Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cobalt chloride at selected periods showed a decrease in their ventilation rate up to 27.91% in lethal concentration at 240hr of exposure, while, in sublethal concentrations initially increased up to 23.95 & 27.91% at 96 and 240hr of exposure followed by a decline up to 24.70 and 12.94% at 960hr of exposure to 39.45 and 13.10 mg/l concentration respectively. The O2 uptake rate initially increased followed by a decline up to 54.47% at 240hr of exposure to lethal concentration (92.00 mg/l) & up to 28.80 & 10.65% in sublethal concentration at 960hr of exposure. Keywords: O2 uptake; ventilation rate: Cirrhinus mrigala; Cobalt chloride
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cobalt chloride at selected periods showed a decrease in their ventilation rate up to 27.91% in lethal concentration at 240hr of exposure, while, in sublethal concentrations initially increased up to 23.95 & 27.91% at 96 and 240hr of exposure followed by a decline up to 24.70 and 12.94% at 960hr of exposure to 39.45 and 13.10 mg/l concentration respectively. The O2 uptake rate initially increased followed by a decline up to 54.47% at 240hr of exposure to lethal concentration (92.00 mg/l) & up to 28.80 & 10.65% in sublethal concentration at 960hr of exposure. Keywords: O2 uptake; ventilation rate: Cirrhinus mrigala; Cobalt chloride
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Hg analysis from the fish and their effect on human life by using Cold Vapor ...Dadu Mal DK
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal found on earth it causes many decease, the main cause of mercury pollution is the mining industry and industrial effluent.
Abstract: Water is crucial factor in our life. It is one of fundamental needs of human being. As far as our health is concerned the water should be fit for drinking, it should not contain any undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use. For such water we have to depend on sources of water such as river, lake , well etc. but to make it upto the standards of drinking water it should be treated1. In big cities municipal corporation supplies water to the people after treating it in treatment plant. In pimpri & chinchwad city PCMC treats and supplies water to city. Corporation divided city in 46 sectors to distribute water. Samples were collected from each of these sectors and conducted various tests such as hardness test, chloride content test, etc. To examine the contamination of water at tap sources. In this study it was found that the water is pure up to all standards except residual chlorine in certain sectors. So it is concluded that what care should be taken for distribution to such sectors. Keywords: pH Test, Alkalinity Test, Chloride Test, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness Test, Residual Chlorine Content.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
Recently, the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications consider as major obstacles to reducing HCV outbreaks worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a new alternative therapy for HCV infection with low cost and low side effects. A smart device termed a Life Restoration Device (LRD) was designated to produce a low potential codified amount of ions. The specified codified amount of ions produced from LRD are designated to exterminate HCV. To investigate our hypothesis, we designated an experimental system for in-vitro studies. This system is composed of a glass tube that can be filled with HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive serum. The result of this study showed that LRD can decrease the viral load of HCV PCR-positive serum to 99% after 2 hrs treatment. The viral load reduction of the LRD against low HCV PCR count was almost similar to that of high HCV PCR count. Furthermore, the efficacy of LRD to reduce the serum viral load after 30 min or 60 min treatment was 74%or 95% respectively while the viral load after2 hrs treatment was about 91%. The electron microscopy investigation of HCV PCR-positive serum after treatment with LRD showed degenerated HCV particles compared with the non-treated virus. The in vitro treatment of the HCV PCR-positive serum with LRD didn’t affect the blood contents such as red blood cells count, white blood cells count and hemoglobin levels. The sincerity of the codified amount of ions produced by LRD may affect the fragile fluidity of the viral envelope. Treatment of hepatitis viruses with a codified amount of ions is a new alternative therapy but needs more studies. It is crucial to develop an effective alternative viral therapy using such kind of technology to reduce the antiviral drugs side effects.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
Hg analysis from the fish and their effect on human life by using Cold Vapor ...Dadu Mal DK
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metal found on earth it causes many decease, the main cause of mercury pollution is the mining industry and industrial effluent.
Abstract: Water is crucial factor in our life. It is one of fundamental needs of human being. As far as our health is concerned the water should be fit for drinking, it should not contain any undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use. For such water we have to depend on sources of water such as river, lake , well etc. but to make it upto the standards of drinking water it should be treated1. In big cities municipal corporation supplies water to the people after treating it in treatment plant. In pimpri & chinchwad city PCMC treats and supplies water to city. Corporation divided city in 46 sectors to distribute water. Samples were collected from each of these sectors and conducted various tests such as hardness test, chloride content test, etc. To examine the contamination of water at tap sources. In this study it was found that the water is pure up to all standards except residual chlorine in certain sectors. So it is concluded that what care should be taken for distribution to such sectors. Keywords: pH Test, Alkalinity Test, Chloride Test, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness Test, Residual Chlorine Content.
Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: Subc...UniversitasGadjahMada
Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium combined on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 μmol L-1, cadmium at about 6 μmol L-1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heatdenaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70 - 80 %) and heat-stable proteins (9 - 24 %), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88 - 98 %).
Recently, the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications consider as major obstacles to reducing HCV outbreaks worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a new alternative therapy for HCV infection with low cost and low side effects. A smart device termed a Life Restoration Device (LRD) was designated to produce a low potential codified amount of ions. The specified codified amount of ions produced from LRD are designated to exterminate HCV. To investigate our hypothesis, we designated an experimental system for in-vitro studies. This system is composed of a glass tube that can be filled with HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive serum. The result of this study showed that LRD can decrease the viral load of HCV PCR-positive serum to 99% after 2 hrs treatment. The viral load reduction of the LRD against low HCV PCR count was almost similar to that of high HCV PCR count. Furthermore, the efficacy of LRD to reduce the serum viral load after 30 min or 60 min treatment was 74%or 95% respectively while the viral load after2 hrs treatment was about 91%. The electron microscopy investigation of HCV PCR-positive serum after treatment with LRD showed degenerated HCV particles compared with the non-treated virus. The in vitro treatment of the HCV PCR-positive serum with LRD didn’t affect the blood contents such as red blood cells count, white blood cells count and hemoglobin levels. The sincerity of the codified amount of ions produced by LRD may affect the fragile fluidity of the viral envelope. Treatment of hepatitis viruses with a codified amount of ions is a new alternative therapy but needs more studies. It is crucial to develop an effective alternative viral therapy using such kind of technology to reduce the antiviral drugs side effects.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fishe Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodi...iosrjce
Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people.
Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has
made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of
acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen,
protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study
revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aroma...Scientific Review SR
The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8×10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7×10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Biosorption of metals by Solitary Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra in Vizhinjam Ba...researchanimalsciences
Biosorption of heavy metals by ascidians has been recognized as a potential
alternative to existing technique for recovery of heavy metals from waste stream. The
solitary ascidian,
Phallusia nigra,
is a common and large black ascidian and occurs
throughout the year in Vizhinjam Bay. Hence this study has been focused on the
biosorption of metals in the test and mantle body of
P. nigra
from ecologically
significant station, Vizhinjam Bay. Monthly samplings of water and specimens of
P. nigra were done during the period from September 2010 to August 2011 and
subjected to the analysis of metals. The concentration of metals in water were found
in the following order Cd>Pb>V>Hg. Mean concentrations of metals were high during
monsoon season and low during premonsoon season.
Absorption of metals by
P. nigra
revealed that both test and mantle body
accumulated a diverse range of trace metals. The present results showed that the
content of metals in the test was usually less than that of the mantle body. High
concentration of these metals was found to be during monsoon season whereas low
concentration was during premonsoon season.
The bioaccumulation factors were in the order of V>Pb>Cd> Hg for the test
and mantle body of the study animal. Application of one
–
way ANOVA for the
concentration of these metals between test and mantle body showed significant
differences. Metal concentrations recorded in this ascidian could effectively be used
as good reference material for monitoring metal contamination in Indian sea waters.
Biodiversity and conservation strategies of Nymphalidae Butterflies in the h...researchanimalsciences
Nymphalidae butterflies have a number of subfamilies, including the species
such as Browns, Milkweeds, Heliconians and Beaks. These vary greatly in appearance
ranging from small to large, with mostly in medium size. Some among these
butterflies are powerful fliers (Nawabs and Rajahs) or migrants (Painted lady,
Milkweed butterflies) while Bush browns (
Mycalesis visala, Melanitis leda
and
Elymnias hypermnestra)
and Rings (
Ypthima baldus, Ypthima chenui
and
Ypthima philomela
) are weak fliers. Three study sites i.e., Lankamalai of Kadapa
district, Talakona and Tirumala Hills of Chittoor district of Eastern Ghats of Southern
Andhra Pradesh were chosen.
Captive breeding method has been adopted for
restocking the population.
Nearly 26 Nymphalidae species were identified from
6 sub families. Species diversity
was calculated by using Simpson’s diversity indices
along with the seasonality and population index, richness and evenness of the species
were also discussed.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age - length r...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail,
Lymnaea acuminata,
was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All
the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats
started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show
differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from
third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11
th
day by mechanical means. The
young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age
-
length relationship
was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between
age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations.
The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictag...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of
Bougainvillea spectabilis
was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti
under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Aedes aegypti . The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
on the probit analysis the LC 50
(mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC - 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upo...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high
concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that
the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also
change the physico
-
chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc
chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total
alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs,
whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in
water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity,
free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due
to increase in the metabolic processes of
Ophiocephalus punctatus
upon exposure to
zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, us...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by
application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of
tetraploidy was attempted in
Cyprinus carpio
L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five
females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were
divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min,
27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After
treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy
was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat
shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a
maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large
proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such
as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were
obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four
min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times
greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful
model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of
tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction
and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is
developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is
behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this
experiment we study feeding behavior in
P. reticulata
by six treatments. Six
aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the
maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium
No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without
feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in
aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark
conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness
conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of
fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2
it
was about 92%. In aquarium No.3,
95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B.
In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A,
respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good
aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age length relati...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail, Lymnaea acuminata, was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11th day by mechanical means. The young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age-length relationship was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations. The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation
y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Article Citation:
Borale RP and Ahirrao KD.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0009.pdf
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, usi...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictagin...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231), III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Article Citation:
Rajmohan D and Logankumar K.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l.
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0012.pdf
2. INTROCUTION:
Heavy metals accumulate in the aquatic
organism through various sources like sediments, soil
erosion and runoff, air depositions of dust, aerosol, and
discharge of waste water (Labonne et al., 2001; Goodwin
et al., 2003). But majority of aquatic ecosystems are
greatly affected by the industrial waste containing variety
of heavy metals. Heavy metals from industries not only
disturb the aquatic environment but leads to
environmental health hazards (Shukla et al., 2007; Gupta
and Srivastava, 2006; Agtas et al., 2007; Yoon et al.,
2008).
Zinc is a common trace metal essential in minute
quantities for mammal and fish (Frieden, 1972 and
Holcombe et. al., 1979), and is generally regarded as one
of the less hazardous element, though its toxicity may be
enhanced by the presence of other heavy metals like
cadmium, copper and ferrous etc. However small
quantities of zinc are required for normal development
and metabolism of organisms, if levels exceed the
physiological requirements, zinc can act as a toxicant.
Exposure to excess zinc has been reported to bring about
biochemical as well as histological changes in various
organs of fishes (Agrawal and Srivastava, 2003;
Srivastava and Verma, 2009). Indeed, much work is
available on the effect of zinc on various aspects of
animal behavior, histopathology, biochemical and
histochemical variation etc. But very little work has
been done with respect to effect of heavy metal on
physicochemical change of water (Bacher and Chilke,
2012) upon exposure to fish in general. In the present
work the attempt was made to fill out the lacunae by
correlating the effect of zinc on alteration of
physicochemical properties of water upon exposure to
Ophiocephalus puctatus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Healthy fingerlings of Ophiocephalus puctatus
measuring the size 12-15cm were purchased from
fisherman of Mulchera (District-Gadchiroli). It was
carried to the laboratory in hygienic condition and
acclimatized for fifteen days. During this period of
acclimatization fish were fed with boiled eggs and rice
bran. Zinc LC-50 for 96 hrs was carried out thrice to
confirm exact dose of LC-50. Then the fish were divided
into six groups. Each group was contained twenty fish
each. Later all these fish were exposed to lethal
concentration of Zinc for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The
estimation of water was carried out at the interval of 24
hrs after real start time. All the physicochemical
parameters were tested according to APHA (1989).
Values were calculated by one way ANOVA with
software Graph pad-5 demo version.
RESULTS:
It fact the zinc is an essential inorganic element
requires to perform normal physiological function.
Deficiency of this element affects the general
physiology. However the higher concentration causes
the detrimental effect to all the aquatic organisms. In the
present study we observed that the Ophiocephalus
punctatus exhibited 50% mortality at 44.25mg/l of zinc
chloride.
At 50% lethal concentration of zinc chloride fish
exhibited notable changes in its behavior like continuous
fin movement, intermittent twitch and rapid opening and
closing of operculum and mouth. All these activities
were much more frequent in initial time of exposure
compared to the later period but remained higher than the
control throughout the experimental period. It was
observed that the exposed fish secreted large quantity of
mucus from 24 hrs to 96 hrs and till 96 hrs caudal region
became blood red colored (Fig. 1).
Atmospheric temperature was constant (25°C)
during experimental tenure i.e. from 24 to 72 hours of
exposure. However, the water temperature was gradually
increased from 24 to 72 hrs. and at 96 hrs it was
observed to decrease (Table-1, Fig. 2).
Bacher and Chilke, 2012
008 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012
3. The water conductivity was steadily increased
(Table-1, Fig. 3) from 24 to 96 hrs, the maximum
conductivity (0.519 ± 0.006) was observed at 96 hrs. and
lowest at 24 hrs (0.379 ± 0.011). However the pH
(negative logarithmic hydrogen ion concentration) also
increased perpetually from 24 to 96 hours of exposure
(Fig. 4). The maximum pH (6.84 ± 0.013) was noticed
on fourth day (96 hrs) of exposure and minimum (6.35 ±
0.009) at 24 hrs.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) in water was maximum
(Fig. 5) at 24 hrs (0.68 ± 0.87 mg/l) and minimum (0.28
± 0.60 mg/l) was recorded at 98 hrs. The DO was
observed decreasing consistently from 24 to 96 hrs of
exposure. But opposite results were obtained for the free
carbon dioxide. The free carbon dioxide was
continuously increased from 48 to 96 hrs. (Fig. 6), it was
recorded minimum at 24 hrs and maximum at 96 hrs of
exposure.
It was also observed that the total alkalinity as
calcium carbonate increased consistently similar to free
carbon dioxide from 24 to 96 hrs. The total alkalinity
was noted minimum at 24 hrs and maximum at 96 hrs
(Fig. 7).
DISCUSSION:
Zinc has been recognized to play a vital role in
almost all aspects of living systems either directly or
indirectly (Alabaster and Lloyd, 1982 and Shukla et al.,
2003). When zinc occurs at higher levels than normal, it
can act as a pollutant (Agrawal and Srivastava, 2003).
However, no report is available on the extent of changes
in the physicochemical factors of water after exposure of
fish to the LC-50 of Zinc chloride. Therefore the present
study was undertaken to find out the induction of change
in the physicochemical factors of water upon exposure of
Bacher and Chilke, 2012
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012 009
Fig 1. Ophiocephalaus punctatus showing an excess
secretion of mucous and redness of caudal fin on
exposure to Zinc Chloride LC-50 up to 96 hrs.
Fig 2. Showing the difference in Ambient and Water
Temperature during the experiment from 24hrs to
96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus to
Zinc LC-50.
Fig 3. Showing change in Water Conductivity from
24hrs to 96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus
punctatus to Zinc LC-50.
4. Ophiocephalus punctatus to the Zinc chloride.
The murrel O. punctatus is well known to live in
oxygen deficit polluted water in the Indian fresh water
ecosystem due to presence of accessory respiratory
organs. Bacher and Chilke (2012) have reported the
effect of Cadmium LC-50 on the alternation of
physicochemical characteristics of water.
It has been observed that the ambient
temperature influence the temperature of aquatic media
and in general temperature of water is always lower than
the ambient temperature. The Zinc at LC-50 were
observed to decrease initially value of temperature till 72
hrs of exposure and later in 96 hrs that got insignificantly
increased. This decrease in temperature could be due to
decrease in basic metabolic rate of fish. It was observed
that the fish showed continuous movement of mouth,
operculum and fins but fish was quiescent. However in
the last period of experiment from 72 to 96 hrs the entire
activity was seemed to increase as compared to earlier
period along with excessive secretion of mucus. This
could be implicated to slightly increase in basic
metabolic rate of fish till 96 hrs of incubation.
The overall conductivity of water consistently
increased from 24 to 96 hrs of exposure and this increase
in water conductivity could be due to successive increase
in the ionic strength of water. It could be concluded that
the zinc at above tolerance capacity induce the loss of
ions by the fish. The pH of water gradually changed from
the first day of exposure till 96 hrs was reported (Bacher
and Chilke, 2012) upon exposure of fish to cadmium
chloride LC-50. The same was observed in the present
study that zinc also induces the loss of protons by the
Bacher and Chilke, 2012
010 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012
Fig 5. Showing alternation in Dissolved Oxygen in
water during the experiment from 24hrs to 96hrs
upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus to Zinc
LC-50.
Table-1. Effect of Zinc chloride (LC-50) on Physicochemical Parameters of Water
Sr.No. Parameters 24-Hrs 48-Hrs 72-Hrs 96Hrs.
1 Ambient Temp. 25 °C 25°C 25°C 25°C
2 Water Temp. 24°C 24°C 23.2°C 23.3°C
3 Conductivity 0.379 ± 0.011 0.452 ± 0.006 0.483 ± 0.008 0.519 ± 0.006
4 pH 6.35 ± 0.009 6.43 ± 0.011 6.70 ± 0.013 6.84 ± 0.013
5 Dissolved O2 0.68 ± 0.87 0.58 ± 0.60 0.45 ± 0.60 0.28 ± 0.60
6 Free CO2 15.48 ± 0.14 21.51 ± 0.28 23.39 ± 0.11 27.69 ± 0.15
7 Total Alkalinity 23.67 ± 0.42 25.5 ± 0.43 27.33 ± 0.49 32.67 ± 1.05
Fig 4. Showing change in pH (logarithmic hydrogen
ion concentration) during the experiment from 24hrs
to 96hrs upon exposure of Ophiocephalaus punctatus
to Zinc LC-50.
5. fish at lethal concentration-50.
The gases like the oxygen and the carbon dioxide
exhibited dramatic change from 24 to 96 hrs. It was
observed that quantitatively the level of oxygen
decreased and contrary to this the level of carbon dioxide
increased. This finding indicates the rate of oxygen
consumption increased and hence the carbon dioxide
level in water increased might be due to increase in
metabolic rate of fish. The total alkalinity as calcium
carbonate was also increased from 24 to 96 hrs of
exposure could be due to loss of calcium by the fish
which reacts with the excess of carbonic acid to form the
calcium carbonate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are very thankful to the Principal, Shree
Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Rajura
(M.S.) for providing the laboratory facilities.
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Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 007-012 011
Fig 7. Showing change in Total Alkalinity in water
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Fig 6. Showing variation in Free Carbon dioxide in
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