Solid Polymer electrolyte films have been prepared from Starch-Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) blend a well acknowledged biodegradable material. Solution cast technique was employed for the preparation of solid polymer electrolyte films added with Lithium Bromide (LiBr) salt. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the prepared films portrayed the evolution of an amorphous structure with increasing content of salt which is an important factor that leads to the augmentation of conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis revealed noticeable ionic conductivity ~ 5x 10-3 S/cm for 20 wt% of salt at ambient conditions. Ionic conductivity showed an increasing trend with salt content at ambient conditions. Transference number measurements confirmed the ionic nature of the prepared solid polymer electrolyte films. Dielectric studies revealed a sharp increase in the number of charge carriers which contributed to enhancement in conductivity. Low values of activation energy extracted from temperature dependent conductivity measurements could be favorable for device applications. For the composition with highest conductivity a temperature independent relaxation mechanism was confirmed by electric modulus scaling.
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
Dielectrophoresis Effect of Dielectric Liquids with Suspended Cellulose Impur...IJECEIAES
For decades, petroleum-based mineral oils are the insulating media conventionally used in the industry, particularly for high voltage (HV) applications. However, due to the disadvantages of mineral oils, there is growing interest in replacing these oils with environmentally friendly alternatives in order to fulfill the demanding requirements of dielectric liquids. One of the promising substitutes for mineral oils is ester oils. Nevertheless, the implementation of ester oils is not widespread compared with mineral oils due to the lack of understanding on the performance of ester oils in HV applications. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the bridging phenomenon of two dielectric liquids with different viscosities: palm fatty acid ester and mineral oil under the influence of direct current electric field. The results show that oil viscosity plays an important role in the formation of cellulose bridge and breakdown behavior.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experimental study on the effect of alkali treatment on properties of kena...eSAT Journals
Abstract Kenaf fibers are coming into interest to use in reinforced concrete elements in recent years due to its attractive properties such as non-abrasive, lightweight and renewable. However, the properties of kenaf fiber such as high moisture absorption and weak in interfacial adhesion make the use of kenaf fiber in reinforced concrete elements become less attractive. Alkali treatment is one of the best used chemical treatment for natural fibers. It help to increase the fiber surface roughness by chemically modify and clean the fiber surface. The purpose of this research is to do a fundamental study on the effects of alkali solutions to the kenaf fiber. There are a lot of researchers conducted study on the effects of different concentrations of NaOH on kenaf fiber. However, there is no information about the study of alkali treatment of kenaf fiber with different pH. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the effects of alkali pH on the properties of kenaf fiber. By theoretically, the pH of concrete is around 13, so it is important to have a better understanding on the effects of alkaline to the kenaf fiber especially pH 13. The finding of the research can help to develop an effective use of fiber in cementitious materials. The problem of water absorption of kenaf fiber could appear if fibers are directly introduced in concrete. For these reasons, in this study, different pH of NaOH ( pH 8 to 14) were used and the effects on the colour of fiber, weight loss and water absorption of treated kenaf fibers were evaluated. Keywords: Kenaf fiber; Natural fiber; Alkali treatment; Weight loss; Water absorption
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
Dielectrophoresis Effect of Dielectric Liquids with Suspended Cellulose Impur...IJECEIAES
For decades, petroleum-based mineral oils are the insulating media conventionally used in the industry, particularly for high voltage (HV) applications. However, due to the disadvantages of mineral oils, there is growing interest in replacing these oils with environmentally friendly alternatives in order to fulfill the demanding requirements of dielectric liquids. One of the promising substitutes for mineral oils is ester oils. Nevertheless, the implementation of ester oils is not widespread compared with mineral oils due to the lack of understanding on the performance of ester oils in HV applications. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the bridging phenomenon of two dielectric liquids with different viscosities: palm fatty acid ester and mineral oil under the influence of direct current electric field. The results show that oil viscosity plays an important role in the formation of cellulose bridge and breakdown behavior.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bio Inspired Self-Curing Composite: A Leap into Augmented EnactmentScientific Review SR
Relentless progress has been made on composite materials, their manufacturing processes and their structural design in past few decades. Nevertheless, the approval of composite materials in all engineering disciplines is constrained due to its susceptibility to various kinds of defects during manufacturing stage viz porosity, foreign body inclusion, incorrect fiber volume, bonding defect, fiber misalignment, ply misalignment, incorrect curing cycle, wavy fiber, ply cracking, delamination, fiber microstructural defects etc. Hence there was a requirement of techniques to somehow overcome these defects during the service life of composites being used in various structures and equipment. This promising field of research has made great progress over the past several years, but many procedural encounters are still to be overcome, and there exists a great need for focused research to address several areas of concern. On the other hand, nature has materials that have curing potential and repair strategies ensuring their survival. Sustained development in the field will produce new curing chemistries that possess greater stability, faster kinetics. Tailor-made placement of curing agents is dynamic research subject at the cutting edge of self-curing. New bio-imitative curing agents are closely connected to vascular networks. The purpose of this technical paper is to sort the methodology in line with ongoing research efforts in composites. A perspective on current and future self-curing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Protein binding and non binding surfaces on biochips lab on chip 2012AnteoDx
Poster presented by Anteo Diagnostics at the Lab-on-a-chip 2012 conference. The posters shows data about how to create regions that bind and regions that do not bind proteins on a variety of different surfaces using the Mix&Go surface chemistry. The ability to create binding and non-binding regions is crucial in many point-of-care, IVD and lab-on-a-chip applications.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Bio Inspired Self-Curing Composite: A Leap into Augmented EnactmentScientific Review SR
Relentless progress has been made on composite materials, their manufacturing processes and their structural design in past few decades. Nevertheless, the approval of composite materials in all engineering disciplines is constrained due to its susceptibility to various kinds of defects during manufacturing stage viz porosity, foreign body inclusion, incorrect fiber volume, bonding defect, fiber misalignment, ply misalignment, incorrect curing cycle, wavy fiber, ply cracking, delamination, fiber microstructural defects etc. Hence there was a requirement of techniques to somehow overcome these defects during the service life of composites being used in various structures and equipment. This promising field of research has made great progress over the past several years, but many procedural encounters are still to be overcome, and there exists a great need for focused research to address several areas of concern. On the other hand, nature has materials that have curing potential and repair strategies ensuring their survival. Sustained development in the field will produce new curing chemistries that possess greater stability, faster kinetics. Tailor-made placement of curing agents is dynamic research subject at the cutting edge of self-curing. New bio-imitative curing agents are closely connected to vascular networks. The purpose of this technical paper is to sort the methodology in line with ongoing research efforts in composites. A perspective on current and future self-curing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Protein binding and non binding surfaces on biochips lab on chip 2012AnteoDx
Poster presented by Anteo Diagnostics at the Lab-on-a-chip 2012 conference. The posters shows data about how to create regions that bind and regions that do not bind proteins on a variety of different surfaces using the Mix&Go surface chemistry. The ability to create binding and non-binding regions is crucial in many point-of-care, IVD and lab-on-a-chip applications.
Numerical Modelling of Soil Improvement Using Geo-fabricsIJERA Editor
A series of finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to evaluate the benefits of integrating a high modulus
geo-fabric as reinforcement into the soil-layers in this paper. Finite element analysis can handle complex
geometry, different boundary conditions and material properties with ease. In the present study a finite element
program, PLAXIS, which has proved its efficacy in geotechnical application, is used. This paper presents a two
dimensional plain strain finite element model that analysis of foundation in unreinforced and geo-fabric
reinforced soil subjected to distributed load condition.
A Low Phase Noise CMOS Quadrature Voltage Control Oscillator Using Clock Gate...IJERA Editor
This project presents the low phase noise cmos quadrature voltage control oscillator using clock gating technique. Here the colpitts vco is used to split the capacitance in the Qvco circuit producing quadrature output. The startup condition in the oscillator is improved by using 𝐺𝑚enhancement [12].This QVCO performs the operation anti phase injection locking fordevice reuse [8]. The new clock gating technique is used to reduce the power with thepower supply 1.5v. The QVCO uses a 0.5m𝐴with phase error of 0.4𝑜and exhibits a phase noise of -118dBc/HZ at 1MHZ offset at the centre frequency of 500MHZ.
The purpose of this paper two fold. First and foremost it presents a background narrative on the origins, innovations and applications of novel structural automation technologies and the rarity of experts involved in research, development and practice of this field. The second part of this paper presents a rudimentary framework for a solution addressing this paucity – the creation of an interdisciplinary academic program at PAAET that will be the first ever in the region to address applied information communication technologies ICT in the design, planning, engineering and management of structural automation projects. In doing so, we need also to define the level of implementation. This field, as all fields in ICT, have been loosely defined and most applications carry less weight in its implementation than what should be applied. This paper gives an attempt to define an indexing scheme by which we can easily classify such implementation and generate a ranking by which we can safely define its level of ―Intelligence‖.International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Analysis of the Effect of a Modified Valve with Helical Guideways ...IJERA Editor
The in-cylinder flow of an Internal Combustion Engine(ICE) has drawn much attention of the automotive
researchers and scientists in the present time. A good swirl promotes fast combustion and improves the
efficiency. Based upon this concept, this paper describes the results of a study conducted to investigate the
effects of a “modified valve with helical guide ways” on the performance of combustion. Small internal
combustion engine is designed to be part of a very efficient vehicle to enter a consumption marathon. The
engine should run at low speeds, in order to have low mechanical losses but combustion should be fast, enabling
good combustion efficiency. Therefore, high turbulence is required prior to combustion within the cylinder,
hence the concept of swirl is introduced and its effect on the combustion within the cylinder has been
ascertained in the present work. Assessment of the effect of swirl on combustion performance within the
cylinder requires excessive experimentation by modifying the design of various components of combustion
chamber. Therefore, in the present work using the concept of CFD the simulation of combustion phenomenon
has been carried out and the output parameters in the form of swirl ratio has been assessed. The modelling of
combustion chamber has been carried out using CATIA software and the same is imported to analysis software
ANSYS- CFX module. Here, the performance of the model is assessed by the swirl ratio. The swirl ratio of the
modified valve (Valve with helical guide ways) is obtained as 1.45 which is much higher than a normal valve
with swirl ratio 0.65 as assessed from the present work.
Dynamical modelling of the excavating chain of a ballast cleaning machineIJERA Editor
The ballast bed as part of the railway track fulfils the important functions as the binding element
between sleepers and substructure. Fouling increases over the years for various reasons. When the necessary
good functioning is no longer assured, ballast bed cleaning must be performed. The machines, that perform that
task, are equipped with various complex mechanics - hydraulic systems that ensure high productivity,
efficiency and quality of the works. In this article is presented one way of studying the work of the machine for
excavating ballast from the ballast bed to the sieving machine. We suggest a dynamic model for simulating the
work of a scraper chain of a ballast cleaning machine with different working parameters.
Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Network Using Network Coding Based Multipath...IJERA Editor
Network Coding is most promising aspect of WSN. This Network Coding method is combined with multipath routing protocol to form NCMR protocol.(network coding based multipath routing protocol).This protocol is used to obtain energy efficient wireless sensor network.. These protocol leads to decrease the number of constrain routes & the total time of transmission. This protocol is applied on unicast and multicast network separately. And comparison is done with traditional multipath routing protocol for same unicast and multicast network. Simulation result shows energy consumption of NCMR multicast is lower than NCMR unicast and also than TMR unicast as well as multicast. This work is proved by the simulation analysis results. The used multipath model is based on braided multipath routing, and the network coding method is random linear network coding (practical network coding). In braided network multiple paths to the sink nodes are created for each source node, and the packets encoded at source nodes are transmitted through the braided multipath network model. Then, intermediate nodes re-encode these received packets and transfer these new packets to next cluster. Finally, the multiple sink nodes decode the packets received from different paths and recover the original data. Results of the analysis show that multicast NCMR provides more reliability. We compare multicast NCMR routing protocol with NCMR unicast & also with traditional multipath routing protocol for unicast and multicast networks, in terms of the packet loss, energy consumption, successful delivery ratio & end to end delay when a packet is transmitted Some special simulations are carried out specially for NCMR multicast i.e. effect of number of nodes on energy consumption, packet loss & end to end delay.
Thermal-Acoustic Comfort Index for Workers of Poultry Houses Using Fuzzy Mode...IJERA Editor
Thermal-acoustic comfort is considered an essential factor for the performance of industrial activities. As well
as harm the health of the workers, environments outside the adequate conditions provoke losses in productivity.
The objective of this work was to develop a system capable of evaluating and classifying the working
environment in poultry houses. A working regime of 8 hours per day in a poultry house was simulated and the
results provide support for the classification of the comfort level based on different climate and noise conditions.
Two input variables were used: wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and noise level (dB), and the
correspondent output variable was the human welfare index (HWI). The results indicate that the proposed
methodology is a promising technique for the determination of the level of thermal comfort endured by poultry
house workers, capable of assisting in making decisions on control of the working environment.
An Empirical Study of the Applications of Classification Techniques in Studen...IJERA Editor
University servers and databases store a huge amount of data including personal details, registration details, evaluation assessment, performance profiles, and many more for students and lecturers alike. main problem that faces any system administration or any users is data increasing per-second, which is stored in different type and format in the servers, learning about students from a huge amount of data including personal details, registration details, evaluation assessment, performance profiles, and many more for students and lecturers alike. Graduation and academic information in the future and maintaining structure and content of the courses according to their previous results become importance. The paper objectives are extract knowledge from incomplete data structure and what the suitable method or technique of data mining to extract knowledge from a huge amount of data about students to help the administration using technology to make a quick decision. Data mining aims to discover useful information or knowledge by using one of data mining techniques, this paper used classification technique to discover knowledge from student’s server database, where all students’ information were registered and stored. The classification task is used, the classifier tree C4.5, to predict the final academic results, grades, of students. We use classifier tree C4.5 as the method to classify the grades for the students .The data include four years period [2006-2009]. Experiment results show that classification process succeeded in training set. Thus, the predicted instances is similar to the training set, this proves the suggested classification model. Also the efficiency and effectiveness of C4.5 algorithm in predicting the academic results, grades, classification is very good. The model also can improve the efficiency of the academic results retrieving and evidently promote retrieval precision.
Design and Implementation of Multibit Flip flops by Using Single Phase Adiaba...IJERA Editor
As technology advances, a system on chip (SOC) design can contain more and more components that lead to a
high power density. Now-a-days in IC's, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. .
Power, Area, Performance has become a main issue in VLSI design. In previous designs they have performed a
co-ordinate transformation to identify the flip-flops that can be merged and their legal regions. A combinational
table is formed by that flip-flops. Finally they used hierarchical way to merge the flip-flops. Due to this design
the power consumption can be reduced by replacing some flip-flops by fewer multi-bit flip-flops. We have
proposed an single phase adiabatic clock in for further reduction of the power. In our design also first we will
identify the mergeable flip-flops, build a combinational table from mergeable flip-flops and all the flip-flops are
divided into sub regions to check whether they are working properly or not and finally these flip-flops are
combined together, at this point we are giving an single phase adiabatic clock as input to those flip-flops for the
reduction of power consumption and timing.
Research on Privacy Protection in Big Data EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Now big data has become a hot topic in academia and industry, it is affecting the mode of thinking and working, daily life. But there are many security risks in data collection, storage and use. Privacy leakage caused serious problems to the user, false data will lead to error results of big data analysis. This paper first introduces the security problems faced by big data,analyzes the causes of privacy problems,discussesthe principle to solve the problem. Finally,discusses technical means for privacy protection.
Correlated Color Temperature and Total Luminous Flux Influenced by Electrical...IJERA Editor
In the present research, both of correlated color temperature and total luminous flux are determined for eight
incandescent lamps at different electrical current values. A set up based on NIS Spectroradiometer Ocean optics HR
2000 with uncertainty 4.7% and photometric bench have been used to measure the correlated color temperature for
the lamps. Another set up based on 2.5 meter NIS integrating sphere and NIS photometer LMT U 1000 with
uncertainty 4% and group of NIS total luminous flux standard lamps are calibrated at National Physical Laboratory
(NPL) in England with uncertainty 0.8% are used to measure the total luminous flux for the incandescent lamps. The
sphere photometer calibration factor (SCPF) is 0.15% with photometer quality factor '
1 f is 6.25%. The correlated
color temperature and total luminous flux curves and equations are very useful to determine the uncertainty due to
changing in electrical operating current for each lamp.
Network Performance Enhancement for 1G-EPON by DBA AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
This paper proposes two novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms „TD- WIN AND WIN ALGORITHM‟ and DBA_GATE ALGORITHM for improving the network performance. The algorithms are implemented by emulating an access network with the use of two 1G Network Interface Cards for 1G EPON. The algorithm is tested for Triple Play services that include simulated voice, video and data packets. The algorithms are compared to maintain a better tradeoff between throughput and delay in the EPON network.
Analysis of Process Parameters in Dry Turning of Medium Carbon Steel En19 by ...IJERA Editor
The present paper is on the analysis of surface roughness characteristics Ra, Rq and Rz during the machining of
medium carbon steel EN19. The experiments have been done under dry environment by using a coated carbide
tool. For the optimization of process parameters Taguchi based Grey Relational Grade method was used.
Taguchi’s standard L9 Orthogonal Array was used for conducting the experiments. From the Grey analysis,
optimal parametric combination for multi-responses (Ra, Rq and Rz) was found at cutting speed: 225 mm/min,
feed: 0.05 mm/rev and depth of cut: 0.4 mm respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analyse
the influence of process parameters on multi responses. From the analysis it is concluded that, speed has high
influence (F= 34.18, P= 0.025<0.05)>0.05). Regression models were developed for Ra, Rq and Rz, which are
very significant parameters from contact stiffness, fatigue strength and surface wear point of view. The models
prepared were highly significant because they have high coefficient of correlation values (R2 =0.992, 0.987 and
0.982 for Ra, Rq and Rz respectively). Hence, the models can be used for accurate prediction of surface
roughness characteristics.
Optimization of Patrol Manpower Allocation Using Goal Programming Approach -A...IJERA Editor
One of the most difficult tasks of the patrol administrators is allocation of manpower; i.e. determining the. most
effective level of operational manpower for patrol tasks. Typically, administrators resolve the allocation
problem by relying on prior statistical data and by employing subjective analysis. In general, only limited
systematic analyses have been applied to the problem. This thesis presents a non linear goal programming model
for allocating patrolmen to road segments within a patrol region. The model is demonstrated via a case example
of the East section of Visakhapatnam. The results of the model are valuable to the patrol administrator for
considering departmental goals and priority structure, in addition to available historical data, in the assignment
of patrol manpower for a given urban area.
Polynomial Function and Fuzzy Inference for Evaluating the Project Performanc...IJERA Editor
The objectives of this paper are two folds. The first one is to improve the time forecasting produced from the well known Earned Value Management (EVM), using the polynomial function. The time prediction observed from the polynomial model, which is compared against that observed from the most common method for time forecasting (critical path method), is a more accurate (mean absolute percentage of error is less than 2%) than that observed from the conventional deterministic forecasting methods (CDFMs). The second is to evaluate and forecast the overall project performance under uncertainty using the fuzzy inference. As the uncertainty is inherent in real life projects, the polynomial function and fuzzy inference model (PFFI) can assist the project managers, to estimate the future status of the project in a more robust and reliable way. Two examples are used to illustrate how the new method can be implemented in reality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence Of Gamma Irradiation On The Dielectric Properties Of PVA- PS Polyme...IJERA Editor
Pure Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polystyrene (PS) and PVA0.5PS0.5 films were prepared by simple cost effective solution casting techniques. The as prepared films were subjected to gamma irradiation upto 1.5 kGy at room temperature. The irradiated and unradiated films were subjected to XRD and electrical analysis. The results revealed that gamma irradiation improves the crystallinity as well as electrical conduction of the films. Moreover, the PVA0.5PS0.5 polymer blend film showed enhanced behavior than pure PVA and PS in both the structural and electrical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The electrical profiles of the renewable polymer graphite (PG) composites upon ultra violet (UV) curing were investigated. Renewable PG films were prepared by mixing with varying weight percent of graphite (with an increment of 5 wt. % of prepared graphite) up to 30 wt.% and crosslinker. Then, the composites solution was slip casted and cured upon stimulated UV irradiation (UV accelerated weathering tester) at different time exposure (up to 1000 hours) was applied. Small changes on the functional groups of the composites were observed due to UV exposure time by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Suggesting that chemical crosslink and chain scissions occurred within renewable polymer graphite composites. Further electrical profile through two point probe and four point probe method recorded visibly fluctuating values for both resistivity and conductivity within its composites range. Proposed here that the removal of organic contaminants and weak materials form both renewable polymer and graphite particles through the UV curing may have an effect on the formation of conductive network stability.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Electrical Evaluations of Manufactured Polyethylene Terephthalate with Dl-Ala...IJERA Editor
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-7 S m-1
for sample
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3 for sample (2) wt2.5% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight and 2.9*10Λ
4 for
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4 for sample (1). The frequency dependant ac conductivity
(σac), the frequency independent dc conductivity and the reactance at different percentages by weight of dlalanine
to the weight of PET has been calculated.
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More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Preparation and Characterization of Lithium Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Electrolytes from Biodegradable Polymers Starch And PVA
1. B. Chatterjee et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.116-131
www.ijera.com 116|P a g e
Preparation and Characterization of Lithium Ion Conducting
Solid Polymer Electrolytes from Biodegradable Polymers Starch
And PVA
B. Chatterjee, N. Kulshrestha and P.N. Gupta
Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
Corresponding author Postal address: Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP
221005, India.
Abstract
Solid Polymer electrolyte films have been prepared from Starch-Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) blend a well
acknowledged biodegradable material. Solution cast technique was employed for the preparation of solid
polymer electrolyte films added with Lithium Bromide (LiBr) salt. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the
prepared films portrayed the evolution of an amorphous structure with increasing content of salt which is an
important factor that leads to the augmentation of conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic
analysis revealed noticeable ionic conductivity ~ 5x 10-3
S/cm for 20 wt% of salt at ambient conditions. Ionic
conductivity showed an increasing trend with salt content at ambient conditions. Transference number
measurements confirmed the ionic nature of the prepared solid polymer electrolyte films. Dielectric studies
revealed a sharp increase in the number of charge carriers which contributed to enhancement in conductivity.
Low values of activation energy extracted from temperature dependent conductivity measurements could be
favorable for device applications. For the composition with highest conductivity a temperature independent
relaxation mechanism was confirmed by electric modulus scaling.
Key words: Solid Polymer electrolytes, XRD, Ionic Conductivity, Dielectric Properties.
I. Introduction
The study of Poly ethylene Oxide (PEO)
complexed with Sodium and Potassium Thiocynates
by Wright et al marked the genesis of a new class of
materials known as the Solid polymer electrolytes
(SPEs) [1]. SPEs synergize the flexibility, mould
ability and mechanical strength of the solid state with
the ionic conductivity of the liquid state which makes
them promising candidates for application in compact
and light weight electrochemical devices of the
modern age. However realization of appreciable ionic
conductivity at ambient conditions in SPEs still
remains a challenge. In course of time a large number
of polymer salt complexes have been studied with the
objective to achieve ionic conductivity comparable to
the liquid electrolytes. Recently, increasing concern
for environmental safety has turned the interest of
researchers towards natural (cellulose, Chitosan,
Starch, etc) polymers for preparing solid polymer
electrolyte films. Apart from being safe to the
environment these bio films or bio plastics provide
suitable electrode/electrolyte contact and posses
mechanically adhesive qualities which promote their
use in ionic conductors [2, 3]. Starch is a natural
polymer abundantly found in almost every corner of
the globe. The most common sources of Starch
include corn, wheat, rice, potato, cassava etc. The
basic architecture of Starch comprises of two
polymers Amylose and Amylopectin. Amylose
molecules consist of 200–20,000 glucose units which
form a helix as a result of the bond angles between
the constituent glucose units. Amylopectin is a highly
branched polymer containing short side chains of 30
glucose units attached to every 20–30 glucose units
along the chain. [4].Ratio of Amylose and
Amylopectin is one of pivotal factors which decide
the properties of Starch based films. Concurrent
literature shows a noticeable number of reports on
Starch based polymer electrolytes [5-20]. The
reported ionic conductivity values at ambient
conditions lie in the range 10-5
to 10-4
S/cm. Recently
Ramesh et al [14] reported ionic conductivity ~10-3
S/cm in corn Starch based SPE with deep eutectic
solvent as an additive. Realization of considerable
ionic conductivity in Starch based films requires
suppression of crystalline phases of Starch to the
maximum extent. Crystallinity in Starch can be
reduced by incorporating plasticizers like glycerol
and water. Nevertheless at higher contents of
plasticizer the mechanical properties of the film are
compromised. Certain flaws like large water
absorption, brittleness, and low mechanical strength
restrict the widespread application of pure Starch
films. Blending Starch with synthetic or natural
biodegradable polymers has been established as an
effective remedy of these problems [4]. PVA is a
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. B. Chatterjee et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.116-131
www.ijera.com 117|P a g e
water soluble, cost effective biodegradable synthetic
polymer with excellent film forming capacity. The
miscibility of Starch and PVA is promoted by the
formation of hydrogen bonds [4]. Blending of Starch
with PVA is effective in overcoming retrogradation
which is a common problem in Starch based systems
[21]. Starch-PVA blend films with improved
mechanical strength have been acknowledged as
potential materials for applications in many spheres
of industry. In the present paper Starch-PVA blend
has been investigated as a new material for
biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes. Electrical
properties of Starch (60wt %) PVA (40wt %) blend
added with Lithium Bromide (LiBr) in different
weight ratios have been studied. Structural changes
occurring in the polymer matrix with the addition of
salt have been investigated and correlated with the
observed electrical properties.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Preparation of polymer electrolyte
films
Starch Soluble (Himeedia Pvt Limited India,
Botanical source Potato), Polyvinyl Alcohol (Mw.
125,000), Lithium Bromide (S.D. Fine Chemicals
Boisar Mumbai India), Glycerol (Qualigen Fine
Chemicals India) and Glutaraldehyde (Merck India)
were used for the preparation of solid polymer
electrolytes by solution casting method [19]. In
Starch-PVA blends a vital role is played by
crosslinkers and plasticizers. Plasticizers reduce the
brittleness and glass transition temperature of Starch
based films which are fundamental requirements for
attaining higher conductivity. Glycerol has been
acknowledged as a versatile plasticizer in Starch
based films. Crosslinkers serve to render mechanical
strength to the films. A recent study made by Tiwari
et al [10] has established that Glutaraldehyde is not
only an effective crosslinker but also improves
conductivity in Starch based films.
Starch and PVA in 60:40 ratio by weight were
dissolved in 150 ml triply distilled water at 900
C
using magnetic stirring. After stirring for about 2
hours Glutaraldehyde and glycerol were added to the
viscous solution. Glutaraldehyde and glycerol in
60:40 ratio to each other constituted 30 wt% of the
total weight of the sample. LiBr salt in 5, 10, 15 and
20wt% were added to the viscous solution. The final
solution was poured in propylene petri dishes and left
at room temperature for solvent evaporation. The
composition and coding of the prepared films are as
follows (i) 0%LiBr--------L-0 (ii) 5%LiBr--------L-
5 (iii) 10%LiBr-------L-10 (iv) 15%LiBr--------L-15
(v) 20%LiBr--------L-20.
III. Characterization
3.1. X-Ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction patterns of the Starch-PVA polymer
electrolyte films with different contents of LiBr were
recorded in 2θ range 15 to 400
at room temperature
from an XPERT-PRO diffracto meter. The system
was operated at 40 kV, 30mA. Step size of
measurement was fixed at 2ϴ=0.020
at a scan speed
of 0.5s/step. To avoid retro gradation of Starch the
XRD measurements were carried out within an hour
after the film preparation. [22]
3.2. AC Conductivity.
Films of average thickness ~
500μm were chosen for
electrical measurements. The cell structure for the
electrical measurements can be described as
Al│Starch-PVA blend electrolyte│Al [23].
Impedance data were recorded by sandwiching the
films between two similar brass electrodes. For
making good electrical contacts polymer electrolyte
films cut in circular shape were covered with
Aluminum foil on both sides.HIOKI-3532 LCR
Bridge operating in the frequency range 42Hz -5MHz
was used to record the electrochemical impedance
data. Temperature dependent Impedance data was
recorded by placing the sample holder in temperature
controlled furnace with an accuracy of 50
C.
3.3 Bulk Conductivity
Bulk conductivity of the polymer electrolyte films at
different temperatures and salt contents was
calculated using expression 5 where l is the thickness
and A is the area of cross section of the polymer
electrolyte film. Bulk resistance Rb was obtained
from the intercept of the Nyquist plot on the Z' axis.
A
l
Rb
dc
1
-------------------------------------( 1).
3.4. Dielectric Studies
The dielectric parameters ϵ' and ϵ" were calculated
from the impedance data using the expressions 6 and
7 [17]
2"'2
0 Z+Z
Z"
)
C
1
(='
__ ( 2)
2"'2
0 Z+Z
Z'
)
C
1
(="
_ __ ( 3)
Where Z′ and Z″ are the real and imaginary parts of
impedance, ω= 2πf, f is the frequency in Hz and C0 is
the free space capacitance obtained from the
expression (8)
dAC /00 ________________( 4)
Where A is the electrode-electrolyte contact area and
d is the thickness of the polymer electrolyte film, ε0 is
the permittivity of free space.
3.5. Transference Number
3. B. Chatterjee et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.116-131
www.ijera.com 118|P a g e
Transport properties of the Starch-PVA polymer
electrolyte films were studied by Wagner’s
Polarization technique [10]. A dc voltage of 0.5 volts
was applied across the electrodes and the current
(μA) was measured against time
(seconds).Transference numbers were obtained from
the expression
initial
finalinitial
ion
I
II
t
___________________ (5)
Where, I initial is the current due to ions and electrons I
final is the current due to electrons.
3.6.Electric Modulus Studies
The real and imaginary parts of the complex modulus
are defined in terms of the dielectric constant and
dielectric loss by the following relations [26]
22
2
"'
'
'
M ________________( 6)
And
22
2
"'
"
"
M ______________ (7)
IV. Results and Discussion
4.1. X-ray diffraction studies.
Figure 1shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of the
Starch-PVA blend polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr in the 2ϴ range 15 to 400
at room
temperature. The presence of peaks at 170
, 220
, 240
and 260
in the X- ray diffraction pattern of the sample
L-0 provides ample evidence of the B polymorph of
Starch [22, 27, 29]. In case of Starch-PVA blends the
peak at 190
results from the crystalline contribution of
PVA [28]. From the XRD patterns it is clearly
observable that the noticeable peaks in the XRD
pattern of the film L-0 gradually become
imperceptible with increasing salt content. The XRD
pattern of the sample with highest conductivity L-20
is devoid of any distinct peak which is a reflection of
highly amorphous structure [30]. The central feature
exhibited by the XRD patterns of the polymer
electrolyte films is the suppression of the crystalline
phases due to Starch and PVA which results in the
increase of conductivity with salt content [31]. The
absence of peaks corresponding to LiBr affirms the
complete dissolution of the salt in the polymer matrix
[32-35]. The XRD profile of the sample L-20 is
almost devoid of any peak corresponding to Starch or
PVA and exhibits the feature of a highly amorphous
system. The evolution of a highly amorphous
structure in this sample may be attributed as a key
factor that brings a large enhancement in ionic
conductivity.
4.2. Frequency Dependent conductivity
AC conductivity spectrum reflects the synergistic
effect of migration of charge carriers at low
frequencies and dispersion at higher frequencies [36].
Figure 2(a) shows the ac conductivity of the Starch-
PVA polymer blend electrolyte films with different
contents of LiBr at room temperature. From figure 2
it is evident that for all the samples ac conductivity
increases with salt concentration. The enhancement
of the ac conductivity with increasing salt
concentration can be attributed to the increase in the
number of mobile charge carriers and to the
tremendous increase in the ionic mobility occurring
due to the absorption of energy from the ac signal.
The increase in conductivity with frequency is a
signature of hopping mechanism prevalent in the
polymer electrolyte systems [36, 37].Low frequency
dispersions observed in the samples L-5 and L-10 are
attributed to electrode polarization effects [38]. From
figure 2 it can be observed that the frequency
independent plateau region is almost absent in all the
polymer electrolyte samples. The absence of the
plateau region in the ac conductivity spectra is
attributed to the dominance of capacitance
admittance over the resistors [39]. These types of
effects are quiet expected in systems like Starch
where the presence of traps, pores and other forms of
structural in homogeneities are inherent [38,40 41].
Figure 2 (b) shows the ac conductivity at different
temperatures for the film L-20. It could be observed
from figure 2(b) that at low frequencies and higher
temperatures the ac conductivity tends to merge
which is the result of dc conductivity [42]
4.3. Concentration dependent conductivity
Figure 3(a) shows the variation of ionic conductivity
for the Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with
different contents of LiBr at room temperature. Bulk
conductivity of the Starch-PVA blend polymer
electrolytes at room temperature was obtained using
expression 5. The variation of the conductivity with
salt concentration is the outcome of specific
interactions between the salt and the polymer matrix
[7]. Figure 3(b) portrays the variation dielectric
constant with salt content at three different
frequencies at room temperature. It can be observed
that the variation of dielectric constant with salt
content follows almost the same trend as ionic
conductivity [7].In case of polymer electrolytes the
amorphicity of the polymer matrix and the increase in
the number of charge carriers are the major factors
that contribute in increasing the ionic conductivity. In
the present system the increase in amorphicity due to
the suppression of the crystalline phases is
corroborated by the XRD studies. Increase in the
dielectric constant with salt content affirms the
amplification in the number of charge carriers. Thus,
the collaborative effect of amorphicity and increase
4. B. Chatterjee et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.116-131
www.ijera.com 119|P a g e
in the number of charge carriers results in the
realization of maximum conductivity 5x 10-3
S/cm in
the sample L-20.The continuous increase in
conductivity with salt content is a strong evidence
that corroborates the transport of ions through
hopping [44]. The analysis of the bulk conductivity
studies asserts that the highly amorphous structure
and the ability to sustain a high degree of salt
dissociation establish the worth Starch-PVA blend as
a promising material for biodegradable solid polymer
electrolytes. The magnitude of ionic conductivity
realized in the present system is noticeable compared
to several reports on Starch based polymer
electrolytes [5-13] which is an aspect of momentous
significance. Another noteworthy feature of the salt
content vs conductivity profile is the unbroken
increase of conductivity with salt content which can
be attributed to the solubility of the salt and structural
modifications in the polymer matrix [43, 44]
Figure 4 shows the variation of ionic conductivity of
the Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr in the temperature range 303K to
373K. The increase in conductivity of the polymer
electrolytes with temperature is attributed to the
increase in the segmental motion of the polymer
matrix. It can be observed from fig 4 that the
conductivity of all the samples decrease at around
1000
C which is attributed to the evaporation of water
contained in the system. Loss of water results reduces
the flexibility of the polymer chains and salt
dissociation. In the samples L-5, L-0, L-10 and L-15
the temperature vs conductivity profile shows a
sudden jump at a particular temperature. The sudden
jump in the conductivity of these three samples is
ascribed to the melting of remnant crystalline phases
[45]. However no such jump could be observed in the
temperature vs conductivity profile of the sample L-
20 which is reflects the highly amorphous nature of
the sample.
The activation energy for the ionic conduction for the
Starch- PVA polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr was obtained using the Arrehnius
relation
KT
Ea
exp0 __________________(12)
Where σ0 is the pre exponential factor Ea is the
activation energy, K is the Boltzmann constant and T
is the absolute temperature. The values of activation
energy (Ea) for the polymer electrolyte films with
different contents of LiBr are shown in table 1.Lower
activation energy values indicate that the Li+ ions
require very less energy to overcome the
reorganization and re-crystallization process in the
polymer system. This aspect is again attributed to the
amorphous structure of the polymer matrix
[46].Lowest value of activation energy in the L-20
sample shows that the ion movement is facile in this
sample [47].
4.4 Dielectric Studies
Figure 5 shows the frequency dependence of the
dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the Starch-
PVA blend polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr at various temperatures. Dielectric
constant and dielectric loss show a decreasing trend
with increase in frequency. The high values of
dielectric constant and dielectric loss observed at low
frequencies are attributed to the electrode
polarization effect. The frequency independent
behavior of the dielectric constant at higher
frequencies is attributed to the inability of the dipoles
to follow the fast changing electric field or to the
decreased number of ions that contribute to
polarization [48]. The accumulated charges cause a
decrease in the polarization which is manifested as
the reduction in the dielectric constant and dielectric
loss. The high values of ' and " at low frequencies
are indicative of non Debye behavior.
4.5. Transport properties
The ionic transference numbers of the polymer
electrolytes obtained from Wagner’s Polarization
method were in range 0.90-0.95 which shows that the
ions are the dominant charge carriers in the system.
4.6. Electric Modulus Studies
Interfacial Polarization or Maxwell-Wagner–Sillers
effect is a common phenomenon observed in the
heterogeneous systems like polymer salt complexes,
polymer nano composites etc. The difference in the
conductivities of the constituent components of the
system causes the space charge to build up at
macroscopic interfaces [26]. In these systems the
conductive components obscure the interfacial
relaxation that causes the dielectric constant to be
very high at low frequencies. To overcome this
difficulty in the study of interfacial polarization, the
concept of ―electric modulus‖ was introduced. The
advantage of electric modulus formalism is that the
variations due to large conductivity and permittivity
values at low frequencies are minimized in the
interpretations of the bulk relaxation properties.
Figure 6 depicts the electric modulus studies Starch-
PVA blend polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr. Negligible electrode polarization in
the films is manifested by the negligible values of M'
and M" at low frequencies. On the other hand the
increase of M' with frequency indicates that there are
no restoring forces to govern the mobility of the ions
which is also suggestive of the long range mobility of
the charge carriers [41].The reduction in the M'
values with increasing temperature as observed in
figure 7 (b) is an indicative of the increased mobility
of the polymer segments [41]. The long tail in the M"
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spectra on the other hand reflect the large capacitance
associated with the electrodes. Additionally the long
tail in the M" spectra also provides evidence of the
long range ionic hopping predominant in the polymer
electrolyte material [50]. The small values associated
with M" signify the large capacitance that results in
the meager contribution of the electrode polarization
effects. Figure 7 (b) shows the temperature
dependence of M' and M" of the highest conducting
sample L-20 at 1 KHz, 10KHz, 100KHz and 1 MHz.
The decrease in the values of both M' and M"
confirms that the system is an ionic conductor.
Scaling of electric modulus is an effective method in
extracting valuable information about the dependence
of relaxation dynamics on factors like temperature
and composition. Figure 7 (c) shows the scaling
behavior of the imaginary part of electric modulus
M" at various temperatures for the sample L-20. The
merging of the modulus spectra at different
temperatures on a single curve signifies that the
relaxation mechanism is independent of temperature.
The asymmetric shape of the scaled M "reflects the
non Debye behavior and the asymmetric distribution
of relaxation times [25].
V. Conclusion
In conclusion a versatile biodegradable polymer
blend composed of Starch and PVA has been
investigated in terms of electrical and structural
properties as a new solid polymer electrolyte
material. Incorporation of salt in Starch-PVA
polymer blend causes the evolution of a highly
amorphous structure. Frequency dependent
conductivity shows an increasing trend with
temperature and salt content. Power law analysis
reveals the prevalence of CBH mechanism in the
sample showing highest conductivity at room
temperature. Low values of activation energy
obtained from Arrhenius formalism encourage
application in electrochemical devices. Values of M'
and M" close to zero revealed by electric modulus
investigation confirms the absence of electrode
polarization effects. The appreciable value of
conductivity obtained at ambient condition implies
Starch-PVA blend as a hopeful material for
biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes of the
future. The results obtained in the present
investigation are expected to foster further work on
Starch-PVA based solid polymer electrolytes.
Acknowledgement
One of the authors (Bhaskar Chatterjee) is
greatly thankful to UGC for providing RFSMS
fellowship.
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15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 L-20
L-15L-10
L-5
L-0
Angle 2()
Intensity(arb.Units)
Figure1 X ray Diffraction pattern of Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with different contents of LiBr.
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2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
2.0x10
-3
4.0x10
-3
6.0x10
-3
8.0x10
-3
1.0x10
-2
1.2x10
-2
L-0
L-5
L-10
L-15
L-20
S/cm)
log
(a)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.0
4.0x10
-3
8.0x10
-3
1.2x10
-2
1.6x10
-2
2.0x10
-2
2.4x10
-2
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
L-20
Log
(S/cm)
(b)
Figure 2 (a) AC conductivity of Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with different contents of LiBr at room
temperature Figure2 (b) AC conductivity of the highest conducting sample with 20wt% salt at different
temperatures
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0 5 10 15 20
0.0
1.0x10
-3
2.0x10
-3
3.0x10
-3
4.0x10
-3
5.0x10
-3
Salt content (wt%)
(S/cm)
(a)
0 5 10 15 20
0.0
5.0x10
4
1.0x10
5
1.5x10
5
2.0x10
5
2.5x10
5
3.0x10
5
LiBr (wt %)
'
5Khz
50Khz
500KHz (b)
Figure 3(a) Variation of ionic conductivity of Starch-PVA blends polymer electrolytes with different
contents of LiBr at room temperature. 3 (b) showing the variation of dielectric constant with salt content
at 5KHz, 50 KHz and 500 KHz at room temperature..
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2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
1.0x10
-5
2.0x10
-5
3.0x10
-5
4.0x10
-5
5.0x10
-5
6.0x10
-5
7.0x10
-5
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
2.0x10
-5
4.0x10
-5
6.0x10
-5
8.0x10
-5
1.0x10
-4
1.2x10
-4
1.4x10
-4
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
1.0x10
-4
1.5x10
-4
2.0x10
-4
2.5x10
-4
3.0x10
-4
3.5x10
-4
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
2.0x10
-4
4.0x10
-4
6.0x10
-4
8.0x10
-4
1.0x10
-3
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
1.2x10
-3
1.8x10
-3
2.4x10
-3
3.0x10
-3
3.6x10
-3
4.2x10
-3
L-5
L-0
(S/cm)
1000/T(K)
L-10
L-15
L-20
Figure 4 Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with
different contents of LiBr
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300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
0.00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
-0.00001
0.00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009
M" T (K)
1KHz
10KHz
100KHZ
1MHZ
M'
T (K)
1KHz
10KHz
100Khz
1MHz
(b)
2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M"/M"max
Log
(C)
Figure 6(a) Electric Modulus spectra of the Starch-PVA polymer electrolytes with different contents of
LiBr at room temperature. (b) Inset showing temperature dependence of M' and M" of the sample L-20
at 1KHz,10KHz, 100KHz, and 1MHz (c) Scaling behavior of M" for the sample L-20 at different
temperatures.
Table 1: Variation of activation energy for ionic conduction of the Starch-PVA polymer electrolyte
samples with varying contents of LiBr
Sample Ea in eV
L-0 0.175
L-5 0.171
L-10 0.144
L-15 0.154
L-20 0.123