteria may be Related to
Differences in the Natures of Their Cell Walls.
A Thin Peptidoglycan Layer (7−8 Nm Thickness) is
Present in Gram-negative Bacteria Whereas A Thick
Peptidoglycan Layer (20−80 Nm Thickness) is Present
in Gram-positive Bacteria. The Thicker Peptidoglycan
Layer in Gram-positive Bacteria may Explain Why
These Bacteria Are More Resistant To The Antibacterial
Effects Of Cystamine-conjugated GO.
28
29. Chapter.5. Future Work & Perspective
Current Research Plan Aims to Put 1) Bacteria and 2) Cancer Cells on
Graphene Electronic Devices Containing Graphene Monolayer and Electrodes.
We Control the Electron Density on the Graphene Using a Power Station,
Then We Study the Interaction Between the Graphene and the Bio-analytes.
Using Techniques Called Raman Spectroscopy And Atomic Force Microscopy,
We can Study the Phenomena at the Interface of Graphene and Bio-analytes;
Graphene Donates Some of Its Electrons to Bacteria and Cancer Cells,
Changing its Charge State In a Predictable Way. This Insight Could Allow us to
Design Tiny Graphene-based Electronic Devices.
29
30. Chapter-5
30
General Schematic of Tissue Engineering Strategy.
(1) Cells are Isolated from the Patient and
(2) Expanded in 2D Culture.
(3) Expanded Cells are then Combined with Various
Natural or Engineered Bioactive Molecules (e.g., Growth
Factors, Nanoparticles, or DNA) into Biocompatible
Scaffolds and
(4) Cultured in Vitro under Specific Culture Conditions to
Promote Tissue Formation.
(5) Finally, Functional Tissue-engineered Constructs are
Implanted into the Donor to Replace the Damaged Tissue.
32. Peer Reviewed Publications
32
Amarnath CA, Nanda SS, Papaefthymiou GC, Yi DK & Paik U, (2013) Nanohybridization of Low-dimensional Nanomaterials:
Synthesis, Classification, and Application, Critical Reviews in Solid State And Materials Sciences (IF: 5.5)
Nanda SS, An SSA, Yi DK, (2015) Oxidative Stress and Antibacterial Properties of a Graphene Oxide-cystamine Nanohybrid,
International Journal of Nanomedicine (IF: 4. 195).
Nanda Ss, Papaefthymiou Gc, Yi DK, (2015) Functionalization of Graphene Oxide and its Biomedical Applications, Critical
Reviews In Solid State and Materials Sciences (IF: 5.5).
Nanda Ss, Kim K, Yi DK, (2015) Graphene Oxide Based Fluorometric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Milk, Journal Of
Nanoscience And Nanotechnology (IF: 1.339).
Nanda Ss, Wang T, Kim K, Yi DK, (2015) Study of Antibacterial Mechanism of Graphene Oxide using Raman Spectroscopy,
Scientific Reports (IF: 5.5)
Nanda SS, An SSA, Yi DK, (2015) Measurement of Creatinine in Human Plasma using a Functional Porous Polymer Structure
Sensing Motif, International Journal of Nanomedicine (IF:4. 195).
Nanda Ss, An Ssa, Yi DK, (2015) Raman Spectrum of Graphene With its Versatile Future Perspectives, Trends in Analytical
Chemistry (IF: 7.4)