The document summarizes a dissertation proposal that aims to assess mercury distribution and potential health risks in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. The study will measure mercury levels in fish, water, and sediment samples collected from the reserve using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The results will help inform policies for managing mercury contamination and assess spatial and temporal trends and risks from mercury exposure.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
This study analyzed the relationship between land use and water quality in 4 lakes near West Milford, NJ: Greenwood Lake (heavily residential), Upper Greenwood Lake (also heavily residential), Wawayanda Lake (forested and protected), and Surprise Lake (remote and glacial, used as a control). Water samples from each lake were tested for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, trace metals, and bacteria. Results showed the residential lakes had higher levels of phosphates, nitrates, and some metals, likely due to runoff from septic systems and impervious surfaces. Buffer zones near lakes generally had the best water quality. The study suggests land use impacts water chemistry
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing the Freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses water pollution and freshwater treatment. It covers the hydrologic cycle and sources of fresh water. Various types of water pollution are described, including biodegradable organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, salinity, heavy metals, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses parameters for characterizing water quality, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, and methods for measuring biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Wastewater treatment methods including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments are also outlined.
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments and fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary in Accra, Ghana. It finds that heavy metal levels in sediments were generally below guidelines, but ranked in the order of Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. Heavy metal levels in the flesh of two fish species, Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli, were low for copper and zinc but higher for lead and cadmium compared to WHO standards. Both fish species accumulated higher levels of lead and cadmium regardless of size. The study concludes that consuming fish from the lagoon should be prohibited due to high levels of lead and cadmium that could be detrimental to human health.
This document discusses water quality and pollution in the Hudson River Estuary. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, pH, nitrogen, and nitrates. Temperature affects biological and chemical processes as well as the survival of organisms. pH measures acidity, with most marine life thriving between 6.5-8.6. Nitrogen occurs naturally but excess amounts from sewage and other sources can lead to eutrophication and low oxygen levels harming aquatic animals. These parameters are important indicators of habitat quality and environmental health.
The SAJO Consulting Group was commissioned by Quintin Rochfort of Environment Canada to investigate contaminants in the Rouge River stormwater pond and evaluate its environmental condition. They collected water, sediment, and pore water samples from 4 sites in the pond during fall and spring seasons. Analysis found high concentrations of pollutants like road salts, cyanide, PAHs and phosphorus throughout the pond, especially at site 4. Based on the poor water and sediment quality, high contaminant levels, and unsuitable conditions for aquatic life, the overall pond condition was deemed poor. The report recommended draining the pond and excavating/disposing of contaminated sediment, especially from site 4, to improve conditions.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
This document provides descriptions of commonly considered water quality constituents including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and acidity, nutrients, conductivity and dissolved solids, and metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants. It explains how each constituent affects water quality and aquatic life. For example, it describes how dissolved oxygen levels influence what types of fish can survive, how biochemical oxygen demand reduces dissolved oxygen, and how pH affects the solubility of chemicals and their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
This study analyzed the relationship between land use and water quality in 4 lakes near West Milford, NJ: Greenwood Lake (heavily residential), Upper Greenwood Lake (also heavily residential), Wawayanda Lake (forested and protected), and Surprise Lake (remote and glacial, used as a control). Water samples from each lake were tested for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, trace metals, and bacteria. Results showed the residential lakes had higher levels of phosphates, nitrates, and some metals, likely due to runoff from septic systems and impervious surfaces. Buffer zones near lakes generally had the best water quality. The study suggests land use impacts water chemistry
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water Quality for Culturing the Freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses water pollution and freshwater treatment. It covers the hydrologic cycle and sources of fresh water. Various types of water pollution are described, including biodegradable organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, salinity, heavy metals, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses parameters for characterizing water quality, such as pH, alkalinity, hardness, and methods for measuring biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Wastewater treatment methods including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments are also outlined.
This document analyzes heavy metal concentrations in sediments and fish from the Korle Lagoon estuary in Accra, Ghana. It finds that heavy metal levels in sediments were generally below guidelines, but ranked in the order of Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd. Heavy metal levels in the flesh of two fish species, Seriola dumerili and Pteroscion peli, were low for copper and zinc but higher for lead and cadmium compared to WHO standards. Both fish species accumulated higher levels of lead and cadmium regardless of size. The study concludes that consuming fish from the lagoon should be prohibited due to high levels of lead and cadmium that could be detrimental to human health.
This document discusses water quality and pollution in the Hudson River Estuary. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, pH, nitrogen, and nitrates. Temperature affects biological and chemical processes as well as the survival of organisms. pH measures acidity, with most marine life thriving between 6.5-8.6. Nitrogen occurs naturally but excess amounts from sewage and other sources can lead to eutrophication and low oxygen levels harming aquatic animals. These parameters are important indicators of habitat quality and environmental health.
The SAJO Consulting Group was commissioned by Quintin Rochfort of Environment Canada to investigate contaminants in the Rouge River stormwater pond and evaluate its environmental condition. They collected water, sediment, and pore water samples from 4 sites in the pond during fall and spring seasons. Analysis found high concentrations of pollutants like road salts, cyanide, PAHs and phosphorus throughout the pond, especially at site 4. Based on the poor water and sediment quality, high contaminant levels, and unsuitable conditions for aquatic life, the overall pond condition was deemed poor. The report recommended draining the pond and excavating/disposing of contaminated sediment, especially from site 4, to improve conditions.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document analyzes water quality parameters of Chandlodia Lake in Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a one year period to assess pollution levels. Water samples were collected monthly from 5 points around the lake and were analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, conductivity, nutrients and more. The results found that most parameters exceeded acceptable limits, with the highest pollution occurring during the monsoon season when waste and runoff entered the lake. Therefore, the study concluded that Chandlodia Lake shows very high levels of pollution.
Bridgewater (2013) Muddy River BiodiversityAngeline Chen
This study investigates the relationship between microbial biodiversity and sediment contamination in two ponds within the Muddy River system. Willow Pond downstream is known to be contaminated with oil, pesticides and heavy metals, while Ward's Pond upstream has little contamination. Sediment samples from both ponds will be analyzed chemically and microscopically to quantify contaminant levels and compare microbial populations. Previous studies have found microbial indicators can assess water quality and ecosystem health in a simple, inexpensive way. The researchers hypothesize microbial diversity will be lower in Willow Pond's more contaminated sediments.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in the food web of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Samples of water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish were collected from four locations in the lagoon and analyzed for 18 organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in sediment samples, with total concentrations up to 2,953.84 μg/kg. Pesticide concentrations increased higher up the food web, with the highest levels found in predatory fish species. The results indicate bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pesticides in the Lagos Lago
Water quality requirements & its management in aquaculture by asraful alamMD. Asraful Alam (Arif)
This document discusses water quality requirements and management in aquaculture. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and water color. For each parameter, it describes the effects on aquatic organisms, optimal levels for growth and survival, and management techniques to maintain suitable conditions. Maintaining appropriate levels of these physical, chemical, and biological factors is important for the health and productivity of farmed fish and shrimp.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Toxicological Effect of Effluents from Indomie Plc on Some Biochemical Parame...IOSR Journals
1) The study examined the effect of effluent from an Indomie food company on biochemical parameters of fish in the New Calabar River in Nigeria.
2) Fish and water samples were collected from four stations - a non-point control station, the effluent discharge point, and stations 10m upstream and downstream.
3) Analysis found higher levels of potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine in the blood, gills, liver and muscles of fish sampled closest to the discharge point, indicating pollution has the greatest effect near the source of the effluent.
The Nature Foundation tested water quality at 7 sites on St. Maarten in July 2012. Tests measured nitrates, phosphates, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. The Great Salt Pond and Fresh Pond had relatively high levels of nitrates and phosphates, indicating pollution. The Great Salt Pond also had elevated nitrogen levels that could threaten aquatic life. Overall water quality was fair to poor at some sites, suggesting a need for improved wastewater management.
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Edible Tissues of Nile ...Mohamed Fathi
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal concentrations in water and fish tissues from two Egyptian fish farms irrigated with different water sources. Water and fish tissue samples were collected monthly from each farm for a year and analyzed for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Iron generally had the highest concentration in water, while zinc was highest in fish tissues. Cadmium and lead were below detection limits in most samples. Metal concentrations varied between farms and seasons, but were within permitted limits except for iron.
Samples were collected from four stations along the Rhode Island coast with varying depths and nutrient inputs. The Providence River estuary station exhibited the highest mean concentrations of organic matter and chlorophyll a, while Rhode Island Sound exhibited the lowest. Concentrations differed significantly between stations. Additionally, chlorophyll a and organic matter concentrations in Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound were higher than values from other nearby studies. The abundance of these variables in sediments relates to primary production levels in the overlying waters.
This document summarizes a presentation on marine chemistry given at Dublin City University. It discusses several topics related to marine chemistry including ocean services, the history of understanding salinity, ocean carbon and acidification, monitoring hazardous substances, and shellfish toxins. Diagrams are included on topics like biogeochemical processes in the oceans, climate change impacts like ocean acidification and nutrients, and types of pollution affecting the oceans.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the zooplankton diversity and trophic status of Pashupatinath Pond in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2008 to 2010 and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was moderately alkaline with low conductivity, TDS, chloride, hardness and alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen levels were average. Gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and respiration were measured. Low zooplankton density was observed. Based on the water quality parameters, the pond was found to be oligotrophic with a low nutrient level.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kline et al_2015_Plos One_Heron reef flat biogeochemistryDavid Kline
This study analyzed data from a 6-month high-resolution study of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the Heron Island reef flat in Australia. The data revealed:
1) pH, aragonite saturation state, and pCO2 were primarily driven by biologically-produced dissolved organic carbon and total alkalinity rather than temperature or salinity.
2) The largest daily temperature ranges occurred in spring, while the smallest were in winter.
3) Daily pH ranges were also large, up to 0.8 pH units, with lowest pH in spring and highest in fall.
4) Periods of anomalous high temperatures and low pH were asynchronous, highlighting the importance of understanding interactions between multiple stressors on reefs
This document evaluates the effect of water type (ionic strength) on the toxicity of nitrate to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted on several species including rainbow trout, amphipods, midges, daphnids, and fathead minnows. The tests found that the toxicity of nitrate decreased significantly as water hardness increased, with toxicity reductions of 2-10 times when water changed from soft to hard. The most sensitive species tested were Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. The results suggest that water hardness is an important factor modifying nitrate toxicity and should be considered when developing water quality guidelines.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
The document discusses the physical and chemical characteristics of limnetic environments that are important for aquaculture. It describes factors like temperature, depth, light, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness and nutrients. Maintaining suitable levels of these characteristics is key to the suitability of a water body for fish culture and productivity. The document provides details on how these characteristics vary and interact in different types of water bodies.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document analyzes water quality parameters of Chandlodia Lake in Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a one year period to assess pollution levels. Water samples were collected monthly from 5 points around the lake and were analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, conductivity, nutrients and more. The results found that most parameters exceeded acceptable limits, with the highest pollution occurring during the monsoon season when waste and runoff entered the lake. Therefore, the study concluded that Chandlodia Lake shows very high levels of pollution.
Bridgewater (2013) Muddy River BiodiversityAngeline Chen
This study investigates the relationship between microbial biodiversity and sediment contamination in two ponds within the Muddy River system. Willow Pond downstream is known to be contaminated with oil, pesticides and heavy metals, while Ward's Pond upstream has little contamination. Sediment samples from both ponds will be analyzed chemically and microscopically to quantify contaminant levels and compare microbial populations. Previous studies have found microbial indicators can assess water quality and ecosystem health in a simple, inexpensive way. The researchers hypothesize microbial diversity will be lower in Willow Pond's more contaminated sediments.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in the food web of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Samples of water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish were collected from four locations in the lagoon and analyzed for 18 organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in sediment samples, with total concentrations up to 2,953.84 μg/kg. Pesticide concentrations increased higher up the food web, with the highest levels found in predatory fish species. The results indicate bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pesticides in the Lagos Lago
Water quality requirements & its management in aquaculture by asraful alamMD. Asraful Alam (Arif)
This document discusses water quality requirements and management in aquaculture. It covers several key water quality parameters including temperature, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and water color. For each parameter, it describes the effects on aquatic organisms, optimal levels for growth and survival, and management techniques to maintain suitable conditions. Maintaining appropriate levels of these physical, chemical, and biological factors is important for the health and productivity of farmed fish and shrimp.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Toxicological Effect of Effluents from Indomie Plc on Some Biochemical Parame...IOSR Journals
1) The study examined the effect of effluent from an Indomie food company on biochemical parameters of fish in the New Calabar River in Nigeria.
2) Fish and water samples were collected from four stations - a non-point control station, the effluent discharge point, and stations 10m upstream and downstream.
3) Analysis found higher levels of potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine in the blood, gills, liver and muscles of fish sampled closest to the discharge point, indicating pollution has the greatest effect near the source of the effluent.
The Nature Foundation tested water quality at 7 sites on St. Maarten in July 2012. Tests measured nitrates, phosphates, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. The Great Salt Pond and Fresh Pond had relatively high levels of nitrates and phosphates, indicating pollution. The Great Salt Pond also had elevated nitrogen levels that could threaten aquatic life. Overall water quality was fair to poor at some sites, suggesting a need for improved wastewater management.
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Edible Tissues of Nile ...Mohamed Fathi
This document summarizes a study that assessed heavy metal concentrations in water and fish tissues from two Egyptian fish farms irrigated with different water sources. Water and fish tissue samples were collected monthly from each farm for a year and analyzed for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Iron generally had the highest concentration in water, while zinc was highest in fish tissues. Cadmium and lead were below detection limits in most samples. Metal concentrations varied between farms and seasons, but were within permitted limits except for iron.
Samples were collected from four stations along the Rhode Island coast with varying depths and nutrient inputs. The Providence River estuary station exhibited the highest mean concentrations of organic matter and chlorophyll a, while Rhode Island Sound exhibited the lowest. Concentrations differed significantly between stations. Additionally, chlorophyll a and organic matter concentrations in Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound were higher than values from other nearby studies. The abundance of these variables in sediments relates to primary production levels in the overlying waters.
This document summarizes a presentation on marine chemistry given at Dublin City University. It discusses several topics related to marine chemistry including ocean services, the history of understanding salinity, ocean carbon and acidification, monitoring hazardous substances, and shellfish toxins. Diagrams are included on topics like biogeochemical processes in the oceans, climate change impacts like ocean acidification and nutrients, and types of pollution affecting the oceans.
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the zooplankton diversity and trophic status of Pashupatinath Pond in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2008 to 2010 and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was moderately alkaline with low conductivity, TDS, chloride, hardness and alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen levels were average. Gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and respiration were measured. Low zooplankton density was observed. Based on the water quality parameters, the pond was found to be oligotrophic with a low nutrient level.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kline et al_2015_Plos One_Heron reef flat biogeochemistryDavid Kline
This study analyzed data from a 6-month high-resolution study of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the Heron Island reef flat in Australia. The data revealed:
1) pH, aragonite saturation state, and pCO2 were primarily driven by biologically-produced dissolved organic carbon and total alkalinity rather than temperature or salinity.
2) The largest daily temperature ranges occurred in spring, while the smallest were in winter.
3) Daily pH ranges were also large, up to 0.8 pH units, with lowest pH in spring and highest in fall.
4) Periods of anomalous high temperatures and low pH were asynchronous, highlighting the importance of understanding interactions between multiple stressors on reefs
This document evaluates the effect of water type (ionic strength) on the toxicity of nitrate to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted on several species including rainbow trout, amphipods, midges, daphnids, and fathead minnows. The tests found that the toxicity of nitrate decreased significantly as water hardness increased, with toxicity reductions of 2-10 times when water changed from soft to hard. The most sensitive species tested were Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. The results suggest that water hardness is an important factor modifying nitrate toxicity and should be considered when developing water quality guidelines.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
Trace metals concentration determination in domestic waterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes trace metal concentrations in domestic water samples from Keana mine area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and streams in the area and analyzed for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, strontium, lead, thorium, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results found high levels of arsenic exceeding WHO guidelines in all samples. Strontium levels were close to the acceptable range. Lead and zinc concentrations were low. The high arsenic levels pose a health risk and suggest closer monitoring of water sources is needed to reduce risks to local inhabitants.
The document discusses the physical and chemical characteristics of limnetic environments that are important for aquaculture. It describes factors like temperature, depth, light, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, hardness and nutrients. Maintaining suitable levels of these characteristics is key to the suitability of a water body for fish culture and productivity. The document provides details on how these characteristics vary and interact in different types of water bodies.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
The study examined the effects of the biocide triclosan on the growth of five species of marine algae: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Nannochloropsis oculata, Rhodomonas salina, and Chaetocerus gracilis. Algae were exposed to various concentrations of triclosan over time periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results showed that higher triclosan concentrations and longer exposure times inhibited algae growth rates in a dose-dependent manner. Estimated EC50 values were also determined for each algae species based on triclosan concentration curves.
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve:
Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
Reuters: Pictures of the Year 2016 (Part 2)maditabalnco
This document contains 20 photos from news events around the world between January and November 2016. The photos show international events like the US presidential election, the conflict in Ukraine, the migrant crisis in Europe, the Rio Olympics, and more. They also depict human interest stories and natural phenomena from various countries.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
Determination of mercury level in rana esculenta (frog), sediment and water f...Alexander Decker
1) The study measured mercury levels in edible frogs (Rana esculenta), sediment, and water from the River Guma in Benue State, Nigeria over three months.
2) Mercury levels were highest in frog livers, followed by intestines and muscles. No mercury was detected in the water.
3) Mercury concentrations in frog tissues were above the recommended WHO value but below levels that would pose health risks. The results indicate bioaccumulation of mercury in the food chain.
This document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical parameters and diatom populations in two freshwater ponds in Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salinity were measured monthly at both a natural pond and a culture pond to understand how these factors influence diatom communities. Diatom samples were collected and processed using hydrogen peroxide to isolate the silica frustules for identification. The study aims to provide baseline data on the aquatic ecosystem balance in these ponds and support future research.
Heavy Metals and Chemical Composition of Mullet Fish and Water Quality of Its...ssusera10e6e
This study analyzed heavy metal concentrations, chemical composition, and water quality parameters of mullet fish and water samples collected from three fish farms in Egypt during winter and summer seasons. The results showed that lead and zinc levels exceeded the maximum permissible limit in some fish samples, while lead and cadmium exceeded limits in some water samples. Water quality was also found to vary between farms and seasons. Overall, the study found evidence of lead and cadmium pollution in the fish farming waters and accumulation of lead and zinc in the fish tissue.
This document provides information on water chemistry standards and how to interpret water quality data. It discusses key water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, nitrogen, pH, turbidity, and others. Optimal levels are outlined for supporting aquatic life. Methods for testing parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, salinity, phosphates, nitrogen, hardness and more are described.
The document discusses the Hydrolab, a scientific instrument used to measure biological and physical properties of water. It can store data, communicate with computers, and be programmed to gather data over time. Some key measurements it takes include pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, chlorophyll a, and conductivity. The document provides details on each measurement, ideal ranges for aquatic life, and how measurements can be affected by land use and temperature. It also includes instructions for proper use of the Hydrolab.
The document analyzes physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface and underground water samples from iron mining areas in Kogi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons from 7 locations. Results found pH to be weakly acidic in dry season and weakly alkaline in rainy season. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness fell within recommended limits. Concentrations of heavy metals like lead, cadmium and chromium were higher than guidelines in some samples, indicating pollution from mining activities. Overall, the study assessed water quality in the mining region and found evidence of toxic metal contamination from mining impacts.
This document summarizes a student's research project on genetic regulation of carbon sequestration by molluscs. The student analyzed how oysters are able to adapt and survive in acidified waters caused by ocean acidification. Several studies were reviewed showing oysters have genes that allow them to withstand stresses like heat, oxidation and apoptosis. While oyster larvae are initially affected, they can still metabolize, feed and develop normally even in acidified conditions. The student concluded oysters can survive in high CO2 waters through adaptive genes despite some effects early in development and reproduction.
Mp sw the effect of contaminated shahpura lake on ground water environment, ...hydrologyproject0
This document summarizes a study on the impact of contaminated Shahpura Lake on groundwater quality in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. High levels of nutrients, ammonical nitrogen, and organic matter were found in lake water, indicating sewage contamination from nearby drains. Groundwater samples from wells near the lake also showed deterioration in quality, with elevated nutrients and organic matter. Biological analysis found the lake supports a variety of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and macrophytes. Trophic indices classified the lake as hyper-eutrophic, or highly polluted. The study aims to establish relationships between surface and groundwater quality to help protect water resources and public health in
Hg analysis from the fish and their effect on human life by using Cold Vapor ...Dadu Mal DK
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal found on earth it causes many decease, the main cause of mercury pollution is the mining industry and industrial effluent.
This study examines redox conditions in the Panthalassa Ocean at the Smithian-Spathian boundary 3 million years after the end-Permian mass extinction by analyzing trace element geochemistry and pyrite morphology in carbonate rocks from the Jesmond Formation. Previous studies of shallow coastal seas show evidence of ocean anoxia and warming at this time, but the open ocean was likely more oxygenated. Analysis of samples from the Jesmond Formation suggests primarily oxic conditions in the Panthalassa Ocean with no evidence of widespread anoxia, indicating the ocean was recovering while coastal areas remained more stressed. Further study of Panthalassa formations is needed to better understand global environmental conditions after the end-Permian extinction.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
The document discusses water chemistry measurements from an urban stream restoration project. It provides background on various water chemistry parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity, phosphorus, and nitrates. It then describes the field and laboratory methods used in 2003 and compares the 2003 results to those from 2002 for two sites. Differences between the sites and years are analyzed in terms of land use, natural variation, increased runoff, and drought conditions.
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
This study evaluated various bio-optical models for predicting chlorophyll a concentrations in the turbid coastal waters of Long Bay, South Carolina using hyperspectral remote sensing data. Water quality samples were collected from 15 stations during 5 cruises in the summer of 2013. In situ measurements and laboratory analyses were used to determine chlorophyll a, total suspended sediments, and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations. The best performing two-band blue-green model was Oc4v4 with an R2 of 0.64. Red-NIR based models performed even better, with a modified version of the Dekker and Gitelson model achieving the highest R2 of 0.79. This study demonstrated the potential of remote sensing for
This document provides physical and chemical parameter details about Kushog Lake located in Algonquin Highlands, Ontario. It includes information on the lake's mean depth, surface area, maximum depth, shoreline perimeter, watershed area, and trophic status indicators like total phosphorus levels and Secchi depth. The document was created by Emily McDonald and Caitlyn Bondy through a community education project at Trent University to provide information on the health of Kushog Lake.
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
Illegal small-scale gold mining is negatively impacting the water quality of the Birim River in Ghana. Samples taken from downstream and middle sections of the river showed higher levels of turbidity, color, mercury and other parameters compared to upstream sections without mining. This suggests that mining activities are contaminating the river water. Continued use of the polluted water poses health risks and could hurt crop yields for communities that rely on the river. Stricter enforcement is needed to stop mining in the river and provide alternative livelihoods, while further studies will monitor the long term effects.
1. Dissertation Melanie McHenry September 2010 Expected Graduation Date: December 2010 Environmental Science Department, School of Science and Technology, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 18540, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217 Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometery
2.
3. Organic Mercury Most toxic because they are lipophilic & can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB), invade the nervous system Inorganic Mercury Ingestion is usually inadvertent or with suicidal intent & gastrointestinal ulceration or perforation & hemorrhage have been rapidly produced it will followed by circulatory collapse Elemental Mercury Volatile at room temperature After inhalation, pass through pulmonary, enter blood and distribute to red blood cells, central nervous system (CNS), & kidneys
62. Total Release Inventory (TRI) On-Site Disposal to Class I Underground Injection Wells, RCRA Subtitle C Landfills, and Other Landfills Other On-site Disposal or Other Releases Chemical Other Onsite Landfills Subtotal Point Source Air Emissions Surface Water Discharges Subtotal Total Onsite Disposal or Other Releases Total Onsite and Offsite Disposal or Other Releases Mercury (lb) Mercury Compounds (lb) 9 9 240 3 243 251 251 CHEVRON PRODUCTS CO PASCAGOULA REFINERY. 250 INDUSTRIAL RD, PASCAGOULA, Mississippi 39581 (JACKSON) Mercury Compounds (lb) 0 0 16 3 18 18 18 MISSISSIPPI POWER CO - PLANT DANIEL. 13001 HWY 63 N, ESCATAWPA, Mississippi 39552 (JACKSON) Mercury Compounds (lb) 9 9 225 0 225 253 253 MIDSTREAM FUEL SVC LLC (PASCAGOULA). 5320 INGALLS AVE, PASCAGOULA, Mississippi 39581 (JACKSON) Mercury Compounds (lb) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Editor's Notes
Good morning everyone. My name is Melanie McHenry and today I’m defending my dissertation entitled Ecotoxicty and Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: Profiling Mercury Distribution in the NERR by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The Element Mercury: Mercury is present in the environment in different forms that have biogeochemical transformation and ecotoxicity. Mercury is one of the most hazardous pollutants in the marine environment. All forms can have adverse health effects at sufficiently high doses. Organic mercury compounds are of particular concern because of their enhanced toxicity, lipophilicity, and bioaccumulation in tissues Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Elemental Mercury is volatile at room temperature. After inhalation, it will pass through pulmonary, enter blood, and distribute to the red blood cells, central nervous system, and kidneys Ingestion of Inorganic Mercury is usually inadvertent or with suicidal intention. Gastrointestinal ulceration or perforation and hemorrhage have been rapidly produced and will be followed by circulatory collapse Organic mercury is the most toxic form of mercury because they are lipophilic and can penetrate the blood brain barrier and invade the nervous system Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The Mercury Cycle Aquatic systems are a reservoir of mercury containing annual flux to and from the atmosphere Estuaries & coastal waters represent a link between the terrestrial environment & the open waters Small fraction of the mercury transported in rivers is exported to open waters due to the high retention of this metal in estuaries & coastal waters Mercury emissions disperse widely in the atmosphere before being deposited to the earth’s surface The lifetime of mercury in sediments is so long that they can be considered as sinks for this metal Microorganisms in sediments can convert several mercury compounds into a more toxic & water-soluble form Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve The Grand Bay NERR is about 18,500 acres and the Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge is 7,000 acres The GBNERR is a vast area of undeveloped coastline and marshes. It consists of a maze of bayous, small bays, marsh islands, and mudflats. There are anthropogenic-induced stressors which are due to the population increase in areas close to the GBNERR. This increase has resulted in substantial land development, dredging, spoil placement, and dumping of wastes This has resulted in considerable habitat loss, increased chemical pollution, and intensified hypoxic events The core area (yellow) consists of approximately 12, 800 acres of estuarine tidal marsh, tidal creeks or bayous, shallow, open-water habitats, oyster reefs, seagrass beds, maritime forests, salt flats, sandy beaches & shell middens The buffer area (blue) consists of approximately 5,600 acres of tidal marsh, scrub shrub, pine flatwood & wet pine savanna habitats Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Mercury in Surface Water: In the year 1970, sampling from lakes and rivers located in the United States demonstrated that about 19% of the waterways were contaminated with mercury with a median value less than 0.5 ppb The main sources of methylmercury in surface water are direct precipitation, watershed runoff, especially from wetlands, and in-lake methylation of inorganic mercury Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Mercury in Sediment The main reservoirs of mercury are the bottom sediments. These are a sensitive indicator of the aquatic ecosystems pollution. The toxicity, bioaccumulation, and mobility will depend on the species and chemical form Concentration/Bioaccumulation Mercury accumulates in bottom sediment via sedimentation The concentration of mercury is an indicator of water pollution Methylation/Microbes Inorganic mercury is transformed into methylmercury in sediments The main factors of sedimentation are microorganisms, inorganic sulfides, iron and manganese hydroxides, redox potential, chlorides and temperature in the bottom sediments Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Yellowfin Mojarra, Pinfish, Sheepshead minnow, Bull minnow, Gulf pipefish, Flounder, Sailfin molly, & Gulf killifish Predatory ocean fish, such as tuna, swordfish, & shark Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
After 1850, the atmospheric emissions increased with increased use in gold mining & coal combustion From 1977 to 1980, mercury increased by 1.2 to 1.5% per year from 1977 to 1990 Since 1990, there has been a decreasing trend in atmospheric mercury concentrations Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR): 0.3µg/kg/day Food & Drug Administration (FDA): maximum level of 1 ppm Food & Agriculture Organization of the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO): 3.3µg/kg/week or 200µg/week for adults & infants Health Canada: 0.2µg/kg/day Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): limits of 0.1 mg/m 3 for MeHg; limits of 0.05 mg/m 3 of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts & 40-hour work weeks Due to the possible teratogenic effects of mercury to humans Based on neurologic developmental effects Measured in children associated with exposure in utero to MeHg from maternal diet Reference Dose per day 0.1 ug/kg/day For a 70 kg man, the reference dose is 0.001 0.1 ppb for methylmercury 2 ppb for drinking EPA’s RfD for a month 3.0 ppb (30 days) August’s organic mercury level exceeds the EPA’s RfD Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sediment is a sink for mercury Recreation will cause an increase in pollution Seasonal mercury changes will occur due to warmer temperatures caused by a higher photosynthesis rate, higher activity rate in fishes, and higher recreational rate (pollution) Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Add Fish Sites Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Digi Prep Temperature Ambient - 180°C Uniformity ±1.0°C Over-Temp Protection Yes Time to Temperature 35 minute Ambient to 95°C Stability ±0.2°C Digestion: Methodology 10%HNO3 Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
First coil is the mixing coil Second coil is the sampling cool Hg lamp was a 254 nm Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Lamp set at 277305 Limit of Detection: 1-2 parts per trillion Drinking water, surface water, sludge, sediments and soils, foodstuff, fish and biological samples, such as tissue, blood and urine Data Collection Replicate at 1 Full Scale at 20 Integration at 10 seconds Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) set at 0.35 LPM Pump set at 3mL/min Pump Times Rinse at 35 seconds Uptake at 40 seconds Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Add photo of the AU-fluorometer YSI-Meter Temperature: plays an important role in determining the rate & extent to which chemical reactions occur Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Supersaturation can sometimes be harmful for organisms & cause decompression sickness pH: the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution Salinity: s the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): the combined content of all inorganic & organic substances contained in a liquid which are present in a molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. Turbidity: is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles (suspended solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye 10-AU Fluorometer Chlorophyll: this reaction is how photosynthetic organisms like vegetation produce O 2 gas, & is the source for practically all the O 2 in Earth's atmosphere Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
At 10 – 15% there was a plateau on the count rate from HCl and H 2 SO 4 HCl clearly had a much greater count rate than HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 at 254,650.5 for HCl, 127,330.3 for HNO 3 , and 193,859 for H 2 SO 4 Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Figure 30. Online Mixing: MeHg. Stennis chloride in differing percentages of HCl compared to 10 ppm MeHg with in 0.5% NaBH 4 with deionized water, 0.5% [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3- then with 0.5% NaBH 4 , H 2 O then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl, and 0.02% KMnO 4 then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl. The pump rate remained at a steady 5 mL/min and a gas flow rate of 0.30 LPM. HCl percentages: 0.5, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, & 5.0% Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Figure 30. Online Mixing: MeHg. Stennis chloride in differing percentages of HCl compared to 10 ppm MeHg with in 0.5% NaBH 4 with deionized water, 0.5% [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3- then with 0.5% NaBH 4 , H 2 O then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl, and 0.02% KMnO 4 then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl. The pump rate remained at a steady 5 mL/min and a gas flow rate of 0.30 LPM. HCl percentages: 0.5, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, & 5.0% Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Figure 30. Online Mixing: MeHg. Stennis chloride in differing percentages of HCl compared to 10 ppm MeHg with in 0.5% NaBH 4 with deionized water, 0.5% [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3- then with 0.5% NaBH 4 , H 2 O then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl, and 0.02% KMnO 4 then with 2% SnCl 2 in 2% HCl. The pump rate remained at a steady 5 mL/min and a gas flow rate of 0.30 LPM. HCl percentages: 0.5, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, & 5.0% Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The pump rate remained at a steady 5 mL/min. There was not a strong flow rate-dependent response in response to acid percentage. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Using SAS program, the surface water p-value for total mercury was 0.2042 Surface water collected monthly from the Grand Bay NERR was expected to have significant difference on a monthly basis The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less Total Mercury There was a strong organic mercury-dependent response in total mercury This means that there was no significant difference on a monthly basis for total mercury in surface water since Pr > F was more than 0.05 at 0.2042 The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. There was no significant difference on a monthly basis for total mercury in surface water since Pr > F was more than 0.05 at 0.2042. Inorganic Mercury For the inorganic mercury content of the surface water samples, the p-value was 0.3881 There was no significant difference on a monthly basis for inorganic mercury in surface water since Pr > F was more than 0.05 at 0.3881 Organic Mercury For the organic mercury content of the surface water samples, the p-value was 0.6531. This means that there was no significant difference on a monthly basis for organic mercury in surface water since Pr > F was more than 0.05 at 0.6531. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Data indicates that there was a strong inorganic mercury-dependent response in total mercury The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Data represented in this figure indicates that there was a strong inorganic mercury-dependent response in total mercury These results indicate that most mercury in sediment samples was inorganic mercury Sediment collected seasonally from the Grand Bay NERR was expected to have significant difference on a seasonal basis. The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 Inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 Organic mercury levels were determined by subtracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The figures below demonstrate the differences between the surface water, sediment, and fish tissue samples on a monthly basis, each was graphed separately due to the fact that the fish samples contained substancially more mercury, therefore making a comparison difficult. Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 Inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 Organic mercury levels were determined by subtracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The figures below demonstrate the differences between the surface water, sediment, and fish tissue samples on a monthly basis, each was graphed separately due to the fact that the fish samples contained substancially more mercury, therefore making a comparison difficult. Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 Inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 Organic mercury levels were determined by subtracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 10-AU Digital Fluorometer Surface Water Using SAS program, the difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Fish Species: Yellowfin Mojarra, Pinfish, Sheepshead minnow, Bull minnow, Gulf pipefish, Flounder, Sailfin molly, & Gulf killifish Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less. Reference Dose per day 0.1 ug/kg/day For a 70 kg man, the reference dose is 0.001 0.1 ppb for methylmercury 2 ppb for drinking EPA’s RfD for a month 3.0 ppb (30 days) August’s organic mercury level exceeds the EPA’s RfD Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
From each sampling month, July 2009 to April 2010, the results demonstrated the mercury species, total, inorganic, and organic mercury levels Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less The three major sources of mercury to surface water bodies Direct precipitation Watershed runoff (especially from wetlands) In-lake methylation of inorganic Hg Water–air exchange fluxes over water contribute to mercury buildup over water bodies The importance of these sources varies with the rates of MeHg deposition from the atmosphere, lake type, and catchment hydro logy Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
From each sampling month, July 2009 to April 2010, the results demonstrated the mercury species, total, inorganic, and organic mercury levels Total mercury levels were ascertained from SnCl 2 , inorganic mercury levels were ascertained from NaBH 4 and KMnO 4 , and organic mercury levels were determined by substracting inorganic levels from total mercury levels The difference between two groups in judged to be statistically significant with the p-value = 0.05 or less There was not a significant difference in total mercury but there was a significant difference in monthly levels of inorganic and organic mercury species in surface water Sediments: where organic and inorganic reactions occurr Sediments have an important role in mercury cycle Mercury begins to react with the different compounds in the water and a portion of it will precipitate to the sediments once it enters into the aquatic ecosystems The lifetime of mercury in sediments is so long that it can be considered as a sink for this metal Microorganisms in sediments can convert several mercury compounds into a more toxic and water-soluble form Methylmercury was easily bioavailable to and adsorbed by other aquatic organisms Due to this, most of the national programs of monitoring of the coastal and marine environment will involve the analysis of sediments Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
For the total mercury content of the surface water samples this means that there was no significant difference on a seasonal basis for total mercury Several proposed mechanisms that explain the Hg seasonal accumulation Diffusion from profundal sediments to the water column under anoxic conditions Methylation in the anoxic water column Sedimentation of catchment derived particulate MeHg and methylation in the anoxic water column Seasons: Spring (March and April), Summer (July and August), Fall (September, October, and November), and Winter (December, January, and February) Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The relationship between chlorophyll and mercury levels will be examined to determine if chlorophyll will correlate with mercury availability using statistics Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 10-AU Digital Fluorometer: chlorophyll levels Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The results analyzed the total mercury species levels from each sampling month, July 2009 to April 2010 on a site-by-site basis Mercury concentration An indicator of water pollution No significant difference for water, sediment, and fish tissue samples on a monthly basis No significant difference for surface water samples on a site-by-site basis No significant difference for sediment samples on a site-by-site basis No significant difference for fish tissue samples on a site-by-site basis Mercury accumulates in bottom sediment Released from sediments & becomes available for biogeochemical transformations Rates depend significantly on the specific environmental conditions Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 These results indicate that most mercury in fish tissue samples was organic mercury Fish species: Yellowfin Mojarra, Pinfish, Sheepshead minnow, Bull minnow, Gulf pipefish, Flounder, Sailfin molly, & Gulf killifish Fish are of environmental health interest because of the biomagnifications mercury Important pathway for human exposures Methylmercury builds up in fish tissue Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Unlike for the water and sediment samples, not all of the 13 sample sites will be used Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Most mercury in fish tissue samples was methylmercury The fish samples collected from: Bayou Heron Middle Bay Bangs Lake Bayou Cumbest Point Aux Chenes Bay Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
This is the reference dosage for fish consumption The science of public health is on the threshold of a new era for determining actual exposures to environmental contaminants, this is owing to technological advances in analytical chemistry Sampling months: July 2009 to April 2010 Most mercury in fish tissue samples was methylmercury Consumption advisories Based on contaminant levels for lakes & rivers United States, Canada, & elsewhere in the world Many agencies Freshwater lakes, rivers, & coastal marine waters Consumption of fish U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2001 Adopted a revised reference dose (RfD) Methylmercury (MeHg) Relied on assessment conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) 0.1 ppb for methylmercury 2 ppb for drinking Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
The total mercury was highest in Summer, followed by Fall, then Winter, and lastly, Spring The atmosphere is a source of mercury to estuaries and coastal marine waters that has not been dealt with in significant detail It has been estimated that the total mass of mercury in the atmosphere is between 5000 to 6000 metric tons Mercury is transported by air masses over long distances The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) provided the total atmospheric loads This information was from the year 2008 After mapping this data using ArcView, an illustration showing the differences between seasons Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry
Ecotoxicity & Risk Assessment of Mercury in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Melanie McHenry