Imidazole presentation
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Presentation on my portion of the research leading to our publication with The Journal for Undergraduate Chemistry Research in 2013.
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Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Heterocyclic compounds - Thiophene - Synthesis of Thiophene - Characteristic ...
Thiophene can be synthesized through various methods including passing a mixture of acetylene and hydrogen sulfide over aluminum oxide at high temperature or by distilling sodium succinate with phosphorus pentasulfide. Thiophene undergoes characteristic reactions such as electrophilic substitution, reaction with organolithium reagents, and reductions. Some medicinal uses of thiophene derivatives include their use as local anesthetics, diuretics, anthelmintics, and antifungals.
Heterocyclic compound thiazole
This slides discusses about the heterocyclic compound thiazole. i.e.Five membered ring with two hetero atom such as sulphur and nitrogen.
Schmidt rearrangement
The Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually a aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen
Synthesis, reactivity, aromatic character and importance of Pyridine
Synthesis, reactivity, aromatic character and importance of 6-membered heterocycle containing one heteroatom - Pyridine
Pyridine - Syntheis, Reactions and Medicinal uses
Synthesis, Characteristic reactions and medicinal uses of an important heterocyclic compound - Pyridine given in detail.
https://youtu.be/xEDwvrwr_90
Reaction of cyclopropane
This document summarizes various reactions of cycloalkanes. Smaller cycloalkane rings (3-4 members) can be opened by hydrogen iodide or catalytic reduction. Larger rings can be opened through oxidation of cyclic alcohols, ketones, or cycloolefins formed by oxidizing the cycloalkane. Certain derivatives of cycloalkanes can undergo rearrangement through reactions, changing the ring size. Cycloolefins react with lead tetraacetate through acetoxylation of the double bond, usually forming cis and trans products. Cyclohexane similarly forms cis and trans cyclohexane diol. Cycloalkanes undergo free radical substitution and reaction with HBr, HI, nickel
Baeyer villiger oxidation
The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction converts cyclic ketones to lactones and acyclic ketones to esters using a peroxy acid as the oxidizing agent. Adolf Baeyer and Victor Villiger first reported this reaction in 1899 using menthone and tetrahydrocarvone. The reaction involves the nucleophilic attack of the peroxy acid on the carbonyl carbon, followed by migration of an alkyl group to the oxygen and formation of the ester or lactone product. This reaction has been modified using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and various catalysts. It has applications in synthesizing pharmaceuticals, pheromones, and other fine chemicals.
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Oxidation
This document discusses the Baeyer-Villiger and Dakin oxidation reactions. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction involves using peroxy acids to oxidize ketones, forming esters and lactones. It is believed to proceed through initial protonation followed by addition and migration of the R group. The Dakin reaction oxidizes aromatic aldehydes and ketones to phenols using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide. It is thought to proceed through a mechanism analogous to the Baeyer-Villiger reaction involving migration of the aryl group. Both reactions have synthetic applications, with the Baeyer-Villiger used to transform ketones and the Dakin employed to synthesize benzenediols, catechol, and other compounds.
Heterocyclic compounds - Thiophene - Synthesis of Thiophene - Characteristic ...
Thiophene can be synthesized through various methods including passing a mixture of acetylene and hydrogen sulfide over aluminum oxide at high temperature or by distilling sodium succinate with phosphorus pentasulfide. Thiophene undergoes characteristic reactions such as electrophilic substitution, reaction with organolithium reagents, and reductions. Some medicinal uses of thiophene derivatives include their use as local anesthetics, diuretics, anthelmintics, and antifungals.
Heterocyclic compound thiazole
This slides discusses about the heterocyclic compound thiazole. i.e.Five membered ring with two hetero atom such as sulphur and nitrogen.
Schmidt rearrangement
The Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually a aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen
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Synthesis, reactivity, aromatic character and importance of 6-membered heterocycle containing one heteroatom - Pyridine
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Synthesis, Characteristic reactions and medicinal uses of an important heterocyclic compound - Pyridine given in detail.
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Reaction of cyclopropane
This document summarizes various reactions of cycloalkanes. Smaller cycloalkane rings (3-4 members) can be opened by hydrogen iodide or catalytic reduction. Larger rings can be opened through oxidation of cyclic alcohols, ketones, or cycloolefins formed by oxidizing the cycloalkane. Certain derivatives of cycloalkanes can undergo rearrangement through reactions, changing the ring size. Cycloolefins react with lead tetraacetate through acetoxylation of the double bond, usually forming cis and trans products. Cyclohexane similarly forms cis and trans cyclohexane diol. Cycloalkanes undergo free radical substitution and reaction with HBr, HI, nickel
Baeyer villiger oxidation
The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction converts cyclic ketones to lactones and acyclic ketones to esters using a peroxy acid as the oxidizing agent. Adolf Baeyer and Victor Villiger first reported this reaction in 1899 using menthone and tetrahydrocarvone. The reaction involves the nucleophilic attack of the peroxy acid on the carbonyl carbon, followed by migration of an alkyl group to the oxygen and formation of the ester or lactone product. This reaction has been modified using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and various catalysts. It has applications in synthesizing pharmaceuticals, pheromones, and other fine chemicals.
Unit 4 imidazole
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
Named reactions in organic synthesis
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Asymmetric Synthesis - Christeena Shaji
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which produces unequal amounts of stereoisomers from achiral precursors. It can be enantioselective or diastereoselective. There are two types: partial asymmetric synthesis, which forms a new chiral center from an achiral precursor using a chiral substrate, auxiliary, reagent, or catalyst; and absolute asymmetric synthesis, which uses no chiral precursors but instead relies on physical chirality like circularly polarized light. Common approaches include using a chiral pool substrate, chiral auxiliary, chiral reagent, or chiral catalyst. The mechanisms and examples of various methods are explained in detail.
Seminar on name reaction
in this ppt 4 reactions are explain with mechanism namely clemenson,oppenauer,wolf kischner, and mpv reduction....this is useufl for introductory part
Beckmann rearrangement ppt
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a thermal rearrangement reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen in which the allyl group of a phenolic allyl ether migrates ortho to the phenol group. Key characteristics of the Claisen rearrangement are the inversion of the migrating allyl carbon and the intramolecular, unimolecular nature of the reaction. The mechanism involves a cyclic transition state that allows for migration to the ortho position, or para if both ortho positions are blocked.
Synthesis of benzocaine
1) The document describes an experiment to synthesize benzocaine from p-amino benzoic acid through an esterification reaction.
2) P-amino benzoic acid, ethanol, sulfuric acid, and sodium carbonate are reacted through refluxing.
3) Thin layer chromatography is used to analyze the reaction product and confirms benzocaine formation by its different Rf value from the starting material p-amino benzoic acid.
MORPHINE AS A LEAD DRUG MOLECULE COMPOUND
THE ADDICTED DRUG MORPHINE AN ALKALOID USED TO TREAT SOME DISEASE , HERE WE HAVE ATTEMPT ALL DATA ITS STURECTURE MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR AND APPLICATIONS.
Dakin rearrangemnt
The Dakin reaction involves the oxidation of an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone with hydrogen peroxide in a basic solution. This results in the oxidation of the carbonyl group to a benzenediol and the formation of a carboxylate. The reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic addition, 1,2 aryl migration, hydrolysis, and phenoxide ion formation steps. The reactivity depends on factors like the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon and the speed of the 1,2 migration. Phenyl aldehydes react faster than ketones and ortho-hydroxy compounds faster than para-hydroxy derivatives in weak basic conditions. Electron donating groups increase reactivity while electron
heterocyclic compounds.ppt
1. Heterocyclic compounds contain ring structures with at least two different elements as members. Pyridine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen atom.
2. Pyridine can be represented by resonance structures with the nitrogen atom withdrawing electron density from certain carbon atoms. It is aromatic but a weaker base than analogous amines due to its sp2 hybridized nitrogen.
3. Pyridine undergoes electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution reactions. N-oxide pyridine is more activated for these reactions and is an important intermediate for preparing substituted pyridines.
Fused heterocyclic compound indole
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
Unit 4 Pyridine
This document discusses the properties and synthesis of pyridine. Pyridine is an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom. It has a planar structure and is aromatic according to Huckel's rule. Pyridine can be synthesized through several methods including the Hantzsch synthesis and from acetylene. It undergoes electrophilic substitution at the C-3 position and nucleophilic substitution at C-2 or C-4. Pyridine is used as a base in medicines such as isoniazid and omeprazole.
TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE.pptx
This document summarizes triphenylphosphine, an organophosphorus compound commonly used as a reducing agent. It is colorless and insoluble in water, with a melting point of 80°C and boiling point of 377°C. The document discusses its preparation and applications, including in Mitsunobu reactions, Appel reactions, and for preparing Wittig reagents.
Organic chemistry DAKIN REACTION
This document summarizes the Dakin reaction, an organic redox reaction where an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. It discusses the mechanism of the Dakin reaction and its synthetic applications. It also describes Dakin's solution, a hypochlorite solution used as an antiseptic to prevent and treat skin and tissue infections, and reviews its uses, side effects, precautions, and interactions.
Reduction reactions
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
Imidazole - Synthesis of Imidazole - Reactions of Imidazole - Medicinal uses ...
Imidazole - Synthesis of Imidazole - Reactions of Imidazole - Medicinal uses of Imidazole
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structural elucidation of camphor
This document summarizes the structural elucidation of camphor. Camphor is derived from camphor laurel trees and is a bicyclic terpenoid with the molecular formula C10H16O. Through various chemical reactions and analysis of products, it was determined that camphor contains a six-membered ring, a ketone group, and three methyl groups. Camphor oxidizes to form camphoric acid and camphoronic acid, allowing scientists to propose that its structure is a cyclopentane derivative with the ketone and methyl groups arranged in a specific configuration.
Schmidt reaction
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing natural products and can be made enantioselective. Problems include site selectivity and potential tetrazole side product formation, though reaction conditions can be adjusted to control these issues.
Imidazole Derivatives Biological Activity And Synthetic Approaches
This document summarizes biological activity and synthetic approaches for imidazole derivatives. It discusses the biological importance of natural imidazoles and synthetic imidazoles used as drugs, including antifungals, antithyroid drugs, and drugs affecting the sympathetic nervous system. It also reviews conventional imidazole synthesis methods and their limitations, and modern catalytic and non-catalytic methods that offer better yields, selectivity, and green chemistry profiles.
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- Phenol is used as a model compound to test catalysts for HDO. Different ruthenium catalysts on TiO2 and CeO2 supports are synthesized and tested for HDO of phenol.
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The rate enhancement depends on the hydrophobicity of the nucleophile. The micellar catalyzed reaction between bis-4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenylphosphate ester and hydroxide or hydroperoxide anions has been examined in buffered medium (pH 8-10). First order rate constant (Kψ) for the reaction of hydroxide ion with bis-4-CDMPP go through maxima with the increasing concentration of cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTABr). Micelles of CTABr very effective catalyst to the reactions of phosphate diesters. Rate constants measured with OH2- ions are approximately twice and thrice than that of OH- ions in presence of CTABr.
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Unit 4 imidazole
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
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Seminar on name reaction
in this ppt 4 reactions are explain with mechanism namely clemenson,oppenauer,wolf kischner, and mpv reduction....this is useufl for introductory part
Beckmann rearrangement ppt
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
Claisen rearrangement
The Claisen rearrangement is a thermal rearrangement reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen in which the allyl group of a phenolic allyl ether migrates ortho to the phenol group. Key characteristics of the Claisen rearrangement are the inversion of the migrating allyl carbon and the intramolecular, unimolecular nature of the reaction. The mechanism involves a cyclic transition state that allows for migration to the ortho position, or para if both ortho positions are blocked.
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2) P-amino benzoic acid, ethanol, sulfuric acid, and sodium carbonate are reacted through refluxing.
3) Thin layer chromatography is used to analyze the reaction product and confirms benzocaine formation by its different Rf value from the starting material p-amino benzoic acid.
MORPHINE AS A LEAD DRUG MOLECULE COMPOUND
THE ADDICTED DRUG MORPHINE AN ALKALOID USED TO TREAT SOME DISEASE , HERE WE HAVE ATTEMPT ALL DATA ITS STURECTURE MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR AND APPLICATIONS.
Dakin rearrangemnt
The Dakin reaction involves the oxidation of an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone with hydrogen peroxide in a basic solution. This results in the oxidation of the carbonyl group to a benzenediol and the formation of a carboxylate. The reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic addition, 1,2 aryl migration, hydrolysis, and phenoxide ion formation steps. The reactivity depends on factors like the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon and the speed of the 1,2 migration. Phenyl aldehydes react faster than ketones and ortho-hydroxy compounds faster than para-hydroxy derivatives in weak basic conditions. Electron donating groups increase reactivity while electron
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1. Heterocyclic compounds contain ring structures with at least two different elements as members. Pyridine is a six-membered heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen atom.
2. Pyridine can be represented by resonance structures with the nitrogen atom withdrawing electron density from certain carbon atoms. It is aromatic but a weaker base than analogous amines due to its sp2 hybridized nitrogen.
3. Pyridine undergoes electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution reactions. N-oxide pyridine is more activated for these reactions and is an important intermediate for preparing substituted pyridines.
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This document discusses the properties and synthesis of pyridine. Pyridine is an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom. It has a planar structure and is aromatic according to Huckel's rule. Pyridine can be synthesized through several methods including the Hantzsch synthesis and from acetylene. It undergoes electrophilic substitution at the C-3 position and nucleophilic substitution at C-2 or C-4. Pyridine is used as a base in medicines such as isoniazid and omeprazole.
TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE.pptx
This document summarizes triphenylphosphine, an organophosphorus compound commonly used as a reducing agent. It is colorless and insoluble in water, with a melting point of 80°C and boiling point of 377°C. The document discusses its preparation and applications, including in Mitsunobu reactions, Appel reactions, and for preparing Wittig reagents.
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This document summarizes the Dakin reaction, an organic redox reaction where an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. It discusses the mechanism of the Dakin reaction and its synthetic applications. It also describes Dakin's solution, a hypochlorite solution used as an antiseptic to prevent and treat skin and tissue infections, and reviews its uses, side effects, precautions, and interactions.
Reduction reactions
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
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Schmidt reaction
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing natural products and can be made enantioselective. Problems include site selectivity and potential tetrazole side product formation, though reaction conditions can be adjusted to control these issues.
Imidazole Derivatives Biological Activity And Synthetic Approaches
This document summarizes biological activity and synthetic approaches for imidazole derivatives. It discusses the biological importance of natural imidazoles and synthetic imidazoles used as drugs, including antifungals, antithyroid drugs, and drugs affecting the sympathetic nervous system. It also reviews conventional imidazole synthesis methods and their limitations, and modern catalytic and non-catalytic methods that offer better yields, selectivity, and green chemistry profiles.
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Molecules 22-00357
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A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.FINAL presentation
The document summarizes research on synthesizing phenazine ligands through metal templation. Key points:
1) Phenazine ligands like phendione, DPQ and DPPZ were synthesized through both literature methods and metal templation with cobalt. Metal templation produced higher yields for DPQ and lower impurities for all ligands.
2) PDT was successfully synthesized through cobalt templation for the first time, in just one hour compared to 20 hours for literature methods.
3) The metal templation method overcomes difficult syntheses and is an excellent approach for synthesizing ligands like PDT. Future work will aim to increase PDT yield and purity.
Demian et al., 2016
The ethanol extract of Kola nitida seeds was investigated for its ability to inhibit corrosion of aluminum alloy AA3003 in hydrochloric acid. Gravimetric experiments showed that the extract reduced the corrosion rate in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibition efficiency increasing with higher extract concentrations but decreasing over time. Electrochemical tests confirmed that organic constituents in the extract adsorbed on the aluminum surface, decreasing anodic and cathodic currents in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. Computational modeling visualized the adsorption of extract constituents on the aluminum surface. The extract provided effective corrosion protection of aluminum in acidic conditions.
11.synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea. The compounds were synthesized in three steps and characterized using techniques such as IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Some of the synthesized compounds (1c, 1e, 1g) showed excellent antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. The document provides experimental details on the synthesis of the compounds and evaluates their potential as antimicrobial agents.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial
1. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea groups.
2. These compounds were synthesized in a stepwise manner and characterized using techniques like IR, NMR and elemental analysis.
3. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against various microorganisms, with some compounds like 1c, 1e and 1g showing excellent activity.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsSAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
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among stars.
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the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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Imidazole presentation
- 1. Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3- Methylimidazolium Derivatives Austin Letcher & Mathew Amundson Dr. Duane Weisshaar & Dr. Gary Earl
- 2. Overview • Background • Experimental • Initial Synthesis Reaction ▫ Analysis by HNMR, CNMR, HPLC • Anion Exchange Reaction ▫ Analysis by HNMR, CNMR, HPLC • Conclusions • Future Work • Acknowledgements • References
- 3. Background Earl et al. developed green method for quaternizing alkylamines using dimethyl carbonate (DMC)1 Desire to expand scope to include aromatic amines Target 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salts for a collaboration with Dr. Mary Berry’s (USD) citrate encased nanoparticles 1-methylimidazole forms multiple products with DMC2
- 4. Experimental Initial Synthesis Reaction Conditions: 135℃, 20 hours, in a Parr pressure reactor, O2 purge by N2 sparge Anion Exchange Reaction Conditions: citric acid (monohydrate) refluxed in reaction mixture from the Parr under N2 for 2 hours
- 5. Initial Synthesis 1-butylimidazole dimethyl carbonate (DMC) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylcarbonate 2-carboxylate zwitterion
- 6. Initial Synthesis Analysis: 1HNMR
- 7. Initial Synthesis Analysis: 13CNMR
- 8. Initial Synthesis Analysis: HPLC
- 9. Anion Exchange: + CO2 + MeOH + H2O
- 10. Anion Exchange Analysis: 1HNMR
- 11. Anion Exchange Analysis: 13CNMR
- 12. Anion Exchange Analysis: HPLC
- 13. Conclusions Quaternization reaction complete in 20 hrs with <1% reactants Mixture of desired imidazolium methylcarbonate quat and 2-carboxylate zwitterion “Tris”-citrate anion exchange completed cleanly in < 2 hours Citrate product is a honey colored, viscous liquid The zwitterion, like the methylcarbonate, reacts with acids3 Citrate quat was desired by Dr Berry to have a pH~7 Citric acid (pKa1= 3.09, pKa2= 4.75, pKa3= 6.41) NMR confirms bis product was isolated
- 14. Future Work
- 15. Acknowledgements Augustana College Brandon Gustafson Marlys Vant Hul NPURC EPSCoR/BRIN Research Colleagues
- 16. References • 1 Earl, G. W.; Weisshaar, D. E.; Wineinger, D.; Moeckly, S.; Hanson, M.; Uilk, J.; Rekken, B.; Villa, E.; Zierke, J. P. Quaternary Methyl Carbonates: Novel Agents For Fabric Conditioning. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 2004, 8(4), 325-29. • 2 Holbrey, J. D.; Reichert, M. W.; Tkatchenko, I.; Bouajila, E.; Walter, O.; Tommasi, I.; Rogers, R. D. 1,3- Dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate: the unexpected synthesis of an ionic liquid precursor and carbine-CO2 adduct. Chem. Comm. 2003, 28-29. • 3 Smiglak, S; Holbrey, J. D.; Griffin, S. T.; Reichert, W. M.; Swatloski, R. P.; Katritzky, A. R.; Yang, H.; Zhang, D.; Kirichenko, K.; Rogers, R. D. Ionic Liquids Via Reaction of the Zwitterionic 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium-2carboxylate With Protic Acids. Overcoming Synthetic Limitations and Establishing New Halide Free Protocols For the Formation of ILs. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 90-98.