The document summarizes a study that analyzed 100 samples of rock salt and refined table salt consumed in Iran for levels of heavy metals. The study found:
- The mean concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in the salts were all below maximum limits set by the Codex.
- No statistically significant difference was observed between heavy metal contamination levels of rock salt versus refined salt.
- While rock salt use is discouraged, the study found it does not pose a higher health risk from heavy metals than refined salt.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cobalt chloride at selected periods showed a decrease in their ventilation rate up to 27.91% in lethal concentration at 240hr of exposure, while, in sublethal concentrations initially increased up to 23.95 & 27.91% at 96 and 240hr of exposure followed by a decline up to 24.70 and 12.94% at 960hr of exposure to 39.45 and 13.10 mg/l concentration respectively. The O2 uptake rate initially increased followed by a decline up to 54.47% at 240hr of exposure to lethal concentration (92.00 mg/l) & up to 28.80 & 10.65% in sublethal concentration at 960hr of exposure. Keywords: O2 uptake; ventilation rate: Cirrhinus mrigala; Cobalt chloride
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cobalt chloride at selected periods showed a decrease in their ventilation rate up to 27.91% in lethal concentration at 240hr of exposure, while, in sublethal concentrations initially increased up to 23.95 & 27.91% at 96 and 240hr of exposure followed by a decline up to 24.70 and 12.94% at 960hr of exposure to 39.45 and 13.10 mg/l concentration respectively. The O2 uptake rate initially increased followed by a decline up to 54.47% at 240hr of exposure to lethal concentration (92.00 mg/l) & up to 28.80 & 10.65% in sublethal concentration at 960hr of exposure. Keywords: O2 uptake; ventilation rate: Cirrhinus mrigala; Cobalt chloride
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
Trabalho em grupo da disciplina de Educação à distância - Cederj- UERJ
Licenciatura em Pedagogia
Texto :" A docência online. A pesquisa e a cibercultura como fundamentos para a docência online."
Autor: Marcos Silva.
Grupo: Camila Machado
Joice Nunes
Jaqueline Campos
Component level results from the recently published IPS Amazônia - Social Progress Index for the Brazilian Amazon study (ipsamazonia.org.br). The study, measuring human wellbeing across nine states in the Brazilian Amazon and covering nearly 24 million people, has revealed several areas of striking difference between the Amazon region and the overall state of Brazil.
The Amazon region peforms significantly worse than Brazil as a whole on Shelter, with a difference in score of 19.55 between the regional and national experience.
A S.Media desenvolve projetos
em Redes Sociais e Comunicação.
Oferecemos as melhores soluções no
mundo digital.
Em sincronia com o crescimento das Redes Sociais e Comunicação apostamos nestes meios como potenciais núcleos de negócio e sociabilização.
Oferecemos para nossos clientes trabalhos com resultado e fundamento, pois acreditamos que através de um projeto criativo, planejado e bem executado proporcionamos as empresas um leque de serviços e ações que projetam seu nome no mercado e trás seguidores fiéis que vestem a camisa do seu produto ou serviço.
Video. illusioni. come sono nati e come vivono i video dipendenti, youtubers ...SocialMediaDayMI
Il Mashable Social Media Day e’ una delle manifestazioni più importanti al mondo che celebra la rivoluzione digitale, le dinamiche, le potenzialità dei social network e gli impatti da questi generate.
Oltre 40 eccellenze in campo digitale hanno raccontato come ottenere risultati di successo attraverso l’utilizzo dei principali strumenti in ambito social media
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Brushstrokes of Inspiration: Four Major Influences in Victor Gilbert’s Artist...KendraJohnson54
Throughout his career, Victor Gilbert was influenced heavily by various factors, the most notable being his upbringing and the artistic movements of his time. A rich tapestry of inspirations appears in Gilbert’s work, ranging from their own experiences to the art movements of that period.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
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for improving taste but also as a preservative to
many canned, salted and pickled or fresh foods.
The harvest of salt from the surface of the salt
lakes dates back to at least 6000 BC, making
it one of the oldest food additives in human
history. Refined salt, which is most widely used
presently, is mainly sodium chloride. Every
year, several hundreds of million tones of salt is
produced worldwide. However, food grade salt
accounts for only a small part of salt production in
industrialized countries although worldwide food
uses account for 17.5% of salt production.
In spite of considerable variation, daily
intake of salt for many consumers is substantial.
Therefore, due to the daily consumption of
table salt, any contamination in salt even in low
level could create health risks to the consumers.
Recently, incidence of heavy metal contamination
in table salt has been investigated worldwide (1-5).
In order to improve iodine daily intake,
Iran health authorities have encouraged use
of crystallized and fortified table salt since
past decades (6). Today, most refined salt is
prepared from rock salt which is mined either
conventionally or through the injection of water.
Raw salt may be later refined through purification
and recrystallization. In the latter process, a brine
solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate
most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium
salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then
used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals.
Although it is expected that purified table salt has
lower level of contaminations, for cultural and
economical reasons some Iranian still prefer to use
rock salt. Rock salt or halite is a type of unpurified
food salt directly obtained from salt mines and are
presented to the consumers in different size and
weights. Although direct human use of rock salt
has been discouraged by the health authorities, its
presence in the market indicates that this type of
saltisstillbeingusedbytheconsumers.Inthisstudy,
heavy metals contamination of table salt consumed
in Iran both as rock salt and refined salt has been
investigated.
Experimental
Materials
Authentic sodium chloride standard (Merck,
Germany) was used for preparation of calibration
curve. Ammonium pyrolidine dithiocarbamate
(APDC) and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) and
all reagents used in this study were of analytical
grade. All solutions were prepared using double-
deionized water.
Methods
Sampling
Thirty refined and prepacked salt samples
were purchased directly from the shops around
the city of Tehran. In fact, at least one sample of
refined salt was collected from every registered
producer of refined salt in the country. Seventy
samples of rock salts from different known
mines of rock salt were collected either from
restaurants (which are the main user of this type
of salt) or vendors around the city. Twenty grams
of each sample was used for analysis.
Heavy metals measurements
Since direct determination of heavy metals
using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(FAAS) in concentrated aqueous solutions of salt
samples was not possible, a reported extraction
method (7) was used for analysis of salt samples.
Briefly, 20 g of salt sample was dissolved and
diluted in 100 mL of double-distilled purified
water in a 250 mL polyethylene flask. After
adjusting pH to 4.4-4.8 using acetic acid-sodium
acetate buffer, 5 mL of APDC and 10 mL of
MIBK were added. Following five minutes of
intense shaking of the mixture, organic phase
was separated and its absorbance was measured
using FAAS. A Perkin-Elmer 1100B model
flame atomic absorption spectrometer equipped
with deuterium lamp background correction was
used for determination of heavy metals.
A hydrogenation atomic absorption
spectrometry method was used for As
measurement. In this method, after adding 1 mL
of nitric acid to 1 g of sample for digestion, HCl
and NaBH4
was added to the mixture. Trapped
ions were measured using a Varian Spect AA200
instrument. Hg content of the sample was
measured using cold vapor atomic absorption
spectrophotometery by a BUCK scientific 400A
atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
A separate calibration curve was established
for each metal using standard solution. Unpaired
t-test was used for statistical analysis of the
3. 131
Heavy Metals Contamination of Table Salt Consumed in Iran
results and P < 0.05 was considered as significant
differences.
Results and Discussion
Results of samples analysis are summarized
in Table 1. The mean concentration of tested
tracer metals including Cd, Pb, Hg and As
was 0.024, 0.438, 0.021 and 0.094 µg/g,
respectively. Figure 1 shows comparative
analysis of heavy metal contamination of rock
salt and refined table salt. No statistically
significant difference was found between these
two groups (P > 0.05).
Salt is the most used food additive
worldwide. Therefore, any contamination
of table salt could be considered as a health
hazard to the consumers. Since most of salt
used around the globe comes from mines, it
is expected that heavy metal contamination
might be a concern for table salt. Due to
known health hazard of toxic heavy metals
to the consumers, contamination of food stuff
to these metals should be avoided (8). The
strong and consistent correlation reported
between the intake of salt and salted food and
the incidence of stomach cancer and other
pre-cancerous lesions could be attributed to
the possible contamination of salt with heavy
metals especially arsenic (9, 10). Non-human
use of salt either as an industrial agent, de
icing agent or as an additive to cattle feed also
might contribute to human intoxication. Any
heavy metal contamination of salt is being
used for non-food purposes may ultimately enter
into human food chain. It has been reported that
the salt used for road maintenance in winter
ends up in the stream waters which may be used
by human (11). Some investigators examined
the presence of heavy metal contamination in
mineral salts mixture commercially available
as supplements of cattle feed. They reported
substantially high concentration of lead and
cadmium in these mixtures (12). It is expected
that these contamination may finally end up in
human food chain.
In Iran, a national program of salt fortification
with iodine has commenced since decades ago
in order to prevent iodine-deficiency-related
disease, and therefore use of refined and
fortified table salt is strongly encouraged (6).
Iran ministry of health also discourages use of
rock and unrefined salt as food salt. However,
due to some economical and cultural reasons
still some people prefer to use rock salt. This
practice is more common in restaurants. The
present investigation has examined the presence
of some important toxic heavy metals including
Cd, Pb, Hg and As in different types of table salt
consumed in Iran. As it is summarized in Table
1, concentration of tested toxic heavy metals
in food salt consumed in Iran is well below
established maximum limits for presence of
toxic metals in table salt by Codex. According
to Codex legislation, the maximum tolerated
amounts of heavy metals in salt are 0.5 µg/g of
As, 2 µg/g of Pb, 0.5 µg/g of Cd and 0.1 µg/g
of Hg (13). The mean concentration of heavy
metals including Cd, Pb, Hg and As found in
table salt in Iran was 0.024, 0.438, 0.021 and
0.094 µg/g, respectively.
Recently, the heavy metal contents of
refined and unrefined table salts from Turkey,
Egypt and Greece have been studied (1).
According to the reported data, the concentration
of Pb in table salt was between 0.54-1.64 µg/
g. The Cd level in these samples was below
0.3 µg/g. Dim et al. have found a 200 times
higher concentration of Pb in local cooking
salt comparing with other salts consumed in
Nigeria (14). In a separate study Cd levels of
table salts used in Nigeria reported as high as
4.5 µg/g (4). Concentrations of Pb and Cd in
Figure 1. Comparison of heavy metal contamination of rock
salt and refined salt consumed in Iran.
µg/g
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Cd Pb Hg As
µg/g
Rock salt Refined salt
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CheraghaliAM, Kobarfard F and Faeizy N / IJPR (2010), 9 (2): 129-132
table salts consumed in Brazil reported to be
in the range of 0.03-0.1 µg/g and 0.01-0.03
µg/g, respectively (5). It seems that Pb and
Cd contents of table salts consumed in Iran
are more or less similar to the values reported
from other countries. However, Cd, Pb, Hg
and As concentrations in table salts consumed
in Iran are well below the maximum limits set
by Codex (Table 1).
In this investigation, toxic heavy metals
content of rock salt was also compared with those
of refined salt.As it can be seen in Figure 1, there
was no significant difference between these two
types of salt from the heavy metal contents point
of view.
In conclusion, evaluation of both rock salt
and refined salt consumed in Iran for the
presence of toxic heavy metals showed that the
concentration of these tracer metals in table
salt is well below the maximum levels set by
Codex. Although it is expected that rock salts
might have other impurities and/or insoluble
substances, they do not impose more health
hazard to the consumers due to the presence of
higher concentrations of toxic heavy metals.
Considering higher cost of refined salts for
places with high consumption of salt e.g.
restaurants or dormitories, use of rock salt
may not be considered as breach of food safety
as it is now the case from the Iranian health
authorities point of view.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant from
University of Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences.
Authors wish to thank Mr. Rasouli for his
contribution.
Tracer Mean ± SD (µg/g) Codex maximum limit
(µg/g)
Cd 0.024±0.002 0.2
Pb 0.438±0.021 1.0
Hg 0.021±0.001 0.05
As 0.094±0.013 0.5
Table 1. The mean concentration of heavy metals in table salts
consumed in Iran in comparison with Codex maximum limit.
This article is available online at http://www.ijpr-online.com
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References