This document summarizes a research paper on using a micromechanical cantilever for carbon dioxide gas sensing. It describes how a cantilever coated with zinc oxide can selectively absorb CO2 molecules, changing its mass and resonant frequency. The frequency shift is then used to quantify the amount of CO2 gas present. Fabrication of the cantilever sensor and experimental testing showing the relationship between mass change and frequency shift are discussed. The paper concludes the method provides an original way to measure CO2 gas concentration through absorption-induced changes in the cantilever's resonant properties.
RESONANCE BASED MICROMECHANICAL CANTILEVER FOR GAS SENSINGIJNSA Journal
Our world is facing some drastic changes in the climatic conditions due to the heating effect caused by various greenhouse gases. The most harmful gas among them is Carbon dioxide and is increasing at an uncontrolled rate.
This paper aims in finding out the quantity of the major polluting gas carbon dioxide. The gravimetric sensor works by adsorbing the CO2 molecules on ZnO sensing layer, which alters the overall mass of the sensor. The mechanical structure is a cantilever, having its own resonant frequency. To selectively adsorb CO2 molecules from the mixture of gaseous molecules, ZnO at a specific temperature is used. As the gas molecules are adsorbed the mass increases and hence there is a change in resonant frequency. This change in frequency gives the measure of the quantity of CO2 molecules present in that environment. The major expected advantage of this technique would be the repeatability of the sensor that is used. This Quantitative analysis of CO2 would be helpful for mankind by alerting them about the environment in which they work, by proper conditioning and networking.
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Fiber optic technology with the role of surface plasmons has tremendously advanced the sensing technique of various physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of materials. The working of the optical fiber sensor designed by us is founded on the principle of the absorption of the evanescent waves passing through the optical fiber. The technique is based on the evanescent wave penetration between two dielectric media satisfying the conditions of attenuated total internal reflections (ATR’s). In the present work, the cladding of the fiber is removed by a suitable technique, and Silver nanoparticles are deposited on it. The evanescent light waves passing out of the core of the fiber are absorbed by the metal nanoparticles. The wavelength of maximum absorption is specific to the metal nanoparticles as well as to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium and occurs when the wavelength of evanescent light resonates with localized surface plasmon (LSP) wavelength of the nanoparticle. Noble metal nanoparticles of Silver and Gold exhibit LSP resonance in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. In this article, we report the characteristic parameters of three sensor probes a, b and c developed by researcher.
STUDY OF ABSORPTION IN CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES FROM 1HZ TO 40GHZjmicro
Absorption performances in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer matrices
containing various loads of carbon nanotubes were analysed. It depends on electrical conductivity,
dielectric constant and thickness of the polymer composites. These parameters can be easily controlled.
Significant absorption, which can reach between 60 and 90%, hence occurs at particular combinations of
these last parameters (in a frequency range from 1Hz to GHz). These new results are really useful in
various applications, and are considered in low scale systems as a major technological solution against
electromagnetic interferences.
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Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
RESONANCE BASED MICROMECHANICAL CANTILEVER FOR GAS SENSINGIJNSA Journal
Our world is facing some drastic changes in the climatic conditions due to the heating effect caused by various greenhouse gases. The most harmful gas among them is Carbon dioxide and is increasing at an uncontrolled rate.
This paper aims in finding out the quantity of the major polluting gas carbon dioxide. The gravimetric sensor works by adsorbing the CO2 molecules on ZnO sensing layer, which alters the overall mass of the sensor. The mechanical structure is a cantilever, having its own resonant frequency. To selectively adsorb CO2 molecules from the mixture of gaseous molecules, ZnO at a specific temperature is used. As the gas molecules are adsorbed the mass increases and hence there is a change in resonant frequency. This change in frequency gives the measure of the quantity of CO2 molecules present in that environment. The major expected advantage of this technique would be the repeatability of the sensor that is used. This Quantitative analysis of CO2 would be helpful for mankind by alerting them about the environment in which they work, by proper conditioning and networking.
STUDY ON FIBER GRATINGS AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONDr. Ved Nath Jha
Good potential uses in fiber and fiber lasers have been seen through Random Fiber Gratings (RFGs). However, a quantitative link has never been studied between the RFG's randomness and spectral reaction. This paper first experimentally characterizes two RFGs of varying degrees of randomness by optical frequency reflectometry (OFDR). The high degree of randomness indicates that the grating intensity is limited and the strength variations in spatial domain are large. The experimental findings show. Study establishes the theoretical basis for the optimization configuration and implementation of the long-term fiber grating in the area of fiber optics sensing and communication.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL PARAMETER CALCULATIONS OF THE PROBES IN WATERDr. Ved Nath Jha
Fiber optic technology with the role of surface plasmons has tremendously advanced the sensing technique of various physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of materials. The working of the optical fiber sensor designed by us is founded on the principle of the absorption of the evanescent waves passing through the optical fiber. The technique is based on the evanescent wave penetration between two dielectric media satisfying the conditions of attenuated total internal reflections (ATR’s). In the present work, the cladding of the fiber is removed by a suitable technique, and Silver nanoparticles are deposited on it. The evanescent light waves passing out of the core of the fiber are absorbed by the metal nanoparticles. The wavelength of maximum absorption is specific to the metal nanoparticles as well as to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium and occurs when the wavelength of evanescent light resonates with localized surface plasmon (LSP) wavelength of the nanoparticle. Noble metal nanoparticles of Silver and Gold exhibit LSP resonance in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. In this article, we report the characteristic parameters of three sensor probes a, b and c developed by researcher.
STUDY OF ABSORPTION IN CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES FROM 1HZ TO 40GHZjmicro
Absorption performances in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer matrices
containing various loads of carbon nanotubes were analysed. It depends on electrical conductivity,
dielectric constant and thickness of the polymer composites. These parameters can be easily controlled.
Significant absorption, which can reach between 60 and 90%, hence occurs at particular combinations of
these last parameters (in a frequency range from 1Hz to GHz). These new results are really useful in
various applications, and are considered in low scale systems as a major technological solution against
electromagnetic interferences.
FT-NIR as a real-time QC tool for polymer manufacturingGalaxy Scientific
Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
Abstract
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at Applied Research and Photonics (Harrisburg, PA) has been used to demonstrate reconstructive imaging with a
resolution of less than a nanometer. Gridding with inverse distance to power equations has been described for 3D
image formation. A continuous wave terahertz source derived from dendrimer dipole excitation has been used for
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was used for particle size and layer thickness determinations. The demonstrated results of quantum dot particle
size checks well with those determined by TEM micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The reported
non-contact measurement system is expected to be useful for characterizing 2D and 3D naomaterials as well as for process development and/or quality inspection at the production line.
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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Terahertz sub-surface imaging offers an effective solution for surface and 3D imaging because of minimal
sample preparation requirements and its ability to “see” below the surface. Another important property is the ability
to inspect on a layer-by layer basis via a non-contact route, non-destructive route. Terahertz 3D imager designed
at Applied Research and Photonics (Harrisburg, PA) has been used to demonstrate reconstructive imaging with a
resolution of less than a nanometer. Gridding with inverse distance to power equations has been described for 3D
image formation. A continuous wave terahertz source derived from dendrimer dipole excitation has been used for
reflection mode scanning in the three orthogonal directions. Both 2D and 3D images are generated for the analysis
of silver iodide quantum dots’ size parameter. Layer by layer image analysis has been outlined. Graphical analysis
was used for particle size and layer thickness determinations. The demonstrated results of quantum dot particle
size checks well with those determined by TEM micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The reported
non-contact measurement system is expected to be useful for characterizing 2D and 3D naomaterials as well as for process development and/or quality inspection at the production line.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Novel experimental observations in percolative systemsRAVI BHATIA
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It is challenging to separate and measure the physical and chemical properties of monometallic and bimetallic engineered nanoparticles (NPs), especially when mixtures of NPs consist of particles of similar size, composition, and especially when present at low concentrations.
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Ijnsa050210
1. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
RESONANCE BASED MICROMECHANICAL
CANTILEVER FOR GAS SENSING
Subhashini. S1 and Vimala Juliet. A2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Electronics Engineering, Sathyabama University,
Chennai, India
subhashinivivin@gmail.com
2
Prof. & Head, Department of EIE, SRM University, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
Our world is facing some drastic changes in the climatic conditions due to the heating effect caused by
various greenhouse gases. The most harmful gas among them is Carbon dioxide and is increasing at an
uncontrolled rate.
This paper aims in finding out the quantity of the major polluting gas carbon dioxide. The gravimetric
sensor works by adsorbing the CO2 molecules on ZnO sensing layer, which alters the overall mass of the
sensor. The mechanical structure is a cantilever, having its own resonant frequency. To selectively adsorb
CO2 molecules from the mixture of gaseous molecules, ZnO at a specific temperature is used. As the gas
molecules are adsorbed the mass increases and hence there is a change in resonant frequency. This change
in frequency gives the measure of the quantity of CO2 molecules present in that environment. The major
expected advantage of this technique would be the repeatability of the sensor that is used. This Quantitative
analysis of CO2 would be helpful for mankind by alerting them about the environment in which they work,
by proper conditioning and networking.
KEYWORDS
Micro Cantilever, Resonant Frequency, Sensing Layer
1. INTRODUCTION
The term 'greenhouse gases' is used to refer to the gases present in the atmosphere which absorb
the radiations and emit them within the thermal infrared range. These gases affect the temperature
of the earth significantly, thus the "greenhouse effect" is the heating of the Earth due to the
presence of greenhouse gases. The most prominent greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere
are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and CFCs.
The most harmful gases among them is Carbon dioxide, as its content is increasing in the
atmosphere day by day. Carbon dioxide is produced prominently by the respiration of animals,
combustion of fossil fuels and geothermal processes, such as eruption of a volcano. Recent
estimates reveal, that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere has increased
to 387 parts per million by volume. This gas features second in the greenhouse gases list,
constituting 9 to 26 percent of greenhouse gases.
Miniaturization has gained enough significance as specified by Moores Law. Hence Micro-
cantilevers are increasingly being used for various measurements. They are comparatively
DOI : 10.5121/ijnsa.2013.5210 125
2. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
inexpensive, show fast response, have high sensitivity and are suitable for mass production using
MEMS technology. Hence there is great interest in micro-cantilever based sensors.
This paper deals with an original methodology of measurement of the major polluting gas carbon
dioxide. The gravimetric sensor works by adsorbing the CO2 molecules in ZnO sensing layer,
which alters the overall mass of the sensing element and thereby changing the resonant frequency
of the cantilever used. This frequency shift is used to identify the quantity of CO2 molecules
present in the atmosphere. Here a micro-cantilever beam is fabricated using selective coatings on
the surface to adsorb CO2 molecules.
2. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FABRICATION
The sensing scheme is that a specific binding induced surface-stress causes bending of the sensing
cantilevers. Present research integrates the SiO2 cantilever with sensing Layer for the
measurement of CO2. The appearance formed would be as shown below in Fig.1
Si Substrate
SiO2 Substrate
Sensing Layer (ZnO)
Fig. 1: 3-D Image Of An Integrated Cantilever
2.1. Theory
Micro cantilever is a widely used component in micro system devices. It finds wide range of
applications in different fields such as biomedical, consumer products due to its flexibility and
versatility. A cantilever is type of beam which is supported and constrained at only one end. Few
examples of cantilever include diving board, aircraft wings, balconies of buildings etc.
Fig. 2: Simple Cantilever Beam.
Cantilevers come in all sizes. MEMS cantilevers can be as thin as a few nanometers with lengths
that range from a few microns to several hundred microns.
Two equations are used to understand the behavior of the MEMS cantilever. The first is the one
relating the maximum displacement to the applied force as given below:
126
3. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
Where wmax – maximum deflection (m)
L – Beam Length (m)
W – Cantilever Width (m)
t – Cantilever Thickness (m)
The second is the formula relating the cantilever spring constant K to the cantilever’s dimensions
and material constants.
Where F – Force (in N)
W - Cantilever width (in m)
By Harmonic oscillator formula,
Where K-Spring Constant
m- Mass (in Kg)
ω0-Cantilever resonance Frequency (in Hz)
Change in force applied to a cantilever can shift the resonance frequency. The frequency shift can
be measured with exquisite frequency accuracy using heterodyne techniques and is the basis of
ac-coupled cantilever sensor.
The mass sensitivity (Sm) of a cantilever is defined as the change in frequency divided by the
mass load. It can be experimentally calculated by the following equation
Where Sm - Mass sensitivity
Δf - Change in frequency
Δm - Mass load.
2.2. Cantilever Resonance Frequency Measurement for Chemical Gas Sensors
The principle used in this type of sensors is to literally catch gas molecules and to weigh them by
measuring the shift in resonance frequency. The chemical sensor consists of two key components:
a sensitive layer and the transducer (the cantilever). The sensing layer is the critical component
and responsible for selectively capturing the CO2 gas molecules and the cantilever which acts as
the transducer converts the mass into a dynamic shift in the resonant frequency. The Molecular
weight of CO2 is 44 g/mol. The mass change is detected by measuring resonance frequency shifts
while actuating the cantilever (dynamic mode). The additional mass load on the cantilever results
127
4. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
in a decrease of the resonance frequency, which is detected. The simulation was carried out using
Intellisuite software and the results are graphically represented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3: Δm to Δf
It is observed that as the change in mass increases there is a corresponding increase in change of
frequency. We can hereby calculate the quantity of gas present in that environment from the
resonant frequency we obtain. The frequency is related to mass by
f=
2.3. Micro-Cantilever Array
Instead of having individual beams they can be combined as an array as shown in Fig. 4 So as to
have a combined response.
Cantilever 1 Cantilever 2 Cantilever 3
Fig.4: Micro – Cantilever Array
An array of sensors can usually give a better amplified signal which would be of importance and
also the selective coating could be varied to give us the quantitative details of N number of gas
molecule detection.
128
5. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
2.4. Sensitiveness across the beam
It would be of significance if we could get the maximum frequency change from the change in
mass due to the gas being absorbed. For this reason a micro-cantilever of length: 100µm, breadth:
20µm and height 10µm was considered.
The sensitive coatings of length 20µm and thickness of 0.1µm was integrated from the tip of the
cantilever to the fixed end and the results were simulated using Intellisuite software and the
results are consolidated and graphical represented in Fig. 5
Fig. 5: Load Distribution across the beam
The sensitivity was found to be 4000/20*10^-6 which is a very efficient one and hence this sensor
helps us to identify gas molecules even when the quantity is very as ppb.
3. CONCLUSIONS
This paper thus brings out the original methodology of measurement of the major polluting gas
like carbon dioxide. The absorption of the chemical by a sensitive layer alters the overall mass of
the sensing element that varies the resonant frequency i.e an increase in mass leads to a decrease
in resonant frequency, this change in frequency gives the mass of CO2 gas molecules present in
the atmosphere. We also observe that when the change in mass in more the resonant frequency
change is also more. Finally a micro-cantilever beams sensitivity is observed. This paper could be
developed using the same principle to identify various gas molecules. The output could be an
electrical signal if this cantilever could be a gate for the FGMOSFET. The obtained voltage could
be compared and given to an alarm.
129
6. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.5, No.2, March 2013
REFERENCES
[1] H.S.Liao, K.Y. Huang, E.T. Hwu, C.S. Chang, (2010) “Resonance Enhaanced Micromechanical
Cantilever for mass sensing”, , IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced intelligent
Mechatronics, Canada.
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Authors
S.Subhashini, completed Masters in Engineering from Annamalai University during
November 2001, Currently she is a Research Scholar at Sathyabama University, carrying
out research on MEMS based gas sensor. She has a decade of teaching experience in
various reputed institutions.
Ms. S. Subhashini is a life member of ISTE and a student member of IEEE.
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