This document discusses the toxic effects of heavy metals in livestock health. It begins by defining heavy metals as elements with a specific gravity over 5g/cm3. Heavy metals can be classified into four groups: essential metals like copper and zinc, non-essential metals, less toxic metals, and highly toxic metals like cadmium, lead, and mercury. The document then examines the sources, properties, and toxic effects of specific heavy metals including cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury on livestock. Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and liver and can affect mineral metabolism. Lead behaves like calcium and accumulates in bone, liver, and kidney tissues. Arsenic inhibits rumen bacteria growth and causes thyroid issues
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Considering the importance of the healthy coral reef ecosystems to Langkawi’s economy as well as to the global coral reef biodiversity, the present study provided the baseline database regarding on distribution of heavy metals concentration (Cd, Cu, Pb) and the trend of heavy metals accumulation in Diploria Labyrinthiformis and Favia Pallida corals at Pulau Langkawi region. This report showed the level of heavy metal contamination in each of 5 years growth rate bands in both coral specie susing AAS. The averages of heavy metals concentration in Diploria Labyrinthiformis were 0.018±0.002 mg/L, 0.044±0.11 mg/L, and 0.120±0.01 mg/L for Cd, Cu, and Pb respectively. Meanwhile the concentrations of heavy metals for Favia Pallida were 0.017±0.02 mg/L, 0.088±0.004 mg/L, and 0.218±0.14 mg/L for Cd, Cu, and Pb respectively. Both species showed the low concentration and not exceeding the MPI safety level that indicated that the corals were not impacted by pollution. The trend and correlationships of the Cd, Cu, and Pb in the bands coral slab showed the increasing trend of concentration which were increased gradually from the surface (youngest) to bottom (oldest) layer for the samples.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Mercury from restorations constitutes the largest non occupational source of mercury in the general population, being greater than all environmental sources combined
Analysis of Heavy Metals in fish,water and sediment from Bay of Bengalinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Considering the importance of the healthy coral reef ecosystems to Langkawi’s economy as well as to the global coral reef biodiversity, the present study provided the baseline database regarding on distribution of heavy metals concentration (Cd, Cu, Pb) and the trend of heavy metals accumulation in Diploria Labyrinthiformis and Favia Pallida corals at Pulau Langkawi region. This report showed the level of heavy metal contamination in each of 5 years growth rate bands in both coral specie susing AAS. The averages of heavy metals concentration in Diploria Labyrinthiformis were 0.018±0.002 mg/L, 0.044±0.11 mg/L, and 0.120±0.01 mg/L for Cd, Cu, and Pb respectively. Meanwhile the concentrations of heavy metals for Favia Pallida were 0.017±0.02 mg/L, 0.088±0.004 mg/L, and 0.218±0.14 mg/L for Cd, Cu, and Pb respectively. Both species showed the low concentration and not exceeding the MPI safety level that indicated that the corals were not impacted by pollution. The trend and correlationships of the Cd, Cu, and Pb in the bands coral slab showed the increasing trend of concentration which were increased gradually from the surface (youngest) to bottom (oldest) layer for the samples.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Mercury from restorations constitutes the largest non occupational source of mercury in the general population, being greater than all environmental sources combined
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
heavy metal toxicity and effect on the environment as well as on the humanShahZain73
Heavy metal toxicity refers to the harmful effects that can occur when the body accumulates high levels of certain metals. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others can be toxic even at low concentrations. These metals can enter the body through various sources like contaminated water, food, air, or exposure in certain occupations.
When these metals build up in the body over time, they can cause serious health issues. Symptoms of heavy metal toxicity can vary depending on the type of metal and the level of exposure but may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, neurological problems, organ damage, and in severe cases, even death.
Treatment for heavy metal toxicity usually involves removing the source of exposure, chelation therapy to remove metals from the body, and supportive care to manage symptoms. It's essential to be aware of potential sources of heavy metals and take precautions to minimize exposure to protect your health.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Mercury Toxic Metal Contamination - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ imjournal.com
Role of Oxidative Stress in Assessment of Damage Induced by Lead Acetate in M...ijtsrd
Heavy metal deposition has increased due to the anthropogenic activities leading to heavily polluted areas worldwide. The objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of lead acetate Pb C2H3O2 2 on antioxidant enzyme activities in gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Lead is a toxic heavy metal widely distributed in the environment due to its role in modern industry. Normal healthy looking mice showing no sign of morbidity were divided into three groups. Group I was designated as control whereas group II and group III received lead acetate having doses 10 mg kg body weight of lead acetate, daily and 150 mg kg body weight of lead acetate, weekly respectively. Study was performed at 40 and 80 days stages. Lead acetate significantly decreases antioxidant enzymes and increase oxidative stress along with muscle tissue damage. Sushma Sharma | Anita Thakur "Role of Oxidative Stress in Assessment of Damage Induced by Lead Acetate in Mice Gastrocnemius Muscle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18927.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/18927/role-of-oxidative-stress-in-assessment-of-damage-induced-by-lead-acetate-in-mice-gastrocnemius-muscle/sushma-sharma
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
1. Veterinary World, Vol.1, No.1, January 2008
Introduction
Heavy metals constitute a very heterogeneous
group of elements widely varied in their chemical
properties and biological functions.The term “heavy
metals” defined as commonly held for those metals,
which have specific weights more than 5g cm-3
(Holleman andWiverd, 1985).Heavy metals are kept
under environmental pollutant category due to their
toxic effects in plants, human and food. Some of the
heavy metalsi.e. arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead
(Pb), Mercury (Hg) are cumulative poison. These
heavy metals are persistence, accumulate and not
metabolized in other intermediate compounds and
do not easily breakdown in environment. These
metals are accumulating in food chain through uptake
at primary producer level and than through
consumption at consumer level. Metals are entering
the human body either through inhalation or injection.
Heavy metals such as Cd, Ni, As, Pb pose a
number of hazards to humans.These metals are also
potent carcinogenic and mutagenic.Copper and zinc
serve either as cofactor as a activator biochemical
reactions & enzymatic for information of enzyme/
substrate metal complex (Mildvan, 1970). The high
concentration intake of cadmium cause itai itai
disease and mercury intake lead to minamita
disease and other heavy metals cause poisoning
due to drinking water contamination.
Heavy metals have largest availability in soil and
aquatic ecosystem and to relatively smaller
proportion in atmosphere at particular vapors. Metal
toxicity to plants varies with plants species, specific
metals, concentration, chemical form, soil
composition, pH and many metals considered to be
essential for plants growth.
Source of contamination
Heavy metals pollution can originate from
natural and anthropogenic sources. Activities such
as mining & smelting operation and agriculture, have
contaminated extensive area of world such as Japan,
Indonesia, and China mostly such as Cd, Cu and Zn
(Herawati et al., 2000) Cu and Pb in north Greece
(Zantopoulos et al., 1999), Cu, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, and
Cd in Austrilia (Smith et al., 1996). In animal body,
metals are enter through animals feeds, green fodder,
drinking water and pharmaceutical medicines etc.
Other sources are accidental access to limed field,
mineral supplements with high content of trace metal
and licking of painted surfaced containing metallic
pigments.
Classification of Heavy metal
Heavy metals can be classified into four major
groups on their health importance.
Essential: Cu, Zn, CO, Cr, Mn and Fe .These metal
also called micronutrients (Reeves and Baker, 2000)
and are toxic when taken in excess of requirements
(Monni et al., 2000;Blaylock and Huang, 2000).The
toxic limit and recommended or safe intake of heavy
metal for human health is given in Table - 1 (Oliver,
1997)
Non essential : Ba, Al, Li and Zr
Less toxic : Sn and Al
Highly toxic : Hg, Cd and Cd.
Heavy metals are also called trace element due
to their presence in trace (10mg Kg-1) or in ultratrace
(1µg kg-1) quantities in the environmental matrices.
Heavy Metal Toxic Limit Recommended intake / Safe intake
Arsenic 3 mg/day for 2-3 weeks 15 - 25 μg/day (adults)
Cadmium 200 μg/kg of fresh weight 15 -50 μg/day adults 2 -25 μg/day children,
Lead > 500 μg/L (Blood) 20 - 280 μg/day adults 10 - 275 μg/day children
Zinc 150 μg/day 15 μg/day
Table-1: Toxic Limit and recommended / safe intake of heavy metal
Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health
Mukesh K. Raikwar, Puneet Kumar, Manoj Singh and Anand Singh
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar - 243 122, Bareilly (U.P.)
028
Veterinary World, Vol.1(1):28-30 REVIEW
2. Veterinary World, Vol.1, No.1, January 2008
Cadmium (Cd): Pure cadmium is a soft, silver-white
metal. The physical property of cadmium is atomic
number 48, atomic weight 112.411, electro-negativity
1.5, crystal ionic radius (Principal valence state) 0.97,
ionisation potential 8.993, oxidation state +2, Electron
configuration Kr 4d1 5S2 Density 8.64 g/cm3, Melting
point 320.9°C and Boiling point 765°C at 100 kPa. It
is usually found as a mineral combined with other
elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine
(cadmium chloride), or sulphur (cadmium sulphate,
cadmium sulphide).
Cadmium is a toxic to virtually every system in
the animal body. It is almost absent in the human
body at birth, however accumulates with age. An
average men accumulates as about 30 mg cadmium
in his body by the age of 50 years. Refined foods,
water foods, water pipes, coffee, tea, coal burning
and cigrates are all the most important source of Cd.
Daily dietary intake of Cd ranges from 40-50 µg/ day
(WHO, 1987). Cadmium accumulated with in the
kidney and liver over long time (McLaughlin et al.,
1999).It is interact with numbers of minerals mainly
Zn, Fe, Cu and Se due to chemical similarities and
competition for binding stage.It is also reported that
Cd can affected Ca, P and bone metabolism in both
industrial and people exposed to Cd in general
environment (Jarup et al., 1998).
Lead (Pb): Lead is a bluish or silvery grey soft metal
with atomic number 82;atomic weight 207.19;specific
gravity 11.34, melting point 327.5o
C and boiling point
17400C. It is the most common industrial metal that
has become widespread in air, water, soil and food.
Lead is slightly soluble in water and is transported
mainly through the atmosphere. It behaves like
calcium in body and accumulates in bone, liver,
kidney and other tissues.
The problem of lead poisoning in animals has
widely been recognized which needs a special
attention for the environmentalist and health-
personnel.It is a cumulative tissue poison and gets
stored in different parts of the body especially in
bones, liver, kidney and brain. Besides, direct
ingestion of lead leading to increased blood lead
levels, accumulated lead in the body also acts as a
significant source of blood lead burden (Swarup et
al., 2005). Accumulated lead is mobilized from the
storage sites with decreasing blood lead level or
following treatment with chelator, thus enhancing the
chelator blood lead level without the animal being
exposed to lead in the immediate past. Chelation
treatment sometimes leads to fatal outcome due to
immediate surge of lead from the deposited site to
blood causing severe damages to kidney and brain.
Lead produces mainly acute or chronic poisoning. In
acute lead poisoning case fatality in lead poisoning
may go up to as high as 100%.In acute lead toxicity
in cattle, there is sudden onset of signs and the animal
at pasture may succumb within 24 hours.
Arsenic (As): The organoarsenicals in food are one
of the most poisoning in livestock now a days
because of the displacement of arsenic form almost
all phases of farming activities. The common of
source of arsenic is in fluid used for dipping and
spraying of animal to control ecto-parasites.Clinical
signs of arsenic toxicity in cattle vary form
gastrointestinal to nervous signs. Arsenic were killer
including sodium or sodium arsenate, Arsenic
pentaoxide and monosodium or disodium acid. It
toxicity produces goiter in rats, thyroid antagonism
in man and inhibited the growth of rumen bacteria in
pure culture as well as reduces the fermentative
activity. Chronic arsenic toxicity is mostly manifested
in weight loss, capricious appetite, conjunctively and
mucosal erythematic lesion including mouth
ulceration and reduce milk yield. Acute toxic effects
include abdominal cramping, hyperesthesia in
extremities, abdominal patellar reflexes and
abdominal electrocardiogram (Franzblau and Lilis,
1989). Such effects generally occur at the levels of
exposure equal to 50µg/kg weight/day. However,
chronic poisoning of As includes anemia, liver and
kidney damage, hyper pigmentation and keratosis i.e.
skin damage (Wu et al., 1989; ATSDR, 2000).
It is reported that As toxicity produced goiter in
rats, thyroid in man. Arsenic inhibited the growth of
rumen bacteria in pure culture as well reduced the
fermentative activity.
Mercury (Hg): Mercury is considered a highly toxic
contaminant.The toxicity of mercury depends on its
chemical form methyl mercury being the most
hazardous metal and stable form of mercury that has
been attributed to the suffering of most avian and
mammalian predators at the top of contaminated
tropics.Industrial wastes and sewage water form the
chloroalkali industry are a major source of mercury
pollution.The symptoms of toxicosis in most species
of animals include in coordination of movement, visual
aberration and decline in awareness. Fishes
containing more than 0.4 ppm Hg are unfit
human consumption, the critical urinary concentration
of Hg has been suggested as 1 to 2 µg/ml.
Minimata disease is characterized by
029
Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health
3. Veterinary World, Vol.1, No.1, January 2008
symptoms of fatigue, loss of memory and
concentration, tremors’ constriction of visual field,
cortical blindness etc. (Jarup, 2003). The intake of
mercury as suggested by WHO is 43 µg
(Krishnamurti, 1987). The animal consumed high
mercury containing vegetation will be affected and
will suffer from alopecia, neuropathy, visual and
gastrointestinal tract disorder.
References
1. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry) (2000).Toxicological profile for
arsenic U.S. Department of health and human
service, Public Health Service, A-5
2. Blaylock, M.J. and J.W. Huang. (2000).
Phytoextraction of metal. In: Phytoremediation of
toxic metal: Using plants to clean. Up the
environmental. (Ed: I. Raskin and B.D. Ensley).
John Wiley & Sons, Torento, Canada. pp. 53-70.
3. Franzblau, A. and Lilis, R. (1989): Archives of
Environmental Health. 44: 385-390.
4. Herawati, N., Susuki, S., Hayashi, K., Rivai, I.F.
and Koyama, H.(2000): Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology. 64: 33-39.
5. Holleman, A.F. and Wiberg, E. (1985). Lehebuch
du Anoranischen chemie. Water de Gruyter,
Berlin, pp-868.
6. Jarup, L.(2003):British Medical Bulletin.68:167-182.
7. Jarup, L., Bergluud, M. and Elinder, C.G. (1998):
Scandian Journal of Work Environmental Health.
24: 1-51.
8. Krishnamurti, C.R.(1987):The cycling of arsenic,
cadmium, lead and mercury in India. In: Lead,
mercury,cadmiumandarsenicinthe environmental.
(Eds: C.Hutchinson and K.M.Meema).SCOPE31,
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 315-333.
9. McLaughlin, M.J., Parker, D.R. and Clarke, J.M.
(1999): Field Crop Research. 60: 143-163.
10. Mildvan, A.S. (1970): Metals in enzymes
catalysis. In: The enzymes, Vol. II (Ed: D.D.
Boyer). Academic Press, London. pp 445-536.
11. Monni, S., Salemaa, M. and Miller N. (2000):
Environmental Pollution. 109: 221-229.
12. Oliver, M.A. (1997): European Journal of Soil
Science. 48: 573-592.
13. Reeves, R.D. and Baker A.J.M. (2000): Metal
accumulation plants. In:Phytoremediation of toxic
metals: Using plant to clean up the environment.
(Ed: I. Raskin and B.D. Ensely). John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. Torento, Canada. pp - 193-229.
14. Smith, C.J., Hopmans, P. and Cook, F.J. (1996):
Environmental Pollution. 94: 317-323.
15. Swarup D, Patra RC, Naresh R, Kumar P, Shekhar
P.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/(2005).
Science of the Total Environment. 15(1-3): 67-71
16. WHO (1987): Air quality guidelines for Europe.
WHO Regional Publications, European Series
No. 23. World Health Organization officer for
Europe, Copenhagen.
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(1989): American Journal of Epidermology. 130:
1123-1132.
Operation Flood made India one of the largest
producer of milk in the world
Milk production was stagnant in India in the 1950s and 1960s.The Government wanted to increase
milk production and improve its distribution in an attempt to alleviate poverty and mal-nutrition. For
this, India received aid from the European countries through theWorld Food Programme.
The Government expended the money in an innovative and intelligent manner.Instead of distributing
the gifts of milk and dairy products free, milk powder was used to manufacture liquid milk and sell it.
The funds thus generated were invested in a project termed “Operation Flood”. A National Milk grid
was created, which linked milk producers throughout India.Milk production was encouraged through
co-operatives of the milk producers. Dairy farmers benefited because they were not affected by
seasonal and regional price fluctuations.The project was a huge success - it made India one of the
largest producers of milk in the world. This was hailed as the“White Revolution”.
The project was implemented in three phases. Phase one was from1970 to 1980.It covered eight of
India’s major cities. Phase two was from 1980 to 1985. Milk sheds increased from 18 to 136.Urban
markets expanded. There were 290 outlets. A self-sustaining system had been set up by the end of
phase two. In phase three (between 1985 to 1996) there has been a further increase in milk co-
operatives: 30,000 co-operatives have been added. The facilities have been expanded to provide
veterinary care. Efforts are made to see that the cattle feed is of good quality. Research has been
undertaken in the fields of animal breeding, animal health and nutrition.
030
Toxic effect of heavy metals in livestock health
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