The Dakin reaction involves the oxidation of an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone with hydrogen peroxide in a basic solution. This results in the oxidation of the carbonyl group to a benzenediol and the formation of a carboxylate. The reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic addition, 1,2 aryl migration, hydrolysis, and phenoxide ion formation steps. The reactivity depends on factors like the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon and the speed of the 1,2 migration. Phenyl aldehydes react faster than ketones and ortho-hydroxy compounds faster than para-hydroxy derivatives in weak basic conditions. Electron donating groups increase reactivity while electron
THIS SLIDE HAVE GOOD CONTENT. THIS SLIDE CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, RESONANCE, AROMATICITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF QUINOLINE.
This slide discusses about fused heterocyclic compound Acridine..the structural analogue of anthracene with one carbon group is replaced with nitrogen atom.
THIS SLIDE HAVE GOOD CONTENT. THIS SLIDE CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, RESONANCE, AROMATICITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF QUINOLINE.
This slide discusses about fused heterocyclic compound Acridine..the structural analogue of anthracene with one carbon group is replaced with nitrogen atom.
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This slides discusses about Isoquinoline nucleus (fused heterocyclic compound). this ring contain benzene ring fused with pyridine nucleus with nitrogen atom
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This slides discusses about Isoquinoline nucleus (fused heterocyclic compound). this ring contain benzene ring fused with pyridine nucleus with nitrogen atom
STEREOSPECIFIC REACTION, STEREOSELECTIVE REACTION, OPTICAL PURITY, ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS.. all these topics are explained in this slide with examples and formula.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 3
CARBONYL COMPOUND
These are organ compounds with Carbonyl group as functional group
If the carbonyl compound is directly bonded to two alkyl groups two aryl groups or one group and one aryl group, the resulting carbonyl compound known as KETONE.
I.e. General structure of kenton can be represented as ( )where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl group
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. • The Dakin reaction is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-
hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde)
or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) in base to form a benzenediol and
a carboxylate.
• Overall, the carbonyl group is oxidized, and the hydrogen peroxide is
reduced.
• The mechanism undergoes via aryl migration(rearrangement) , An electron-
releasing group is necessary for efficient migration of aryl group.
• The Dakin reaction, which is closely related to the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and
which are named after Henry Drysdale Dakin.
DAKIN REACTION
4. • Nucleophilic addition of a hydroperoxide anion to
the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate
2.Nucleophilic addition
5. 3. 1,2 Shift
• The intermediate collapses,causing
[1,2] aryl migration, hydroxide elimination, and formation of a
phenyl ester
6. • The phenyl ester is subsequently hydrolyzed: nucleophilic
addition of hydroxide from solution to the ester carbonyl carbon
forms a second tetrahedral intermediate
4.Hydrolysis
8. 6.Abstration of proton
Finally, the phenoxide extracts the acidic hydrogen from the
carboxylic acid, yielding the collected products
9. • The Dakin oxidation has two rate-limiting steps: nucleophilic addition of
hydroperoxide to the carbonyl carbon and [1,2]-aryl migration.
• Therefore, the overall rate of oxidation is dependent on the
nucleophilicity of hydroperoxide, the electrophilicity of the carbonyl
carbon, and the speed of [1,2]-aryl migration.
• The alkyl substituents on the carbonyl carbon, the relative positions of
the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the aryl ring, the presence of
other functional groups on the ring, and the reaction mixture pH are
four factors that affect these rate-limiting steps.
Factors affecting reaction kinetics
10. • In general, phenyl aldehydes are more reactive than
phenyl ketones because the ketone carbonyl carbon is
less electrophilic than the aldehyde carbonyl carbon.
Alkyl substituents
Relative positions of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
• O-hydroxy phenyl aldehydes and ketones oxidize faster
than p-hydroxy phenyl aldehydes and ketones in weakly
basic conditions.
11. • In o-hydroxy compounds, when the hydroxyl group
is protonated, an intramolecular hydrogen bond can
form between the hydroxyl hydrogen and the
carbonyl oxygen, stabilizing a resonance
structure with positive charge on the carbonyl
carbon, thus increasing the carbonyl carbon’s
electrophilicity .
• Lacking this stabilization, the carbonyl carbon of
p-hydroxy compounds is less electrophilic.
• Therefore, o-hydroxy compounds are oxidized
faster than p-hydroxy compounds when the
hydroxyl group is protonated.
12. Other functional groups on the aryl ring
• Substitution of phenyl hydrogens with electron-donating
groups ortho or para to the carbonyl group increases
electron density at the migrating carbon, promotes [1,2]-aryl
migration, and accelerates oxidation.
• Substitution with electron-donating groups meta to the
carbonyl group does not change electron density at the
migrating carbon; because unsubstituted phenyl group
migratory aptitude is low, hydrogen migration dominates.
• Substitution with electron-withdrawing
groups ortho or para to the carbonyl decreases electron
density at the migrating carbon, inhibits [1,2]-aryl migration,
and favors hydrogen migration
