Gamry’s eQCM 10M™ is a rapid, impedance-scanning electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) that adds a valuable tool in the analytical toolbox of anyone investigating interfacial processes.
INTRODUCTION TO UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPYJunaid Khan
UV-visible spectroscopy is the classical and the most reliable technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. It involves detection of light absorbed by the sample and correlates it with concentration of the solute.
X ray
Md. Waliullah Wali
Dept. of pharmacy
Southeast University
Outline
XRD
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique looking at X-ray scattering from crystalline materials. Each material produces a unique X-ray "fingerprint" of X-ray intensity versus scattering angle that is characteristic of it's crystalline atomic structure.
X-ray diffraction procedures
apply only to crystalline
Materials.
Principles of XRD
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ).
XRD Techniques
XRD Techniques
Applications of XRD
Limitations of XRD
XRF
X-Ray Fluorescence is defined as “The emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis.”
X-ray fluorescence procedures
applied to the material
in any physical state,
solid, liquid and gas.
Principles of XRF
The XRF method depends on fundamental principles that are common to several other instrumental methods involving interactions between electron beams and X-rays with samples, including, X-ray spectroscopy (e.g. SEM – EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (microprobe WDS).
XRF Techniques
Applications of XRF
Advantages of XRF
Limitation of XRF
0
References
1. Elements of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
2. Atkins physical chemistry
3. Pharmaceutical chemistry by LG Chattem
4. Brady, John B., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, Introducing Mineralogy Students to X-ray Diffraction Through Optical Diffraction Experiments Using Lasers. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 471-476.
5. Brady, John B., Newton, Robert M., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, New Uses for Powder X-ray Diffraction Experiments in the Undergraduate Curriculum. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 466-470.
6. Buhrke, V. E., Jenkins, R., Smith, D. K., A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Specimens for XRF and XRD Analysis, Wiley, 1998.
INTRODUCTION TO UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPYJunaid Khan
UV-visible spectroscopy is the classical and the most reliable technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds. It involves detection of light absorbed by the sample and correlates it with concentration of the solute.
X ray
Md. Waliullah Wali
Dept. of pharmacy
Southeast University
Outline
XRD
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique looking at X-ray scattering from crystalline materials. Each material produces a unique X-ray "fingerprint" of X-ray intensity versus scattering angle that is characteristic of it's crystalline atomic structure.
X-ray diffraction procedures
apply only to crystalline
Materials.
Principles of XRD
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ).
XRD Techniques
XRD Techniques
Applications of XRD
Limitations of XRD
XRF
X-Ray Fluorescence is defined as “The emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis.”
X-ray fluorescence procedures
applied to the material
in any physical state,
solid, liquid and gas.
Principles of XRF
The XRF method depends on fundamental principles that are common to several other instrumental methods involving interactions between electron beams and X-rays with samples, including, X-ray spectroscopy (e.g. SEM – EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (microprobe WDS).
XRF Techniques
Applications of XRF
Advantages of XRF
Limitation of XRF
0
References
1. Elements of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
2. Atkins physical chemistry
3. Pharmaceutical chemistry by LG Chattem
4. Brady, John B., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, Introducing Mineralogy Students to X-ray Diffraction Through Optical Diffraction Experiments Using Lasers. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 471-476.
5. Brady, John B., Newton, Robert M., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, New Uses for Powder X-ray Diffraction Experiments in the Undergraduate Curriculum. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 466-470.
6. Buhrke, V. E., Jenkins, R., Smith, D. K., A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Specimens for XRF and XRD Analysis, Wiley, 1998.
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for studying Electron-Hole pair recombination ...RunjhunDutta
Description of Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation & Application.
Three research papers have been summarized which lay stress on Photoluminescence Study for Electron-Hole Pair Recombination for characterizing the properties of semiconductors used in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water.
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for studying Electron-Hole pair recombination ...RunjhunDutta
Description of Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation & Application.
Three research papers have been summarized which lay stress on Photoluminescence Study for Electron-Hole Pair Recombination for characterizing the properties of semiconductors used in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water.
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
This presentation summarizes history and recent development of perovskite solar cells. If you have any questions or comments, you can reach me at agassifeng@gmail.com
Definition of chrono potentiometry
Introduction about chrono potentiomerty
Experimental setup of chronopotentiometry
Theory of chronopotentiometry
Output wave function of chrono potentiometry
Analysis of an chronopotentiometry
Main window of chronopotentiometry
used files in chronopotentiometry
disadvantages of chronopotentiometry
Application of chrono potentiometry
compare of chronopotentiometry
Using hardware
Feature of files in chronopotentiometry
This presentation presents a review of novel technology which provides a promising solution for designing self-powered microsystems. Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) energy harvesting is an emerging alternative for scavenging energy from natural sources. It has extensive potential in wireless sensor applications to provide a natural energy source that is essentially inexhaustible. It is an increasingly attractive alternative to costly batteries. This essentially free energy source is available maintenance-free throughout the lifetime of the application. Many systems, such as wireless sensor networks, portable electronics and cell phones, can use this technology as a power source. Although some types of MEMS, such as electro-magnetic MEMS, electrostatic MEMS, and piezoelectric MEMS, are used to provide energy in various applications, they have several technical barriers that limit their applications, including low efficiency, issues of scaling, and high cost.Novel MEMS solar energy harvesting technology is scalable and also easily integrated in microsystems. The RF MEMS design not only has to provide functional efficiency, but also must work within the limits of maximum charge and discharge conversion efficiency. The energy harvesting technologies currently available which utilizes RF MEMS to convert solar energy into charge, can achieve better benefits than photovoltaic cells. In this presentation the design,fabrication, testing and evaluation of RF MEMS and its working limits in charging and discharging is illustrated.
While research and development of Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) technology has been active for several decades, hardened production inspection system applications remain limited. Applications remain limited despite the several and distinct advantages and EMAT probe can have over conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic devices.
In addition to being comparable in ultrasonic wave mode generation and sensitivity, under proper design, an EMAT probe offers the following advantages for the production minded engineer: (1) no fluid couplant is required, (2) the test can be non-contact, (3) works on rough, dirty, and hot surfaces, (4) can be operated at very high scan rates, (5) easy to automate, and (6) capable of generating useful waves modes that are difficult to generate with piezoelectric devices. Basic elements of an EMAT system are explained and a comparison to conventional piezoelectric devices is made. By using real application cases, the benefits of EMATs are demonstrated. These real cases include: (1) flash butt-weld inspection, (2) mill roll inspection, (3) automotive laser weld inspection, and (4) tube & pipe inspection.
A series of siloxane based side chain liquid crystal polymers have been prepared with asystematic variation in spacer length. Nematic liquid crystal polymers possess large optical nonlinearities owing to their large refractive index anisotropy coupled with the collective molecular reorientation. All the polymer exhibited a smectic phase, for which the Nematic -isotropic transition temperature increased as the spacer length increased. Electro-optic measurements are used to evaluate the threshold voltages for this series of polymers. It is found that with increasing spacer length (n) of polymer the threshold voltage is lowered and that the variation of the threshold voltage arises from changes to the intrinsic curvature elasticity rather than to differences in orientational order. A simple model is used to indicate the origion of the effects observed which appear to arise from the constraints offered by the coupling of the mesogenic units to the polymer backbone.
Magneto Optic Current Transformer Technology (MOCT)IOSRJEEE
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers .For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they introduce electromagnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. Magneto-optical current transformer(MOCT)technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect that is the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. MOCT is a passive optical current transducer which uses light to accurately measure current on high voltage systems and determines the rotation angle & converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the current
Similar to eQCM - Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) can be used to study a variety of
interfacial phenomena.
These phenomena can include:
• Li+ Intercalation
• Electrodeposition
• Corrosion Studies
• Electropolymerization
• Ion/Solvent Adsorption and Transport
• Binding Events
All of these processes result in mass changes to the surface being studied. The eQCM utilizes
quartz crystals that resonate at specific frequencies upon the application of an AC signal. These
resonant frequencies will change as mass is lost or added to the electrode on the face of the
quartz crystal. The eQCM 10M monitors these frequency changes in order to calculate mass
gained or lost.
3. Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
APPLICATIONS
Energy Research
Understanding ion intercalation is an important part
of battery development. Assemble your half-cell on
a coated crystal and monitor mass changes as your
cycle the potential – giving you insight into various
charge transfer steps. Repeated cycling can allow
you to understand trapping mechanisms and how
they shorten device lifetime.
Studying ion fluxes is an important step in
improving the performance of supercapacitors. Ions
and solvent will adsorb and desorb when the
potential of the electrode is cycled. Understanding
the relationship between mass and
charge allows you to identify key ions in your
electrode processes. Knowing what ions are moving
then allows you to understand solvent behavior
during your experiment.
4. Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
APPLICATIONS
Corrosion Studies
Measuring corrosion rates by mass loss is easy with the
eQCM 10M. Below is an example of Cu corroding in an
acidic solution.
Inhibitors could be studied too –
see how the mass loss rate
decreases after you add an inhibitor.
Or you can actively polarize your
electrode using a potentiostat
to induce corrosion.
5. Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
APPLICATIONS
Physical Electrochemistry
Electropolymerization and electrodeposition are
two important processes in physical
electrochemistry. Both produce mass changes to
the electrode surface in the form of a fi lm. Mass-
charge relationships during deposition provide
insight on deposition processes while mass-charge
relationships of already-formed films provide insight
into fi lm redox properties.
Repeated cycling of an Au-coated quartz crystal in
the presence of bithiophene results in increases in
current and mass.
Sensor Development
Sensors rely upon binding events to produce a change. Mass changes are easily detected when an
analyte binds to a functionalized electrode. No more labeling the species of interest for spectroscopic
detection – the QCM can respond to any binding event.
6. Software Features
Gamry’s Resonator™ software controls both the QCM
and a Gamry Potentiostat. Resonator includes a full
suite of physical electrochemistry techniques
(PHE200 license required).
Electrochemical Techniques
• Cyclic Voltammetry
• Linear Sweep Voltammetry
• Chronoamperometry
• Chronopotentiometry
• Chronocoulometry
• Controlled Potential Coulometry (Bulk Electrolysis)
• Repeating Chronoamperometry
• Repeating Chronopotentiometry
7. Software Features
Data acquisition is controlled with one
program. QCM control is on one tab while
potentiostat control is on another tab.
8. Software Features
Frequency data is displayed on the
potentiostat tab during acquisition. Here are
both the QCM and potentiostat responses
during the cycling of a Cu fi lm on an
Au electrode.
9. Software Features
When you combine the eQCM 10M with a
Gamry Potentiostat such as a Reference
600™, you get the combination of state-of-
the-art instruments. Data are easily
incorporated into Gamry’s powerful Echem
Analyst giving an intuitive feel to analysis
and presentation. Current/Voltage curves
overlaid with frequency data are standard.
In Echem Analyst, Current/Voltage data are overlaid with
frequency data as part of the standard data analysis.
10. Software Features
Echem Analyst scripts are written using
Visual Basic® for Applications, giving you the
ability to modify data handling. For example,
if you wanted to calculate solvent flux in a
polymer film during redox cycling, you could
write a custom script to calculate and display
flux versus potential, time, or charge.
Easily plot Mass versus Charge to back out Molar Masses.
11. System Information
Gamry’s eQCM 10M is a rapid, impedance-scanning quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system designed for operation
in a liquid environment. Any crystal in the frequency range of 1-10 MHz can be used. This is ideal for those who develop
their own cells or integrate their cell into other systems such as spectrometers, AFMs, or SECMs.
Instrument Features
• Frequency Resolution of 0.02 Hz
• No Need to Manually Compensate for Parasitic Capacitance
• USB Interface
• Integrated QCM and Potentiostat Data Acquisition
when coupled with a Gamry Potentiostat
• Data Analysis in Gamry’s Flexible and Customizable Echem Analyst™
• Includes Tefl on® Cell and Five Crystals
The eQCM 10M is shipped with the Gamry Resonator Software, Gamry Echem Analyst Software, a Quick Start Guide, a
Hardware Operator’s Manual (CD), a Software Operator’s Manual (CD), one eQCM cell, one AC Power Adapter, one USB
interface cable, one BNC cable, one potentiostat interface cable, one grounding cable, and fi ve Au-coated quartz
crystals (10 MHz).
The eQCM 10M is protected by a two-year, factory-service warranty.
The eQCM 10M must be interfaced to a computer with a Gamry Potentiostat* and a PHE200™ license for incorporation
and combination of QCM and potentiostat data into Echem Analyst. Microsoft® Windows XP or
12. System Information
Available Accessories
• Teflon® eQCM Cell (one included with unit)
• 10 MHz AT-cut Au-Coated Crystals (fi ve included with unit)
• 10 MHz AT-cut Carbon-Coated Crystals
• 10 MHz AT-cut Pt-Coated Crystals
• 10 MHz AT-cut Fe-Coated Crystals
• 10 MHz AT-cut Blank Crystals (underside of Ti/Au)
• eQCM Flow Cell
• QCM Flow Cell
13. System Information
SPECIFICATIONS
SYSTEM
Frequency Range
Frequency Resolution Interface
Operating Temperature Range Relative
Humidity
Storage and Shipping Temperature
Weight
DIMENSIONS
AC Power Adapter
Quartz Crystal
1 - 10 MHz
0.02 Hz
USB
0 to 45 ºC
Max 90% Non-condensing
1 kg
175 x 115 x 80 mm
100-264 V AC, 47-63 Hz
Microbalance 12V DC, 25 W
14. Gamry’s eQCM adds a valuable tool in the analytical toolbox of anyone
investigating interfacial processes that produce mass changes.
• Corrosion
• ion intercalation
• ion adsorption
• polymer growth
• sensor binding events
These mass changes can be measured by monitoring the resonant
frequencies of an oscillating quartz crystal.
For more information, see our Application Note:
Basics of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance
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