When observing Egypt‟s method of expansion, one can identify a clear language and distinctive pattern of urban
development. The years following 1952, marked by the privatization of agricultural land and the population boom, gave rise to a soon
to be urban „catastrophe‟. In order to fulfil the needs of the growing population, buildings were sprouting out everywhere, causing
agricultural lands to disappear under a jungle of red bricks, erasing the lines between urban and rural. This phenomenon of informal
expansion has spread across the country composing what is commonly known as Ashwa’eeyat or informal settlements. In Egypt, these
can be identified by a unified method of construction using concrete skeleton structures of concrete slabs and beams along with plain
red brick walls; an appearance that does not reflect nor shed light on the Egyptian culture or environmental requirements. The use of
bricks and concrete is due to the fact that this construction method is the most commonly used and feasible type of construction; the
material is available, the workmanship, even though it is not the most economic method. Egypt is a developing country that possesses
numerous resources, being both tangible and intangible ones. The aim of this paper is to research and determine the possibility of
creating different elements of construction utilizing available resources and recycling waste material. These elements would be
economic and reflective of the Egyptian culture while maintaining the necessary environmental and physical safety requirements
sought in residential buildings.
Low Cost Housing in Egypt by Using Stabilized Soil BricksIJCMESJOURNAL
Residential housing is one of the major priorities in Egypt. The cost of apartment in different regions can charge the person over budget money and per disability of people the slums appears with uncivilized environment. Construction material like cement consumes a lot of energy to produce final product which make an additional burden on state economy. This paper presents a simple technique to build low-cost housing by using new materials abundantly available in nature with low cost to improve sustainability and green energy. The compressive strength of compressed stabilized earth building bricks depends upon the soil type, amount of stabilizer and the compaction pressure used to form the bricks with dimension of 25x12x6cm. Experimental program was carried out on specimens and seven tests were applied. Each test consists of five masonry prisms assemblage cast with stabilized bricks. These tests are compressive strength, shear strength, in-plane tensile strength, and flexural tensile strength. The results are encouraging and promising to use these bricks in green constructions as low cost housing and national projects. A comparative study approved the cost effectiveness of using the stabilized bricks, as a load bearing wall system, instead of using the traditional skeleton structures by about 34% in case of one story building.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development
Utilization of Fly Ash in Road Construction in South Africa: Environmental Assessment
A review on utilization of mine waste on black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mine wastes are one of the chronic waste concerns. The volume of solid waste generated during mining process, is one of the main pollution concern. The presence of high concentration of heavy metals and acid producing mineral phases can endanger the environment if management of these wastes are not addressed properly. Mine wastes have numerous ecological effects viz Air, Land and Water. There is a great difficulty in finding space for the storage of wastes generated in enormous quantity. The review of past studies indicated that 50 to 60% of mine waste by volume can be used as coarse grained particle and 10 to 15% by volume as fine aggregate. Despite quite a lot of attempts to diminish the amount of waste, mine waste remains one of world’s largest waste streams. Black cotton soil on the other hand is problematic due to the presence of momtmorillonite that imparts high swell- shrink potentials. These soils are very hard when dry but loose strength completely when wet. Pavement surface on poor soil subgrade show early distress causing pavement failure. The present study examines the utilization of these wastes as stabilizers for black cotton soil for unpaved road construction. Keywords: Mine Waste, slag aggregate, Solid Waste Materials, Iron Ore slag
Effective utilization of crusher dust in sustainable concreteIJERA Editor
In the today’s era with the growing expenses, abundant waste material is generated through processing units of
stone industry, there is a need to increase awareness by utilizing economical substitutes to solve the problem of
these waste. The utilization of crusher dust as fine aggregate for concrete has achieved more attention in recent
year due to scary of natural river sand. Today continues efforts are made towards finding the substitute of
natural resources. Research is therefore needed to least the environmental damages and to obtain sustainable
construction. This review deals with how crusher dust would be utilized to deliver new items as additive for
sustainable concrete. This study professed latest research on using crusher dust as replacement of sand in
concrete. Effect on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with crusher dust is discussed in this paper.
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Low Cost Housing in Egypt by Using Stabilized Soil BricksIJCMESJOURNAL
Residential housing is one of the major priorities in Egypt. The cost of apartment in different regions can charge the person over budget money and per disability of people the slums appears with uncivilized environment. Construction material like cement consumes a lot of energy to produce final product which make an additional burden on state economy. This paper presents a simple technique to build low-cost housing by using new materials abundantly available in nature with low cost to improve sustainability and green energy. The compressive strength of compressed stabilized earth building bricks depends upon the soil type, amount of stabilizer and the compaction pressure used to form the bricks with dimension of 25x12x6cm. Experimental program was carried out on specimens and seven tests were applied. Each test consists of five masonry prisms assemblage cast with stabilized bricks. These tests are compressive strength, shear strength, in-plane tensile strength, and flexural tensile strength. The results are encouraging and promising to use these bricks in green constructions as low cost housing and national projects. A comparative study approved the cost effectiveness of using the stabilized bricks, as a load bearing wall system, instead of using the traditional skeleton structures by about 34% in case of one story building.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development
Utilization of Fly Ash in Road Construction in South Africa: Environmental Assessment
A review on utilization of mine waste on black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mine wastes are one of the chronic waste concerns. The volume of solid waste generated during mining process, is one of the main pollution concern. The presence of high concentration of heavy metals and acid producing mineral phases can endanger the environment if management of these wastes are not addressed properly. Mine wastes have numerous ecological effects viz Air, Land and Water. There is a great difficulty in finding space for the storage of wastes generated in enormous quantity. The review of past studies indicated that 50 to 60% of mine waste by volume can be used as coarse grained particle and 10 to 15% by volume as fine aggregate. Despite quite a lot of attempts to diminish the amount of waste, mine waste remains one of world’s largest waste streams. Black cotton soil on the other hand is problematic due to the presence of momtmorillonite that imparts high swell- shrink potentials. These soils are very hard when dry but loose strength completely when wet. Pavement surface on poor soil subgrade show early distress causing pavement failure. The present study examines the utilization of these wastes as stabilizers for black cotton soil for unpaved road construction. Keywords: Mine Waste, slag aggregate, Solid Waste Materials, Iron Ore slag
Effective utilization of crusher dust in sustainable concreteIJERA Editor
In the today’s era with the growing expenses, abundant waste material is generated through processing units of
stone industry, there is a need to increase awareness by utilizing economical substitutes to solve the problem of
these waste. The utilization of crusher dust as fine aggregate for concrete has achieved more attention in recent
year due to scary of natural river sand. Today continues efforts are made towards finding the substitute of
natural resources. Research is therefore needed to least the environmental damages and to obtain sustainable
construction. This review deals with how crusher dust would be utilized to deliver new items as additive for
sustainable concrete. This study professed latest research on using crusher dust as replacement of sand in
concrete. Effect on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with crusher dust is discussed in this paper.
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Feasibility Study of Construction of Building Using Reusable MaterialIJERA Editor
Civil structures made of steel reinforced concrete normally suffer from corrosion of the steel by the salt, which results in the failure of those structures. Constant maintenance and repairing is needed to enhance the life cycle of those civil structures. There are many ways to minimize the failure of the concrete structures made of steel reinforce concrete. The Project aims to optimize the construction resources with applications to reduce, reuse and recycle to achieve the motive of saving planet, public and then profit. There is an unavoidable growth in the population for this, there is demand of urbanization. This consumes high amount of non-renewable resources and hence resources are getting exhausted creating a scarcity, which a major issue for present generation.
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper reports about the survey work carried out to determine the total limestone waste generated at the quarry sites located in
seven villages of Chittapurtaluk in Gulbarga district and also experimental investigation carried out on this limestone waste to find
out its feasibility for construction of flexible pavement layers. From the survey work carried out at seven villages of Chittapurtaluka it
was observed that about 70 lakh tonnes of waste would be produced every year. Characterization of this limestone waste by
conducting laboratory studies to find out its feasibility for road construction would help to reduce the demand-supply gap for
aggregates, conserve depleting sources of good quality stone aggregate and decrease environmental degradation due to excessive
quarrying activities. Laboratory investigation includes determination of physical properties of limestone waste aggregates,
preparation of job mix formulae for Granular Sub Base (GSB) and Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) layers, Modified proctor compaction
test to evaluate maximum dry density and optimum moisture content on WMM and GSB mixes, CBR test and Direct Shear test on GSB
mixes. Laboratory results were compared with conventional Basalt aggregates. Results reveals that lime stone aggregates fulfill the
requirements of MoRT&H-2001 and can completely replace the conventional aggregate like Basalt in GSB and WMM layers.
Keywords: Lime stone Waste, Basalt, GSB, WMM and Job mix Formulae
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.
Environmental impacts of building materials for minarets of historical mosquesHafedh Yahya
. This paper focuses on building materials which contribute to environmental impacts as a result of energy consumption and depletion of natural resources. The topic of sustainability assessment rapidly gains importance. Consequently, there is need to assess environmental impact for building materials. Minarets are the study samples which are significant formal elements in mosque. The aim of the research is to assess the minarets’ materials of historical mosques in Mosul. The research conduct a survey to building materials used in all parts of the Minarets. In order to evaluate the sustainability of the major materials of the Minarets, the comparison is conducted for the environmental impact of life cycle inventory LCI for clay brick and limestone by the aid of GaBi 6.0 Education software. The results of the survey shows that 70% of constructed Minarets in old Mosul city were used clay brick other than limestone which was represent 30%. Clay brick contributes higher environmental impact than limestone due to manufacture process which consumes more energy for firing and drying. The research recommended to use local materials to reduce transport effects and reuse building materials in order to reduce the environmental impacts resulted from manufacture process.
The role of environmental resources management and ecology into current urban...Talles Di Cunto
Essay suggesting urban management practises based on ecological principles and design, supported by social participation in a habitat of ever-developing sustainability.
Neural Network Based Context Sensitive Sentiment AnalysisEditor IJCATR
Social media communication is evolving more in these days. Social networking site is being rapidly increased in recent years, which provides platform to connect people all over the world and share their interests. The conversation and the posts available in social media are unstructured in nature. So sentiment analysis will be a challenging work in this platform. These analyses are mostly performed in machine learning techniques which are less accurate than neural network methodologies. This paper is based on sentiment classification using Competitive layer neural networks and classifies the polarity of a given text whether the expressed opinion in the text is positive or negative or neutral. It determines the overall topic of the given text. Context independent sentences and implicit meaning in the text are also considered in polarity classification.
Local Restoration in Metro Ethernet Networks for Multiple Link FailuresEditor IJCATR
Ethernet a popular choice for metropolitan-area networks (MAN) due to simplicity, cost effectiveness and scalability. The
Spanning-Tree based switching mechanism, which is considered to be very efficient at avoiding switching loops in LAN environment,
is a performance bottleneck in Metro network context. Handling of link failure is an important issue in metro Ethernet networks. A
link failure may result in serious service disruptions. A local restoration method for metro Ethernet with multiple spanning trees, which
aims at fast handling of single link failures in a distributed manner, have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we propose a
local restoration mechanism that uses MULTILINK algorithm for solving multiple link failures
User participation in ERP Implementation: A Case-based StudyEditor IJCATR
Information Systems (IS), such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, are being developed and used in
organizations to achieve their business goals and to enhance organizational effectiveness. The effect of user participation on
successful systems development and implementation of ERP systems continues to be an area of interest to researchers. Common
understanding has been that extensive user participation is not only important, but absolutely essential to system success. Even with
this understanding of user participation as one of the critical factor in successful IS development and implementation, empirical studies
have been unable to conclusively link user participation to systems success. This paper uses a private university as a case study to
examine the role played by user participation in the implementation of an ERP system. In order to achieve its objective, this study
adopted a mixed method where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in the collection of data. The results of the
study reveal that user participation has a positive impact on the likelihood of ERP system success, user participation by choice is the
best, user participation leads to better understanding of system requirements, the more participation the more the satisfied the users are,
and participation builds support for the system during implementation. From our results we conclude that user participation in ERP
system implementation is critical for successful implementation.
Microstructure, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of penta Bi- Sn- Pb based alloys have been investigated. Matrix structure (Formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of Bi- Sn- Pb- In- X (X= Cd/or Zn) penta alloys changed with varying composition. The new penta fusible, Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10, alloy has best properties such as high density, low melting point and friendly environmental, (reduced toxicity elements Pb and Cd by 40% and 75%, compared used alloys), for shielding blocks in mega-volt radiotherapy. The melting temperature of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy is ~58 ºC and it is density is 10.117 gm/cm3. The elastic modulus of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 is 29.03 Gpa. Vickers hardness and internal friction values of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy are 9.72 Kg/mm2 and 0.085. The Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy consists of rhombohedral Bi phase, tetragonal Sn phase, face centered cubic Pb phase, hexagonal Cd phase, face centered cubic In phase, Pb7Bi3 and SnBi intermetallic compounds.
Feasibility Study of Construction of Building Using Reusable MaterialIJERA Editor
Civil structures made of steel reinforced concrete normally suffer from corrosion of the steel by the salt, which results in the failure of those structures. Constant maintenance and repairing is needed to enhance the life cycle of those civil structures. There are many ways to minimize the failure of the concrete structures made of steel reinforce concrete. The Project aims to optimize the construction resources with applications to reduce, reuse and recycle to achieve the motive of saving planet, public and then profit. There is an unavoidable growth in the population for this, there is demand of urbanization. This consumes high amount of non-renewable resources and hence resources are getting exhausted creating a scarcity, which a major issue for present generation.
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper reports about the survey work carried out to determine the total limestone waste generated at the quarry sites located in
seven villages of Chittapurtaluk in Gulbarga district and also experimental investigation carried out on this limestone waste to find
out its feasibility for construction of flexible pavement layers. From the survey work carried out at seven villages of Chittapurtaluka it
was observed that about 70 lakh tonnes of waste would be produced every year. Characterization of this limestone waste by
conducting laboratory studies to find out its feasibility for road construction would help to reduce the demand-supply gap for
aggregates, conserve depleting sources of good quality stone aggregate and decrease environmental degradation due to excessive
quarrying activities. Laboratory investigation includes determination of physical properties of limestone waste aggregates,
preparation of job mix formulae for Granular Sub Base (GSB) and Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) layers, Modified proctor compaction
test to evaluate maximum dry density and optimum moisture content on WMM and GSB mixes, CBR test and Direct Shear test on GSB
mixes. Laboratory results were compared with conventional Basalt aggregates. Results reveals that lime stone aggregates fulfill the
requirements of MoRT&H-2001 and can completely replace the conventional aggregate like Basalt in GSB and WMM layers.
Keywords: Lime stone Waste, Basalt, GSB, WMM and Job mix Formulae
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characterization of limestone waste for construction of flexible pavementeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.
Environmental impacts of building materials for minarets of historical mosquesHafedh Yahya
. This paper focuses on building materials which contribute to environmental impacts as a result of energy consumption and depletion of natural resources. The topic of sustainability assessment rapidly gains importance. Consequently, there is need to assess environmental impact for building materials. Minarets are the study samples which are significant formal elements in mosque. The aim of the research is to assess the minarets’ materials of historical mosques in Mosul. The research conduct a survey to building materials used in all parts of the Minarets. In order to evaluate the sustainability of the major materials of the Minarets, the comparison is conducted for the environmental impact of life cycle inventory LCI for clay brick and limestone by the aid of GaBi 6.0 Education software. The results of the survey shows that 70% of constructed Minarets in old Mosul city were used clay brick other than limestone which was represent 30%. Clay brick contributes higher environmental impact than limestone due to manufacture process which consumes more energy for firing and drying. The research recommended to use local materials to reduce transport effects and reuse building materials in order to reduce the environmental impacts resulted from manufacture process.
The role of environmental resources management and ecology into current urban...Talles Di Cunto
Essay suggesting urban management practises based on ecological principles and design, supported by social participation in a habitat of ever-developing sustainability.
Neural Network Based Context Sensitive Sentiment AnalysisEditor IJCATR
Social media communication is evolving more in these days. Social networking site is being rapidly increased in recent years, which provides platform to connect people all over the world and share their interests. The conversation and the posts available in social media are unstructured in nature. So sentiment analysis will be a challenging work in this platform. These analyses are mostly performed in machine learning techniques which are less accurate than neural network methodologies. This paper is based on sentiment classification using Competitive layer neural networks and classifies the polarity of a given text whether the expressed opinion in the text is positive or negative or neutral. It determines the overall topic of the given text. Context independent sentences and implicit meaning in the text are also considered in polarity classification.
Local Restoration in Metro Ethernet Networks for Multiple Link FailuresEditor IJCATR
Ethernet a popular choice for metropolitan-area networks (MAN) due to simplicity, cost effectiveness and scalability. The
Spanning-Tree based switching mechanism, which is considered to be very efficient at avoiding switching loops in LAN environment,
is a performance bottleneck in Metro network context. Handling of link failure is an important issue in metro Ethernet networks. A
link failure may result in serious service disruptions. A local restoration method for metro Ethernet with multiple spanning trees, which
aims at fast handling of single link failures in a distributed manner, have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we propose a
local restoration mechanism that uses MULTILINK algorithm for solving multiple link failures
User participation in ERP Implementation: A Case-based StudyEditor IJCATR
Information Systems (IS), such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, are being developed and used in
organizations to achieve their business goals and to enhance organizational effectiveness. The effect of user participation on
successful systems development and implementation of ERP systems continues to be an area of interest to researchers. Common
understanding has been that extensive user participation is not only important, but absolutely essential to system success. Even with
this understanding of user participation as one of the critical factor in successful IS development and implementation, empirical studies
have been unable to conclusively link user participation to systems success. This paper uses a private university as a case study to
examine the role played by user participation in the implementation of an ERP system. In order to achieve its objective, this study
adopted a mixed method where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in the collection of data. The results of the
study reveal that user participation has a positive impact on the likelihood of ERP system success, user participation by choice is the
best, user participation leads to better understanding of system requirements, the more participation the more the satisfied the users are,
and participation builds support for the system during implementation. From our results we conclude that user participation in ERP
system implementation is critical for successful implementation.
Microstructure, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of penta Bi- Sn- Pb based alloys have been investigated. Matrix structure (Formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of Bi- Sn- Pb- In- X (X= Cd/or Zn) penta alloys changed with varying composition. The new penta fusible, Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10, alloy has best properties such as high density, low melting point and friendly environmental, (reduced toxicity elements Pb and Cd by 40% and 75%, compared used alloys), for shielding blocks in mega-volt radiotherapy. The melting temperature of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy is ~58 ºC and it is density is 10.117 gm/cm3. The elastic modulus of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 is 29.03 Gpa. Vickers hardness and internal friction values of Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy are 9.72 Kg/mm2 and 0.085. The Bi50Pb15Sn22Cd3In10 alloy consists of rhombohedral Bi phase, tetragonal Sn phase, face centered cubic Pb phase, hexagonal Cd phase, face centered cubic In phase, Pb7Bi3 and SnBi intermetallic compounds.
SQL injection is the major susceptible attack in today’s era of web application which attacks the database to gain unauthorized and illicit access. It works as an intermediate between web application and database. Most of the time, well-known people fire the SQL injection, who is previously working in the organisation on the present database. Today organisation has major concern is to stop SQL injection because it is the major vulnerable attack in the database. SQLI attacks target databases that are reachable through web front. SQLI prevention technique efficiently blocked all of the attacks without generating any false positive. In this paper we present different techniques and tools which can prevent various attacks.
Superconductivity and Spin Density Wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAsEditor IJCATR
A model is presented utilizing a Hamiltonian with equal spin singlet and triplet pairings based on quantum field theory and
green function formalism, to show the correlation between the superconducting and spin density wave (SDW) order parameters. The
model exhibits a distinct possibility of the coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic phase, which are two usually
incompatible cooperative phenomena. The work is motivated by the recent experimental evidences on high-TC superconductivity in
the FeAs-based superconductors. The theoretical results are then applied to show the coexistence of superconductivity and spin density
wave (SDW) in NaFe1-xCoxAs.
Effect of adding titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) on structure, elastic moduli, Vickers hardness, internal friction, electrical
resistivity and thermal properties of tin-antimony-lead and tin-aluminum bearing alloys have been investigated. Elastic modulus, Vickers
hardness and thermal diffusivity of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys increased after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Internal friction, thermal
conductivity and specific heat of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys varied after adding TiO2 nanoparticles. Adding titanium oxide nanoparticles
improved bearing properties, such as strengthens and internal friction of Sn87Sb10Pb3 and Sn80Al20 alloys. The Sn85.5Sb10Pb3(TiO2)1.5 alloy has
best properties for automotive industry. Also Sn78.5Al20(TiO2)1.5 alloy has best properties for marine applications.
Location Based Tracking System for Emergency ServicesEditor IJCATR
Transmitting the geo-location information of a target via wireless networks is effective when both the target and the
tracker are within Wi-Fi coverage area; the 802.11 wireless networks are not always accessible. When the target or the tracker is
unable to access Wi-Fi, it is impossible to perform location tracking. Therefore, SMS is a relatively more reliable and flexible
solution because of its widespread use. In this system, a device is equipped with a global system for mobile communications
(GSM) modem and a GPS unit. It transmits short messages containing its GPS coordinates to the server at 30-s intervals.
Although transmitting the geo-location information of a target via wireless networks is effective when both the target and the
tracker are within Wi-Fi coverage area, the 802.11 wireless networks are not always accessible. When the target or the tracker is
unable to access Wi-Fi, it is impossible to perform location tracking. In this System, a novel method called location-based
delivery (LBD), which combines the short message service (SMS) and global position system (GPS). LBD reduces the number of
short message transmissions while maintaining the location tracking accuracy within the acceptable range. The proposed
approach, LBD, consists of three primary features: Short message format, location prediction, and dynamic threshold. The
defined short message format is proprietary.
Humans communication is generally under the control of emotions and full of opinions. Emotions and their opinions plays an important role in thinking process of mind, influences the human actions too. Sentiment analysis is one of the ways to explore user’s opinion made on any social media and networking site for various commercial applications in number of fields. This paper takes into account the basis requirements of opinion mining to explore the present techniques used to developed an full fledge system. Is highlights the opportunities or deployment and research of such systems. The available tools used for building such applications have even presented with their merits and limitations.
The technology behind information systems in today’s world has been embedded in nearly every aspect of our lives. Thus, the idea of securing our information systems and/or computer networks has become very paramount. Owing to the significance of computer networks in transporting the information and knowledge generated by the increased diversity and sophistication of computational machinery, it would be very imperative to engage the services of network security professionals to manage the resources that are passed through the various terminals (end points) of the these network, so as to achieve a maximum reliability of the information passed, making sure that this is achieved without creating a discrepancy between the security and usability of such network. This paper examines the various techniques involved in securely maintaining the safe states of an active computer network, its resources and the information it carries. We examined techniques of compromising an information system by breaking into the system without authorised access (Hacking), we also looked at the various phases of digital analysis of an already compromised system, and then we investigated the tools and techniques for digitally analysing a compromised system in other to bring it back to a safe state.
Analysis the Effect of Educational Package on Promotion of Protective Behavio...Editor IJCATR
dust phenomenon, especially in the summer, is a serious problem in Khuzestan province and has adverse effects on
health, environment and economic. Behavior change is the base for health associated risks prevention and one of the models for
behavior change in individual level is Health Belief Model. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of educational
package on promotion of protective behaviors in exposure to dust phenomenon in Ahvaz teachers by SPSS software.
Methods: This was an experimental study in which 200 teachers randomly were divided into two groups, case and control groups
[n=100, in each group]
pha test. Before the educational intervention, questionnaire was
completed by two groups and educational requirements of subjects were detected and an educational package was designed and
implemented for 4 week. The control group received no intervention. After a month the effect of educational package on study
variables was evaluated. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 17, by descriptive and analytical tests.
Result: Mean age of case and control groups were 39.75±6.95 and 39.78±7.02 years, respectively. There was no significant
association between marriage and behavior, but there was a significant association between employment number of years and
behavior [p=0.03], education and behavior [p=0.03]. Based on the findings of this study there was a significant association
between the knowledge, health belief model components and behavior of the study subjects, before and after the intervention [p<
0.001].
Conclusion: designing and implementation of an educational package based on health belief model can promote the knowledge
and protective behaviors in exposure to dust particles effectively.
The present study focuses on the nature and pattern of urban expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period from 2003 to 2008. Based on its proximity to the Madurai city, Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Land sat data. Create a land use land cover map from satellite imagery using supervised classification. Find out the areas from the classified data. The study is based on secondary data, the satellite imagery has downloaded from GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path101 row 67), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification.
In real condition the experimental study of scale on explosion resistance of reinforced concrete slab has highly expenses in conduction experiments. This analytical result of the work are overly desirable and close to the real time condition. This work indicates the obvious effect of scale on dynamic response resistance, stress strain behaviour, deflection of unilateral slab of reinforced concrete which are exposed to blast loading due to sudden explosion. To achieve this study reinforced concrete slab which were exposed to blast loading. Explosion test on this reinforced concrete slab which has different standoff distance. The slab are supported at its two ends using a suitable support condition. This work is analyze using the finite element software ABAQUS. The result of this experimental work is compared with the result obtained from the analytical result. From result the detachment in two slab of reinforced concrete both big and small is similar. The analytical behaviour of the slab is moreover same as that of the experimental behaviour
The method presented in this paper is beased on coupled line in the standard schiffman phase shifters structure and replace it
with lange coupler. To having a wider bandwidth, the stronger coupling is required. One way to achieve strong coupling is using of the
parallel coupled lines that this property exist in the lange coupler. So this paper discusses the design of fixed broadband phase shifter
by using the lange coupler and a novel phase shifters will be introduced according to the standard schiffman phase shifters. Finally
optimal parameters to achieve the desired performance will be shown.
New Technique for Image Encryption Based on Choas and Change of MSBEditor IJCATR
In this paper, an algorithm for image encryption using chaotic systems and techniques to change the pixel values are proposed for
protecting digital images in an efficient and safe manner will be offered. In the proposed algorithm, the stochastic properties of chaotic
Logistic system is used. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we have implemented it in MATLAB using
parameters such as visual analysis, key space analysis, histogram analysis. Implementation results show that the proposed algorithm,
the algorithm is efficient and safe.
Dynamic Resource Provisioning with Authentication in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJCATR
Data center have the largest consumption amounts of energy in sharing the power. The public cloud workloads of different
priorities and performance requirements of various applications [4]. Cloud data center have capable of sensing an opportunity to present
different programs. In my proposed construction and the name of the security level of imperturbable privacy leakage rarely distributed
cloud system to deal with the persistent characteristics there is a substantial increases and information that can be used to augment the
profit, retrenchment overhead or both. Data Mining Analysis of data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful
information is a process. Three empirical algorithms have been proposed assignments estimate the ratios are dissected theoretically and
compared using real Internet latency data recital of testing methods
Implementation of 2D Optimal Barcode (QR Code) for ImagesEditor IJCATR
Quick Response (QR) Code is very useful for encoding the data in an efficient manner. Here data capacity in 2D barcode is limited according to the various types of data formats used for encoding. The data in image format uses more space. The data capacity can be increased by compressing the data using any of the data compression techniques before encoding. In this paper, we suggest a technique for data compression which in turn helps to increase the data capacity of QR Codes generated for image. Finally, results are compared with the normal QR Codes to find the efficiency of the new technique of encoding followed by compression for generating optimal QR code.
Health Monitoring System of Elderly using Wireless Sensor NetworkIjcatr04031005Editor IJCATR
Wireless-sensor-network-based home monitoring system for elderly activity behaviour involves functional assessment of daily activities. In this paper, we report a mechanism for estimation of elderly well-being condition based on usage of house-hold appliances connected through various sensing units. We define a two new wellness functions to determine the status of the elderly on performing essential daily activities. The modernized system for monitoring and evaluating the essential daily activities was tested at homes for four different elderly persons living alone and the results are encouraging in determining wellness of the elderly.
Use of Recyclable Material in Civil ConstructionYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario the cement concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Increase in the population growth is leads to increase in the demands of various fields like cultivation, transportation and building construction etc. Nowadays, there is a very much increase in the demand for construction works like residential buildings, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. and because of this increase in demand the availability of resources for the cement concrete ingredients is getting very complex. Hence people are looking for the alternative resources for the concrete ingredients in order to meet their requirements. This thesis work deals with the study of physical properties of the cement concrete with using Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. The major objective of this research work is to determine that what percentage of Used Aggregate can be utilized in the cement concrete mixture to achieve its target mean strength. In this research work it is concentrated on the use of Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. A series of tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength with and without addition of Used Aggregate. The use of recyclable material in cement concrete mixture also helps in preservation of the environment by saving the natural resources. However, in coming few decades, it can raise new challenges for the construction industry. It is essential to investigate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete to encourage and escalate its application in the civil engineering construction industry. This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with different quantity Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mix. Arpit Mathur | R. C. Patil "Use of Recyclable Material in Civil Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41102.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41102/use-of-recyclable-material-in-civil-construction/arpit-mathur
Construction and demolition waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste production in the world, and most of it is used in land fills. One way of profitable use of wastes is the possibility of treating and reusing as aggregates in new concrete. In this paper, construction and demolition Wastes, have been studied for effective utilization in concrete. The study objective was to determine the quality of recycled aggregate such as the crushing value, absorption, density, attainable grade of concrete, and establishing the structural properties of the fresh as well as hardened concrete. The study was achieved by doing different tests on the recycled aggregates, Specimens preparation and assessment of properties of concrete in both fresh and hardened states.
Partially Replacement of Clay by S.T.P. Sludge in Brick ManufacturingAM Publications
In many countries, sludge is a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and the risks to environment and human health. The sludge presents increasingly difficult problem to cities of all sizes because of the scarcity of suitable disposal sites, increasing labour costs, and environmental concerns. The study investigated the use of water treatment sludge incorporated with clay. In this study bricks were produced with sewage sludge additions ranging from 20, 25, 30 and 40% by dry weight respectively and compare produce brick with regular brick. Bricks with a sludge content of up to 40 % were capable of meeting the relevant technical standards. However, if bricks with more than 30 % sludge addition are not recommended for use because they are brittle in nature and easily broken even when handled gently as well as colour is not as per the requirement. Also from this investigation me can solve disposal problem completely and also construct and economical structure with easy designing.
Physical Properties of Construction & Demolished Waste Concreteijsrd.com
In India, recent year construction and demolished concrete waste handling and management is the challenging problem faced by several area of the country. It is very challenging and hectic problem that has to be tackled in an indigenous manner, Due to strict environmental laws and lack of dumping sites in urban areas, construction & demolished waste disposal is a great problem. It is desirable to completely recycle construction & demolished concrete waste in order to protect natural resources, environment and reduce environmental pollution. In this research paper a study is carried out to investigate the physical properties of construction &demolished waste material for concrete, for using as a coarse aggregate in new construction. The present investigation to be focused on recycling construction & demolished waste materials in order to reduce construction cost and resolving housing problems faced by the low income communities of the India in different part of the country. The crushed construction and demolished concrete wastes is segregated by sieving to obtain required sizes of aggregate, several tests were conducted to determine the aggregate properties before recycling it into new concrete.
Evolution Properties of Paver Blocks Using Waste Foundry Sand in Concreteijtsrd
Solid unreinforced pre cast cement concrete paver blocks is a versatile, aesthetically attractive, functional, cost effective and requires little or no maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid. Paver blocks can be used for different traffic categories i.e. Non traffic, Light traffic, Medium traffic, Heavy traffic and Very heavy traffic. In present study work paver blocks of M 40 grade of 80mm thickness for medium traffic with varying percentage of nylon fiber 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 , 0.4 , 0.5 is used to improve the compressive strength is casted. After finding optimum percentage of nylon fiber, it has now become very important to look as for the alternative source for natural materials used in concrete i.e. gravels and natural sand. Waste foundry sand WFS is a propitious material that can be used as an alternative for the naturals and i.e. fine aggregates in concrete. The thesis demonstrates the potential of re use for waste foundry sand i.e. industrial by product as a substitute of a fine aggregate in concrete. The fine aggregates i.e. natural sand are replaced with WFS in Three different substitution rates i.e. 2.5 , 5 , 10 , . Several tests were performed to examine the mechanical properties i.e. compressive strength, and flexural strength as well as the durability of concrete. Rajat Singh Rajput | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "Evolution Properties of Paver Blocks Using Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47703.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47703/evolution-properties-of-paver-blocks-using-waste-foundry-sand-in-concrete/rajat-singh-rajput
Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M Sand as Fine Agg...ijtsrd
M sand also called artificial sand or crushed sand, the prepared by crushing rocks, stones, or larger aggregates into small size particles in the quarry. The study is aimed at the complete replacement of conventional material like river sand used as fine aggregate. By using M sand manufactured sand crushed sand . M sand here acts as a fine aggregate in the cement concrete. The experiment is carried out by finding the value of slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. Natural fine aggregate is replaced by M sand to complete mix proportion in the concrete. M sand shares similar properties as conventional Fine Aggregates and gives good split tensile and compressive strength to the concrete. The results are compared with the control mix of design mix M30. The specimens are tested after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with manufactured sand concrete makes the cost of construction can be controlled. Strength, workability, and durability test also studied. Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete it is also increasing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with crushed sand production of concrete increasing. It is dust free in M sand which is a good sign to do the replacement. Environment preservation and natural resources conservation is the soul of country development.The application of crushed sand mix for residential building structural members such as column, beam, slab, and foundation and plastering are also elicited. The study brings out the fact that it is also more economical than the typical cement concrete.The findings of this research call for the safe use of manufactured sand. Economical concrete mix is a very useful material for construction, which offers a range of economic, technical, and environmental enhancing and preserving advantages and is destined to become a dominant material for construction in the new era. With increasing structure construction work, its availability and less transportation cost also an important factor as an alternative for river sand. Ankit Pandey | Afzal Khan "Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M-Sand as Fine Aggregate for M30 Grade Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53978.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/53978/investigating-the-properties-of-cement-concrete-containing-msand-as-fine-aggregate-for-m30-grade-concrete/ankit-pandey
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Documentation on Construction and Demolition wasteRohanDas52
Despite being an ancient activity, the management of waste produced in construction activities
did not get much attention until the last decade. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is not
subjected to management practices as with municipal solid waste (MSW), perhaps due to the
higher toxicity of the latter as compared with the former. Recently, rapid urban expansion,
stringent environmental regulations, and the scarcity of land filling areas as well as the natural
resources over-exploitation led to the need of using CDW as aggregate for construction purposes.
CDW contains significant amounts of inert materials whose properties are being investigated and
which have been recognized for use as aggregate, although significant differences exist when
compared to conventional natural aggregates (NA). The use of recycled concrete waste-based
aggregates in new concrete is a way of maximizing the economic benefits of CDW and, even
though it has been the subject of study for a long time, opinions are still not consensual. As
expected, concrete made with recycled aggregates (RA) has different characteristics from those
of conventional concrete, and these differences are strongly dependent on the type and quality of
the aggregates used.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 ModelEditor IJCATR
The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This study focused on the practice of using computing resources more efficiently while maintaining or increasing overall performance. Sustainable IT services require the integration of green computing practices such as power management, virtualization, improving cooling technology, recycling, electronic waste disposal, and optimization of the IT infrastructure to meet sustainability requirements. Studies have shown that costs of power utilized by IT departments can approach 50% of the overall energy costs for an organization. While there is an expectation that green IT should lower costs and the firm’s impact on the environment, there has been far less attention directed at understanding the strategic benefits of sustainable IT services in terms of the creation of customer value, business value and societal value. This paper provides a review of the literature on sustainable IT, key areas of focus, and identifies a core set of principles to guide sustainable IT service design.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Optimum Location of DG Units Considering Operation ConditionsEditor IJCATR
The optimal sizing and placement of Distributed Generation units (DG) are becoming very attractive to researchers these days. In this paper a two stage approach has been used for allocation and sizing of DGs in distribution system with time varying load model. The strategic placement of DGs can help in reducing energy losses and improving voltage profile. The proposed work discusses time varying loads that can be useful for selecting the location and optimizing DG operation. The method has the potential to be used for integrating the available DGs by identifying the best locations in a power system. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus test system.
Analysis of Comparison of Fuzzy Knn, C4.5 Algorithm, and Naïve Bayes Classifi...Editor IJCATR
Early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM) can prevent or inhibit complication. There are several laboratory test that must be done to detect DM. The result of this laboratory test then converted into data training. Data training used in this study generated from UCI Pima Database with 6 attributes that were used to classify positive or negative diabetes. There are various classification methods that are commonly used, and in this study three of them were compared, which were fuzzy KNN, C4.5 algorithm and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) with one identical case. The objective of this study was to create software to classify DM using tested methods and compared the three methods based on accuracy, precision, and recall. The results showed that the best method was Fuzzy KNN with average and maximum accuracy reached 96% and 98%, respectively. In second place, NBC method had respective average and maximum accuracy of 87.5% and 90%. Lastly, C4.5 algorithm had average and maximum accuracy of 79.5% and 86%, respectively.
Web Scraping for Estimating new Record from Source SiteEditor IJCATR
Study in the Competitive field of Intelligent, and studies in the field of Web Scraping, have a symbiotic relationship mutualism. In the information age today, the website serves as a main source. The research focus is on how to get data from websites and how to slow down the intensity of the download. The problem that arises is the website sources are autonomous so that vulnerable changes the structure of the content at any time. The next problem is the system intrusion detection snort installed on the server to detect bot crawler. So the researchers propose the use of the methods of Mining Data Records and the method of Exponential Smoothing so that adaptive to changes in the structure of the content and do a browse or fetch automatically follow the pattern of the occurrences of the news. The results of the tests, with the threshold 0.3 for MDR and similarity threshold score 0.65 for STM, using recall and precision values produce f-measure average 92.6%. While the results of the tests of the exponential estimation smoothing using ? = 0.5 produces MAE 18.2 datarecord duplicate. It slowed down to 3.6 datarecord from 21.8 datarecord results schedule download/fetch fix in an average time of occurrence news.
Evaluating Semantic Similarity between Biomedical Concepts/Classes through S...Editor IJCATR
Most of the existing semantic similarity measures that use ontology structure as their primary source can measure semantic similarity between concepts/classes using single ontology. The ontology-based semantic similarity techniques such as structure-based semantic similarity techniques (Path Length Measure, Wu and Palmer’s Measure, and Leacock and Chodorow’s measure), information content-based similarity techniques (Resnik’s measure, Lin’s measure), and biomedical domain ontology techniques (Al-Mubaid and Nguyen’s measure (SimDist)) were evaluated relative to human experts’ ratings, and compared on sets of concepts using the ICD-10 “V1.0” terminology within the UMLS. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the SemDist technique in single ontology, and demonstrate that SemDist semantic similarity techniques, compared with the existing techniques, gives the best overall results of correlation with experts’ ratings.
Semantic Similarity Measures between Terms in the Biomedical Domain within f...Editor IJCATR
The techniques and tests are tools used to define how measure the goodness of ontology or its resources. The similarity between biomedical classes/concepts is an important task for the biomedical information extraction and knowledge discovery. However, most of the semantic similarity techniques can be adopted to be used in the biomedical domain (UMLS). Many experiments have been conducted to check the applicability of these measures. In this paper, we investigate to measure semantic similarity between two terms within single ontology or multiple ontologies in ICD-10 “V1.0” as primary source, and compare my results to human experts score by correlation coefficient.
A Strategy for Improving the Performance of Small Files in Openstack Swift Editor IJCATR
This is an effective way to improve the storage access performance of small files in Openstack Swift by adding an aggregate storage module. Because Swift will lead to too much disk operation when querying metadata, the transfer performance of plenty of small files is low. In this paper, we propose an aggregated storage strategy (ASS), and implement it in Swift. ASS comprises two parts which include merge storage and index storage. At the first stage, ASS arranges the write request queue in chronological order, and then stores objects in volumes. These volumes are large files that are stored in Swift actually. During the short encounter time, the object-to-volume mapping information is stored in Key-Value store at the second stage. The experimental results show that the ASS can effectively improve Swift's small file transfer performance.
Integrated System for Vehicle Clearance and RegistrationEditor IJCATR
Efficient management and control of government's cash resources rely on government banking arrangements. Nigeria, like many low income countries, employed fragmented systems in handling government receipts and payments. Later in 2016, Nigeria implemented a unified structure as recommended by the IMF, where all government funds are collected in one account would reduce borrowing costs, extend credit and improve government's fiscal policy among other benefits to government. This situation motivated us to embark on this research to design and implement an integrated system for vehicle clearance and registration. This system complies with the new Treasury Single Account policy to enable proper interaction and collaboration among five different level agencies (NCS, FRSC, SBIR, VIO and NPF) saddled with vehicular administration and activities in Nigeria. Since the system is web based, Object Oriented Hypermedia Design Methodology (OOHDM) is used. Tools such as Php, JavaScript, css, html, AJAX and other web development technologies were used. The result is a web based system that gives proper information about a vehicle starting from the exact date of importation to registration and renewal of licensing. Vehicle owner information, custom duty information, plate number registration details, etc. will also be efficiently retrieved from the system by any of the agencies without contacting the other agency at any point in time. Also number plate will no longer be the only means of vehicle identification as it is presently the case in Nigeria, because the unified system will automatically generate and assigned a Unique Vehicle Identification Pin Number (UVIPN) on payment of duty in the system to the vehicle and the UVIPN will be linked to the various agencies in the management information system.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Customer Order Management System: A Case Stu...Editor IJCATR
The Supermarket Management System deals with the automation of buying and selling of good and services. It includes both sales and purchase of items. The project Supermarket Management System is to be developed with the objective of making the system reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*Editor IJCATR
Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2]. A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA * is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Security in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Challenges and Research Opportun...Editor IJCATR
In networks, the rapidly changing traffic patterns of search engines, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Big Data and data centers has thrown up new challenges for legacy; existing networks; and prompted the need for a more intelligent and innovative way to dynamically manage traffic and allocate limited network resources. Software Defined Network (SDN) which decouples the control plane from the data plane through network vitalizations aims to address these challenges. This paper has explored the SDN architecture and its implementation with the OpenFlow protocol. It has also assessed some of its benefits over traditional network architectures, security concerns and how it can be addressed in future research and related works in emerging economies such as Nigeria.
Measure the Similarity of Complaint Document Using Cosine Similarity Based on...Editor IJCATR
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The designing of routing algorithms faces many challenges in underwater environment like: propagation delay, acoustic channel behaviour, limited bandwidth, high bit error rate, limited battery power, underwater pressure, node mobility, localization 3D deployment, and underwater obstacles (voids). This paper focuses the underwater voids which affects the overall performance of the entire network. The majority of the researchers have used the better approaches for removal of voids through alternate path selection mechanism but still research needs improvement. This paper also focuses the architecture and its operation through merits and demerits of the existing algorithms. This research article further focuses the analytical method of the performance analysis of existing algorithms through which we found the better approach for removal of voids
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 4 Issue 2, 2015, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
www.ijsea.com 30
Creative Economic Building Components
For Low-Income Housing
Basil Kamel, PhD
Professor of Architecture and Urban Theory
American University in Cairo
Cairo, Egypt
Moaz Mohamed
Practicing Architect
Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: When observing Egypt‟s method of expansion, one can identify a clear language and distinctive pattern of urban
development. The years following 1952, marked by the privatization of agricultural land and the population boom, gave rise to a soon
to be urban „catastrophe‟. In order to fulfil the needs of the growing population, buildings were sprouting out everywhere, causing
agricultural lands to disappear under a jungle of red bricks, erasing the lines between urban and rural. This phenomenon of informal
expansion has spread across the country composing what is commonly known as Ashwa’eeyat or informal settlements. In Egypt, these
can be identified by a unified method of construction using concrete skeleton structures of concrete slabs and beams along with plain
red brick walls; an appearance that does not reflect nor shed light on the Egyptian culture or environmental requirements. The use of
bricks and concrete is due to the fact that this construction method is the most commonly used and feasible type of construction; the
material is available, the workmanship, even though it is not the most economic method. Egypt is a developing country that possesses
numerous resources, being both tangible and intangible ones. The aim of this paper is to research and determine the possibility of
creating different elements of construction utilizing available resources and recycling waste material. These elements would be
economic and reflective of the Egyptian culture while maintaining the necessary environmental and physical safety requirements
sought in residential buildings.
Keywords: recycled materials; alternative wall; construction waste; informal; economic construction alternative
1. INTRODUCTION
Analyzing the informal urban fabric at the fringes of the city
of Cairo, a significant sense of physical uniformity is apparent
due to the use of specific materials and construction systems.
The use of exposed red bricks with skeleton type concrete
structures is the norm of construction although these materials
and construction methods are non-economic and do not satisfy
environmental requirements (Figure 1 & Figure 2). There are
very little studies that address potential of recycling waste
material for environmental solutions and as means to enhance
economic vitality for community development on the one
hand, and better define local identity on the other (MOPIC,
2004).
Figure 1. Informal Settlements of Izbet Khayralla.
Figure 2. Informal Settlements of Dar El Salam.
Figure 3 illustrates that Cairo is considered one of the major
concentrations for slums and dilapidated communities (Abu-
Lughod & Sims, 2010). Approaches for development and
providing for housing should involve creative models that
address the resources and potentials of these communities
(Revedin, 2012). By identifying these potentials; be they
tangible (natural, physical resources such as materials, site
conditions, etc..) or intangible ones (craftsmanship, etc.) one
can achieve creative models of development. This paper aims
to develop creative new wall construction through the use of
available resources and recycled waste materials both from
the potentials of a local community (taken as a case study)
and the nation resources. This model, as developed, shall
serve as an exemplary process aimed to be repeated around
the country. It shall re-enforce connection at a socio-cultural
2. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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level through the use of existing resources on the ground of
mutual benefit and collaborative work.
Figure 3. Figure illustrating the 30 mega slums of the world with
Cairo amongst the top ranked.
A community site at Khaya¬la lying in Fustat area was chosen
as the case study. The variable sub-communities within this
site posses resources (represented in man power/people, waste
bi products and craftsmanship) that gear towards developing a
potential economic creative model for building materials
concentrating on new wall systems. It also aims to involve
the local community through empowerment and raising
awareness of potentials for socio-economic development (GIZ
& KFW, 2012).
The Khayala site‟s activity patterns generate a significant
amount of wasted bi products that could be otherwise the key
develop alternative construction material (Figure 4). On one
hand, AlKhayala site is a zone containing stone workshops
that work with Sandstone, Basalt and granite, which are
handcrafted to produce various types of wall claddings,
flooring and ornamentation. The workers sell the stone they
hand carve and craft while disposing all the waste stone out of
the site after paying a fee for each loading. On the other hand,
there exists a large supply of materials within the nation that
are not used to their fullest potential such as palm fronds and
rice husk (Jahromi et al, 2007). In fact, a large amount of rice
husk is burnt every year by peasants and farmers because they
consider it useless (Razavi, 2005).
Figure 4. Waste basalt, sandstone and granite located on site
The basic hypothesis of this research assumes that by
conducting research about the different available practices of
material use and the potentials born from recycled waste
materials both at the level of the community and nationwide,
the design and creation of alternate wall components could be
proposed. This shall substitute the existing dominant language
(or system) of facades in most informal neighborhoods of
Cairo and Egypt, and thus creating a new system that could be
a seed for a new socio-cultural local identity. The component
is considered one of the approaches of development within a
wider scope project, attempting to alter the present schemes,
while reviving and redefining tomorrow‟s heritage.
2. METHODOLOGY
Figure 5. Diagram of methodology (researchers)
The research relied on both a literature review and empirical
studies to identify the potentials and material resources and
types available in the community. A process of material
identification was conducted in order to highlight the
strengths, features, characteristics and weaknesses of each
material; information such as availability, material strength,
source and potentials. This process of identification relied on
ASTM standard test methods results.
Based on this information, new alternatives and wall
components with the use of waste material identified from
different locations and sources were proposed. The proposal
phase included the assessment of the wall sections‟ thermal
properties to ensure their physical and environmental
qualities. The final phase involved an economic analysis
comparing the wall sections with respect to the dominant
brick wall commonly used in Egypt. This was conducted to
assess the feasibility, economic significance and tendency of
the wall components to contend within the local market,
especially in informal areas.
3. MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION
3.1 Briefing
In this sector, the process of identifying the material will take
place, revealing the following components:
- Sources of material
- Quantity of material
- Potentials of material
- Properties and features (through research and testing
(ASTM))
- Treatments (if required).
3.2 Characteristics and Features
3.2.1 Stone
Each workshop on the premises of the site produces a daily
average of 350 kg of waste stone. There are 120 different
workshops within the site. There are 55 workshops working
with basalt, 40 workshops working with Sandstone and 25
3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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workshops working with granite. The site produces an
average of 1,260,000 kg (1,340 tons) of waste stone monthly.
The stone located on the site is of various types, including
Basalt, granite and sandstone (locally known as „Hashmi‟).
3.2.2 Basalt
Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock composed
mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals (Subramanian,
2010). Basalt is used as a finishing material embedded on
building facades and as finishing material for road networks
in high-end residential compounds and districts.
Properties - Testing results:
ASTM C 97-02, standard test method for, "Absorption and
Bulk, Specific Gravity of Dimension stone"
ASTM C 170-99, standard test method for "Test for
Compressive strength of Dimension stone", Dry conditions
ASTM C 99-2000, Standard test method for “Test for
Modulus of Rupture of Dimension stone ", Wet Conditions
Table 1. Standard Specification for Basalt Dimension Stone
Compressive
strength
(n/mm2
)
Bulk
specific
Gravity
Water
absorption
(%)
Modulus
of
Rupture
(n/mm2
)
108.2 2.7 0.71 20.26
3.2.3 Granite
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large
enough to be visible with the unaided eye. Granite is mainly
composed of quartz and feldspar. This mineral composition
usually gives granite a red, pink, gray or white color with dark
mineral grains visible throughout the rock (Robertson, 1988).
Properties - Testing results:
ASTM C615 / C615M
Table 2. Standard Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
Compressive
strength
(n/mm2
)
Bulk
specific
Gravity
Water
absorption
(%)
Modulus
of
Rupture
(n/mm2
)
131 25 0.40 10.32
3.2.4 Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized
grains of mineral, rock or organic material. It also contains a
cementing material that binds the sand grains together and
may contain silt sized particles that occupy the spaces
between the sand grains. Sandstone is often mined for use as a
construction material or as a raw material used in
manufacturing (Torabi, 2013).
Properties - Testing results:
ASTM C616 / C616M
Table 3. Standard Specification for Sandstone Dimension
Stone
Compressive
strength
Bulk
specific
Water
absorption
Modulus
of
(n/mm2
) Gravity (%) Rupture
(n/mm2
)
34 3 4 2.91
3.2.5 Rice Husk
An available resource widely spread within Egypt specifically
within Upper Egypt. Every year, the peasants tend to burn the
rice husk into ashes, creating a much-polluted environment.
The rice husk is known for its high thermal performance and
insulation (Ramezanianpour, 1997). It needs to be cured and
compressed in order to form usable sheets to be implemented
for different uses (Ramezanianpour, 2009).
Figure 5. Rice husk is extensively present in Lower Egypt agricultural
areas
Figure 6. Rice husk unused and burnt by peasants and farmers
3.2.6 Palm Fronds
Egypt is ranked the second worldwide country possessing date
palm trees. Around 7,000,000 palm trees are located within
the country carrying a large amount of palm fronds. The
fronds have been used for years in Upper Egypt for various
components and tools. Palm fronds are characterized to be
extremely strong, fiber based and durable. It is a widely
available and renewable material that has great potentials.
This material has been used to produce furniture and
containers due to its physical traits but was never pushed
further until lately (Suryawanshi, 2013).
4. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Figure 7. Palm fronds being fabricated to small containers in Upper
Egypt
3.3 Analytical Review
After the process of material identification, it could be
concluded that the nation possesses a large quantity and
supply of material that is considered waste, however it is not
used efficiently. In order to put these materials to good use, a
process of empowering and tutoring of people is required, in
order for them to understand the „know how‟ of using the
material and the connections or sources required in order to
attain the material (GIZ 2, 2012). The rice husk, stones of
different types and the fronds are concluded to have strong
insulating properties (Bowman et al, 1992, & Marthong, 2012
& Robertson, 1988). They could be used as filling material or
layers in the process of wall creation to attain good thermal
conductivity features.
The Basalt and granite have proven to have high compressive
strength, feasibly qualifying them to be used as structural
components (Hamadallah, 2008 & Sosna, 2013). The palm
fronds is a material of very interesting features that could be
used in a variety of methods; it has proven to have high
compressive strength and a relatively low weight in addition
to it being a fiber based component that could be easily
manipulated and shaped (Shamsi, 2009).
After understanding the materials and their properties, we
work to identify the possible configurations that would
assemble wall sections of adequate properties and features.
Proposal 1 is a wall that is composed of palm fronds, rice
husk and stone that attempts to produce a lightweight wall that
could be used to envelope auxiliary functions and temporary
structures.
Proposal 2 is a building block that is composed of stone, rice
husk and cement in an attempt to replace the red brick with a
building block of higher performance (Mehta, 2004), and has
an aesthetical and cultural value represented in the use of
stone and the appearance of the block configuration.
Proposal 3 is a decorative component referred to as stone
paste and is used to form various shapes due to its fluidity
prior to hardening, and is composed of cement, gypsum and
waste crushed stone.
3.4 Wall Sections Proposed
3.4.1 Proposal 1- Palm fronds, rice husk and stone
The first proposed wall section uses a combination of the
waste stone material located on site along with the use of
palm fronds from Upper and Lower Egypt, PVC waste pipes
from industrial facilities in 6th
October city and rice husk from
Lower Egypt. The idea is to use the palm fronds and stone as
a replacement to reinforced steel bars implemented in
structural concrete columns since the basalt stone and granite
have a high compressive strength and the palm fronds attain
85% the strength of reinforced steel, making huge savings on
cost which will be analyzed later on in the paper. The idea is
to create and pour a strong base to the structural column using
concrete filled with waste stone aggregates of large sizes
while a PVC pipe is imbedded in its core, rising up as a core
for the column. The column would then have stone of smaller
sizes placed into it with the addition of cement mortar to
create a strong column structure. After that the palm fronds
will be fabricated and manipulated to create wall outer shells
with no filling on the inside. The columns should be
maximum 2m apart from each other for issues regarding
bracing and lateral stability. The shells will be totally solid
and will act as a container. The waste stone material on the
other hand after being broken to smaller sizes will be used as
the insulating filling material between the interior and exterior
palm fronds wall shells.
Figure 8. Design details of proposal 1
5. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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3.4.1.1 Implementation and Construction Methods
Steps of implementation
Column construction
1. Cut the palm fronds and categorize the different
cross sections
2. Add strands of palm fronds and tie to the extruding
palm fronds from the column foundation (Ashayer)
3. Use a waste PVC pipe of 10 cm radius or so to act
as the core of the column
4. Pour concrete into the PVC core with palm fronds
(Ones that have tied with the foundation)
5. Use the thick (highest strength) portion of the palm
fronds to encircle the core and tie a strand of the
lighter fronds to hold them all together.
Wall construction
1. Prepare and work on the intertwining of palm fronds
together to create large span palm fronds
2. Use the large span strands to wrap the fronds around
the columns
3. Apply several layers ensuring there are no hollow
openings between the strands
4. Pour the stone into the shell of palm fronds between
two columns.
3.4.1.2 Thermal Conductivity
Figure 9. Ecotect results for Proposal 1 wall section
The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on
Autodesk Ecotect, an analysis sustainable building design
software that offers building energy analysis tools for
architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal
conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section
being:
- U-value: Measure of heat loss
- Admittance: Material‟s ability to absorb and release heat
from a space
- Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed by
wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted
- Thermal lag: Materials required time to add or remove
heat from a mass before it reaches the design set point
temperature
Analyzing proposal 1, it could be established that the wall
section has a relatively low U-value and admittance of 0.12
due to the very high use of rice husk as a filling material of
the wall‟s core; it has relatively high insulating properties
(Zhang & Malhotra, 1996). The wall was also able to achieve
a neutral solar absorption ratio of 0.531 and a thermal lag of 5
hours. The wall could be characterized to be light weighted
and a very suitable wall component for the construction of
light structures. This is due to the limitations of both the palm
fronds and the rice husk that are expected to decay within a
certain time frame and will need replacement.
3.4.2 Proposal 2- Stone Block
The second proposed wall section intends to introduce a
building block composed of stone waste, rice husk and
cement. The idea is to design a building block to replace the
red bricks being used today by a stronger and a more
environmental building block. The block will be designed to
contain waste stone blocks ranging from 8-12cm diameter
along with rice husk and cement mortar with hollow openings
in its core to lighten its weight. This proposal requires both
the design of the mold and the mix.
Figure 10. Design details of proposal 2
6. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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3.4.2.1 Implementation and Construction Methods
Steps of implementation
1. Design and fabricate a mold with openings
2. Sieve the stone to achieve required stone size
3. Place the waste stone in the mold
4. Prepare the mixture of rice husk, cement, sand and
water
5. Pour the mixture into the mold over the placed
waste stone
6. Leave the mixture in the mold to harden
7. Use the building block in the same method use the
thick (highest strength) portion of the palm fronds to
encircle the core and tie a strand of the lighter
fronds to hold them all together.
3.4.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
Figure 10. Ecotect results for Proposal 2 wall section
The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on
Autodesk Ecotect that is an analysis sustainable building
design software that offers building energy analysis tools for
architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal
conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section
being:
- U-value: Measure of heat loss
- Admittance: Material‟s ability to absorb and release heat
from a space
- Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed by
the wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted
- Thermal lag: Material‟s required time to add or remove
heat from a mass before it reaches the design set point
temperature
Analyzing proposal 2, it could be established that the wall
component possesses a low U-Value and admittance values
due to the stone‟s (collectively) high insulating properties.
The wall section was able to achieve reasonable solar
admittance values along with a 5 hour thermal lag
achievement. The wall component is considered relatively
heavy in comparison with existing building blocks such as red
bricks but however has much higher environmental
performance and an aesthetical component with the extruding
stone element.
3.4.3 Proposal 3- Stone paste | Decorative
The third proposed wall section uses a combination of waste
stone material located on site, gypsum, and white cement. The
gypsum and cement are located in Ain El Sira zone within a 2
km radius from the site where workshops and markets of
cornices and decorative elements exist (GIZ, 2012). The idea
is to crush the stone into very small fragments within the 1 cm
range. After that, a combination of the gypsum and white
cement is added to the stone fragments to create a paste like
component. On the other hand, there is an approach of
creating molds of various forms into which the paste can be
poured into. The shapes do not have to be linear or regular
and could provide limitless designs, patterns and shapes. The
shapes could also include the embedding of external
components such as flower boxes within the wall. The molds
could contain extruding members that would be used to
interlock and attach to neighboring blocks like Lego parts
(tongue and groove connections). Palm fronds could be
implemented within the walls to add to its strength depending
on the use and nature of the wall design.
3.4.3.1 Implementation and Construction Methods
Steps of implementation
1. Crush small size stone using stone crushing
machine
2. Sieve stone particles to achieve maximum size of
1cm radius
3. Create mold with intended design either engraved or
intrusions or extrusions, etc.….
4. Prepare the mixture of white cement and gypsum
5. Mix the stone particles with the mixture prepared to
create paste
6. Pour the paste into the mold
7. Leave paste to harden
8. Move block to specified location (Cast in place if
selected block is one with connection with floor
slab)
9. Move block to attach to other blocks through tongue
and groove connections created in the poured block.
10. Apply desired finishes to interior and exterior (if
preferred).
3.4.3.2 Thermal Conductivity
7. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Figure 11. Ecotect results for Proposal 3 wall section
The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on
Autodesk Ecotect that is an analysis sustainable building
design software that offers building energy analysis tools for
architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal
conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section
being:
- U-value: Measure of heat loss
- Admittance: Material‟s ability to absorb and release
heat from a space
- Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed
by the wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted
- Thermal lag: Material‟s required time to add or
remove heat from a mass before it reaches the
design set point temperature
Analyzing proposal 3, it could be concluded that the wall
section has achieved average U-Value of 4.340, Admittance
of 4.6,solar absorption of 0.531 and a thermal lag of 5 hours.
The results are relatively low due to the fact that this building
element possesses a small cross section. The component is
intended to be used as a decorative element.
4. Analytical and Comparative Review
In order to be able to assess the thermal properties of the
proposed wall sections, a comparative review should be
constructed to compare the proposed with the existing wall
sections commonly used and sought to be replaced..
Figure 12. Ecotect results for double brick wall
Figure 13. Ecotect results for double brick wall.
5. Economic Analysis & Conclusion
In order to achieve a successful component that would
actually be able to attain success and replace the existing
building block of red bricks, the economic value of the
product and component should be intriguing and competitive.
The economic aspect is the main factor that people seek since
their aim is to reduce the building expenses as much as
possible.
Below is a table including the prices of the various
construction materials to be used in the analysis and
comparison of the proposed components:
Material Price
Sand 30 LE per m3
Cement 500-600 LE per 50 kg
Stones 0
Rice husk (transportation fee)
Steel 5100-5700 LE per ton
Aggregates 100 per m3
Red Bricks 300 per 1000 bricks
Palm fronds 100 LE per ton
Gypsum 375 LE
Figure 13. Table illustrating the market value of the different building
components and materials
5.1.1 Methodology of Comparison
In order to correctly measure the true value of each wall
component, it was only relevant to calculate the value of
construction of a whole wall. The comparison process will
take place between the proposed wall section of the building
block and the existing commonly used wall cross section of
single layered and double layered red brick since they will be
within the same category. The wall that will be built and
economically weighed is a 3X4m wall. Furthermore, analysis
and cost of the two other remaining proposed components will
be presented to test their feasibility and tendency to contribute
as a contender in the present market.
5.1.1.1 Existing Brick wall
Questioning market and method of payment:
Observing and surveying engineers and personnel involved in
the Egyptian market and construction industry, it was
analyzed and concluded that the price of purchasing 1000
bricks would range from 300 LE to 350 LE.
Price of bonding material:
8. International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
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Price of cement mortar required to bond 1000 bricks can
account for an extra 75 LE.
Number of blocks required:
3m / 0.07m (accounting for cement mortar 1cm)= 42.86 = 43
rows of brick
4m / 0.13m (accounting for cement mortar 1cm)= 30.76 = 31
bricks per row
43 X 31= 1333 bricks are required to build the wall of area
(4X3m)
Price of wall:
Single wall:
(1333 / 1000) X 425 (price of bricks and mortar)= 566.52 LE
Double wall:
(2666 / 1000) X 425 (price of bricks and mortar)= 1133 LE
5.1.1.2 Palm fronds, rice husk and stone
The required quantity of material to compose this proposed
wall will acquire the following:
- Around 300 palm fronds will be needed to be
components of wall shell and column reinforcement,
weighing around 750km
- Volume of 3m3
of rice husk
- Volume of 0.36 m3
of stone
- 3 PVC waste pipes
Prices:
- Palm fronds = 30 LE
- Rice husk = 0 LE (transportation and compression fee of
100-150 LE)
- Stone = 0 LE (72 LE price of crafted stone they sell)
- Waste PVC pipes = 20 LE
The total value required to construct the proposed wall section
is 200-250 LE of material, excluding the cost of labor and
neglecting the price of stone.
1. Proposal 2 - Stone block
Given that the wall requires 12m2
coverage, the calculation of
the number of blocks required takes place. The coverage
(elevation) of the stone block is (20X30cm):
Price of single building block:
- Alternative 1 (Assuming that the waste left over the stone is
sold with the same price of the stone crafted) :
The first step is to calculate the volume of the block:
(Block = 0.5m X 0.2m X 0.3m = 0.3m3
) – (Voids= 2(0.12m X
0.12m Xo.2m)=0.0028 m3
)= 0.0272 m3
The volume of a single block that accounts for 0.0272 m3
is
then subdivided to contain 70% stone and 30% cement
mortar. This means that 0.019 m3
of the volume will be
composed of stone and 0.00816m3
of the volume composed of
cement mortar components of sand, cement and water.
By multiplying the volume of stone by the price of stone (200
LE for m3
), it could be concluded that the price of the stone
component in a single building block is 3.80 LE.
By dividing the ratio of cement mortar into its three
components and multiplying them by their respective market
values we could conclude that the prices of these elements for
a single building block are as follows:
Cement: 3.06 LE
Sand: 0.17 LE
Water: (Assumed exaggerated value of 0.05 LE)
It could then be summed up that the value of composing a
single building block is 7.08 LE.
- Alternative 2 (Assuming that the waste left over stone is of
no value since it is thrown away):
It could then be summed up that the value of composing a
single building block is 3.82 LE.
Price of bonding material:
No bonding material is required for the assembly; the wall is
connected by a tongue and groove embedded in the building
blocks.
Number of blocks required:
3m / 0.2m(length of block)= 15 rows of blocks
4m / 0.5m(width of block)= 8 bricks per row
15 X 8= 120 stone blocks are required to build the wall of
area (4 X 3m)
Price of wall:
Alternative 1:
7.08 LE X 120= 849.60 LE
Alternative 2:
3.80 LE X 120= 456 LE
Logically speaking, Alternative 2 of calculation would be the
price of the product with no profit value.
2. Proposal 3 - Stone paste | Decorative
The required quantity of material to compose 1 m3
of this
proposed wall will acquire the following:
- Stone: 0.45 m3
- White cement mortar: 0.15 m3
- Gypsum: 0.20 m3
- Rice husk: 0.20 m3
Prices:
- Stone: 0 LE (90 LE price of crafted stone they sell)
- White cement mortar: 120 LE
- Gypsum: 75 LE
- Rice husk: 0 LE (transportation and compression fee of
10-15 LE)
The total value required to construct the proposed wall section
is 90 LE of material, excluding the cost of labor and
neglecting price of the stone and the mold fabrication.
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6. Conclusion
The assessment of the proposed wall sections on both the
physical and economic levels, reveals that the proposed wall
cross sections represent a good approach to treating the
projected problem as stated; overcoming the vanishing
cultural and architectural language that has been replaced with
the informal and “random” construction spreading in our
nation. The following confirms these findings:
Proposal 1 presents a lightweight structural component. It can
be observed that the use of palm fronds in buildings bestows a
strong structural component and a cultural essence, involving
a long living labor of skill and craftsmanship in Upper Egypt.
The material displays strength of fabric in addition to the
material‟s tendency to be shaped and intertwined. The use of
the material achieves a strong connection to Upper Egypt‟s
sub-communities and maintains common ground of interest
through material exchange in a process of expanding and
developing an unappreciated and unused waste material. The
proposed wall section will also introduce a strong bond to the
lower Egyptian sub-communities and villages, forming
another platform based on common interest and exchange of
material; developing and spreading a structural component of
low cost and a highly environmental performance.
Proposal 2 introduces a building block that uses the Khayala
site‟s waste stone to generate a high performance
environmental building component that does not require the
use of bonding material, and connects using a method of
interlocking. Moreover, the material is of high strength and
could be used as a self-sustaining structural element.
Introducing this building block will build a connection with
suppliers of materials such as cement and sand and will
present to the community a building block that could be
aesthetically utilized besides its functional and structural
capabilities in an attempt to initiate a new movement towards
“natural material” facades. The material in comparison with
the dominant existing building material of red brick provides
higher environmental and physical performance. Regarding
the cost of using this block to form walls, the composition has
proven to be economical within the price range of both the
single brick and double brick. The weakness of the material
lies in its bulkiness; 50 cm length, 20 cm height and 30 cm
depth, which limits the component‟s flexibility in building
and design.
Proposal 3, offers the stone paste wall configuration,
accordingly, it is observed that the developed methodology
and mixture component will open doors to unordinary
designs, with the ability of the component to form endless
configurations due to its fluidity and smoothness prior to
hardening. The component could be characterized as tough,
and is able to compose solid elements that are classified as
aesthetical decorative elements, giving it an advantage over
gypsum decorative products due to its toughness and
durability. The production of this component will create a
connection between the site with the neighboring sub-
community of Ain El Sira that works with gypsum to create
decorative cornices and components. The material could be
classified as economic and has a high propensity to compete
in the local market.
To conclude, Egypt is a land that possesses a wide range of
resources that are unused and barely fulfilling their great
potentials. It is the role of thinkers and scientists to connect
the dots and work on finding adequate approaches of building
common grounds of interest and connecting people through
the available resources. Egypt today is a divided nation due to
reasons that as seen could be categorized as socio-political but
in the roots lies an economic query for prosperity and
livelihood. In order to rise and unite, one must start with
simple solutions, that do not intimidate or discourage the
intended beneficiaries with extreme changes and
modifications, but rather present them with efficient methods
and tools of treatment that allow them to be both the “actors
and the viewers” of development. The model envisioned in
the Khayala site is merely a starting point; by the development
of the available resources and empowerment of people, the
Khayala site would hopefully expand and develop its craft,
gain profit, make connections and on the long run, re-shape
the heritage of tomorrow by altering the dominant form of
construction and opening doors to innovation.
Note: Prices used are based on prices in the year 2014.
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