This document discusses electro slag strip cladding (ESSC), a welding process used to apply corrosion-resistant metal coatings to large surfaces. ESSC works by passing electric current through a continuously fed strip electrode and molten slag pool, generating heat via the Joule effect rather than an electric arc. This allows for higher deposition rates and less mixing compared to submerged arc strip cladding. The document outlines the ESSC process, parameters like current density and voltage, and its applications in industries like petrochemical where corrosion resistance is important.
Abstract: The Hot corrosion is the main and severe problem which can be controlled by thermal spray coatings. The various Corrosion control measures include Surface Heat Treatment, Engineering Paints, Vitreous Enamelling, Cladding, Powder coatings, Zinc coatings, Tin Plate, Electroplating, Cadmium Plating, Anodising (Anodizing), Thermal Spray Coatings., Plasma Nitriding/Carburising/Boronising., Pack Cementation, Ion Implantation, Ceramic and Cermet materials., Chemical Vapour Deposition, Physical Vapour Deposition. The demand for protective coatings has increased recently for almost all types of super alloys with improved strength, since high-temperature corrosion problems become much more significant for these alloys with increasing operating temperatures of modern heat engines. The Major areas where coatings have the application are Power generation Industries, Ceramics Industries, Chemical Industries, Iron & steel Industries and Mining Industries etc. Open or closed porosity in thermal spray coatings can originate from several different factors: partially or totally unmolten
particles, inadequate flow or fragmentation of the molten particle at impact, shadowing effects due to lower than the optimal spray angle, and entrapped gas. The interconnected (open) porosity allows the corrosive media to reach the coating-substrate interface, which eventually leads to delamination of the coatings. Although the development of the modern thermal spray
processes has decreased coating porosities, the transport of corrosive species to the substrate can still only be prevented by coating post treatment. Therefore it’s of actual significance to develop an effective method to post treat the thermal spray coatings to enhance their life in corrosive environment. In this paper author has reviewed the significance of heat treatment in thermal spray coatings for improving their properties and has made an attempt to explore the potential of heat treatment
process in thermal spray coatings.
Abstract: The Hot corrosion is the main and severe problem which can be controlled by thermal spray coatings. The various Corrosion control measures include Surface Heat Treatment, Engineering Paints, Vitreous Enamelling, Cladding, Powder coatings, Zinc coatings, Tin Plate, Electroplating, Cadmium Plating, Anodising (Anodizing), Thermal Spray Coatings., Plasma Nitriding/Carburising/Boronising., Pack Cementation, Ion Implantation, Ceramic and Cermet materials., Chemical Vapour Deposition, Physical Vapour Deposition. The demand for protective coatings has increased recently for almost all types of super alloys with improved strength, since high-temperature corrosion problems become much more significant for these alloys with increasing operating temperatures of modern heat engines. The Major areas where coatings have the application are Power generation Industries, Ceramics Industries, Chemical Industries, Iron & steel Industries and Mining Industries etc. Open or closed porosity in thermal spray coatings can originate from several different factors: partially or totally unmolten
particles, inadequate flow or fragmentation of the molten particle at impact, shadowing effects due to lower than the optimal spray angle, and entrapped gas. The interconnected (open) porosity allows the corrosive media to reach the coating-substrate interface, which eventually leads to delamination of the coatings. Although the development of the modern thermal spray
processes has decreased coating porosities, the transport of corrosive species to the substrate can still only be prevented by coating post treatment. Therefore it’s of actual significance to develop an effective method to post treat the thermal spray coatings to enhance their life in corrosive environment. In this paper author has reviewed the significance of heat treatment in thermal spray coatings for improving their properties and has made an attempt to explore the potential of heat treatment
process in thermal spray coatings.
Hot corrosion performance of HVOF sprayed coatingsHARKULVINDER84
Abstract- Hot corrosion is a serious problem in boilers,
gas turbines, internal combustion engines, and
industrial waste incinerators. It consumes the
materials at an unpredictably rapid rate. The use of
protective coatings has been an answer to remedy the
lack of high temperature surface stability of metals
and alloys in harsh environments. Coating can be
deposited by electric arc spray, physical vapour
deposition, detonation spraying, flame spray, vacuum
plasma spray, low pressure plasma spray, high velocity
oxy fuel by sputtering or by evaporation. High-velocity
oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is a new and rapidly
developing technology in combating high-temperature
corrosion. HVOF coatings have very low porosity, high
hardness, high abrasive resistance, good wear
resistance with a strong ability to resist high temperature
corrosion resistance. This study is done
with the aim of putting together the performance
capabilities and applications of HVOF process.
TMT steel bars compliments “Reinforced Cement Concrete” (RCC) which has become an integral part of every structure, be it a multi-storied building, a tunnel, a flyover, a TV tower etc.
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about TMT bars answered
Effect of thermal barrier coating for the improvement of si engine performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract As per the second law of thermodynamics the efficiency of the engine depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimisation of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimise this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts is minimised by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of thermal and structural stresses by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. This study present the effect of coating on the piston and the performance of modified four stroke petrol engine and the emission characteristics of the exhaust gas. Key words: Yttrium – zirconium coating, Low heat rejection, Thermal barrier coatings, Engine performance and Emission characteristics
Exothermic welding, also known as exothermic bonding, thermite welding (TW), and thermit welding, is a welding process that employs molten metal to permanently join the conductors. The process employs an exothermic reaction of a thermite composition to heat the metal and requires no external source of heat or current. The chemical reaction that produces the heat is an aluminothermic reaction between aluminum powder and metal oxide.
Hot corrosion performance of HVOF sprayed coatingsHARKULVINDER84
Abstract- Hot corrosion is a serious problem in boilers,
gas turbines, internal combustion engines, and
industrial waste incinerators. It consumes the
materials at an unpredictably rapid rate. The use of
protective coatings has been an answer to remedy the
lack of high temperature surface stability of metals
and alloys in harsh environments. Coating can be
deposited by electric arc spray, physical vapour
deposition, detonation spraying, flame spray, vacuum
plasma spray, low pressure plasma spray, high velocity
oxy fuel by sputtering or by evaporation. High-velocity
oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is a new and rapidly
developing technology in combating high-temperature
corrosion. HVOF coatings have very low porosity, high
hardness, high abrasive resistance, good wear
resistance with a strong ability to resist high temperature
corrosion resistance. This study is done
with the aim of putting together the performance
capabilities and applications of HVOF process.
TMT steel bars compliments “Reinforced Cement Concrete” (RCC) which has become an integral part of every structure, be it a multi-storied building, a tunnel, a flyover, a TV tower etc.
Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about TMT bars answered
Effect of thermal barrier coating for the improvement of si engine performanc...eSAT Journals
Abstract As per the second law of thermodynamics the efficiency of the engine depends upon the extraction of work against the heat supplied. Minimisation of heat rejection leads to increase the work. Heat rejection takes place through the engine piston, valves and cylinder heads to the surroundings. The aim of the study is to minimise this heat rejection to the surroundings. Heat transfer through the engine parts is minimised by applying the thermal barrier coating materials on the top surface of the engine piston, cylinder heads and valves. In this study an attempt is made to reduce the intensity of thermal and structural stresses by using a layer of the ceramic material, like Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which has low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, chemical inertness, high resistance to erosion, corrosion and high strength was selected as a coating material for engine component. This study present the effect of coating on the piston and the performance of modified four stroke petrol engine and the emission characteristics of the exhaust gas. Key words: Yttrium – zirconium coating, Low heat rejection, Thermal barrier coatings, Engine performance and Emission characteristics
Exothermic welding, also known as exothermic bonding, thermite welding (TW), and thermit welding, is a welding process that employs molten metal to permanently join the conductors. The process employs an exothermic reaction of a thermite composition to heat the metal and requires no external source of heat or current. The chemical reaction that produces the heat is an aluminothermic reaction between aluminum powder and metal oxide.
A Unique Approach for Data Hiding Using Audio SteganographyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
Experimental Study of the Fatigue Strength of Glass fiber epoxy and Chapstan ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Effect of Air Entrainment on Compressive Strength, Density, and Ingredients o...IJMER
The micro air bubbles in concrete mix act as fine aggregates which lead to reduction of the
aggregates. The reduction of fine aggregates will cause reduction of water required for concrete mix
without impairing the strength of concrete mix. This reduction has to be considered in designing an air
entrained concrete mix. Theoretical (equations) and experimental study have been carried out to study the
effect of air entrainment on compressive strength, density and ingredients of fresh concrete mix. During
all the study, water cement ratio (w/c) was maintained constant at 0.5 to study the affection of air
entrainment (a %) on concrete mix. The results have shown substantial decreasing in cement, water,
aggregates and concrete density followed with decreasing in compressive strength of concrete. The results
of this study has given more promising to use it as a guide for concrete mix design to choose the most
appropriate concrete mix design economically.
Microstructure Analysis of Inlet and Exhaust Valves used in LPG fueled Retrof...IJMER
Mechanically operated poppet valves are used, both as inlet and exhaust, for most conventional
automotive engines in passenger cars. These valves are subjected to high temperatures throughout their operating
cycle. A valve originally designed for a gasoline engine, when used for an LPG fueled retrofitted engine, goes
through considerable mechanical damage, corrosion, erosion, wear and tear. It also demonstrates significant
changes in its microstructure. This investigation focused on microstructure analysis and quantitative metallography
of such inlet and exhaust valves using Atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. The surface morphology of the
valve material was studied and AFM measurements were used for quantitative characterization of the structure as
also to gain useful information about crystallographic orientation of individual grains, the formation of cracks,
identification of potential crack initiation and fracture sites, etc. A comparative evaluation of microstructure of worn
- out valves with new valves was also carried out.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
While many different product protection measures have been developed and established in
recent years, there is still a great risk posed by the leakage of knowledge in production. These risks are
often downplayed by companies, although they directly relate to their own production and engineering
know-how. The various company-specific protection measures in production span a wide range, and
they can be applied both to production relocation (e.g. to China) and to existing facilities. A systematic
approach for identifying critical damage scenarios, and the methodically supported development and
selection of individual protection measures are required for effective protection of critical company
know-how in production
A Novel Data Extraction and Alignment Method for Web DatabasesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Wireless sensor network system for inclination measurement using spirit levelIJMER
Landslide is one of the major sediment disasters causing natural catastrophes frequently.
Monitoring the inclination of land is important to prevent and reduce the negative effects of landslide. While
considering the large scale installation, the monitoring system should be stable and inexpensive. This paper
deals with the development of a new low cost inclination measurement system and its application to a
wireless sensor network for disaster prevention .When tested, inclination with a gradient of 0.002°of
minimum accuracy was noted. Measurement data were compared with the data from commercial
inclinometer.
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter.Hastelloy C-276weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for outstanding resistance to wide variety of chemical process environments such as ferric and cupric chlorides, hot contaminated mineral acids, solvents, chlorine and chlorine contained media, both inorganic and organic, dry chlorine, formic and acetic acids, acetic anhydride, sea water and brine solutions.Selection of SMAW is for development of hastalloy C-276 material with SMAW process to use as a weld overlay process at non accessible area & where position is constraint which is not feasible by other processes like ESSC, FCAW, and SAW etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 60|
Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process Thakare Niraj S1, Ram Yadav2 1, 2 Mechanical Engineering/ SSJCET College, India
I. INTRODUCTION
The Welding is ―a material joining process used in making welds,‖ and a weld is ―localized coalescence of metals or non-metals produced either by heating the material to a suitable temperature with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the workpieces.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Welding is a potentially hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.
Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding, which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join iron and steel by heating and hammering. Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century, and electric resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding ,submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. Electro slag strip cladding is an advancement of submerged arc strip cladding, which has speedily established itself as a reliable high deposition rate procedure. ESW is an arc less technique using Joules Effect to liquefy the strip material. The heating is an outcome of current flowing through the strip electrode and a relatively shallow layer of liquid electro conductive slag as shown in figure 1. The penetration is lesser for ESW than for SAW since the molten slag pool is used to liquefy the strip and some of the flux material rather than as an arc between the strip electrode and the flux material. As a rule of thumb, electro slag strip surfacing decreases dilution by up to 50% in contrast with submerged arc strip surfacing for the same heat input with a significantly higher deposition rate.
Abstract: The Technological advancements have driven up temperature and pressure serviced in the petroleum, chemical, pulp, and environmental protection. Industries have increased the possibility of severe corrosion and wear in process pressure vessels. The industries must upgrade the corrosion and wear performance of these main important parts .Economic features as a rule will not allow fabricating components from solid high alloyed materials. As a result it is essential to surface non-alloyed or low alloy base materials with high-alloy cladding. The submerged arc welding(SAW) and electroslag welding (ESW) process are appropriate for applying welded deposits over large surface areas by means of strip electrodes .Both processes are using a granular flux material. A strip electrode, fed continuously, is liquefied and fused to the substrate. In contrast with other processes it is very effective in spite of the same equipments used but due to the wide strip used it procures a magnetic flow effect within to rectify it a magnetic steering device is exercised. After the welding to examine the defects NDT's are carried upon it. Keywords: cladding, electro slag welding, weld overlay.
2. Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 61|
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Cladding Cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. In many cases, corrosion resistance is required only on the surface of the material and carbon or alloy steel can be clad with a more corrosion resistant alloy. Compared to carbon and alloy steels, all corrosion resistant alloys are expensive. Cladding can save up to 80% of the cost of using solid alloy. Cladding of carbon or low alloy steel can be accomplished in several ways including roll bonding, explosive bonding, weld overlaying and wallpapering. Clad materials are widely used in the chemical process, offshore oil production, oil refining and electric power generation industries. The use of clad steel is not new. Corrosion resistant alloy clad steel has been available for over 40 years. Almost any corrosion resistant stainless steel or nickel alloy can be bonded to steel. The steel can be clad on both sides or on one side only. Hence Strip cladding is a fusion welding technique used to:
Deposit a strip of weld metal on to a component to achieve the desired dimensions or properties.
Weld two dissimilar surfaces.
Providing a wear or corrosion resistant surface. Weld overlaying technique of cladding is commonly used to clad the surfaces of fabricated steel structures. The actual weld overlay process used depends on many factors including access, welding position, the alloy applied, and economics. In some alloy combinations, dilution of the weld overlay material by the steel requires that more than one weld pass is required. Post weld heat treating to temper the backing steel may be required in some cases. Strip cladding can be a very economical way to provide excellent corrosion resistance for steel structures. Both stainless steels and the more corrosion resistant nickel alloys can be economically applied to steel by Strip cladding . Strip cladding has also been widely used to line interiors of stacks and ducting for flue gas desulfurization units in fossil fuel power plants. One major benefit of weld overlaying is that they can be used to repair or modify existing steel structures. 2.2 Strip Cladding Strip cladding is a fusion welding technique used to: Deposit a strip of weld metal on to a component to achieve the desired dimensions or properties.
o Weld two dissimilar surfaces.
o Providing a wear or corrosion resistant surface.
Applications of Strip Cladding:
• The process is usually confined to relatively large and thick components which need to be manipulated to enable welding to be carried out in the flat position.
• The technique finds its widest application in the oil, gas and fertilizer related industries and in the nuclear power generation field.
• Generally used for surfacing the internal surfaces of pressure vessels and large diameter pipe and in the reclamation of steel mill rolls.
2.2.1 Submerged arc Strip Cladding (SASC) This well-known SAW method has been widely used with strip electrodes since the mid-1960s. There is no fundamental difference between submerged arc welding and cladding. The welding wire is merely replaced with the cladding strip. The equipment is the same, except the head must be adapted to guide the strip. The principle is the same: the energy to melt the strip and the base metal is supplied by the electric arc struck between them. On melting, the agglomerated flux protect the liquid metal and where applicable enriches it with alloying elements. In the SAW process the strip is feed down through the contact jaws at the same time as the flux is feed down on both sides of the strip. The strip generates an arc between itself and the base material, the arc is not uniform and static, it wanders along the width of the strip but is all time sub merged under the molten slag. . It uses a strip, normally with a thickness of 0.5 mm and the width normally varies from 30 to 120 mm, but other width´s are available for special applications. 2.2.2 Electro Slag Strip Cladding (ESSC) The electro slag welding process was patented in USA in February 1940 and is a process that can weld material thicknesses from 25 up to 300 mm . It works in the vertical or very close to vertical position, it is in use for hull welding of ships, it is used for welding heavy wall thickness vessels of different kinds and many more applications. In the early 70’s the electro slag concept was adjusted to fit the cladding process with a
3. Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 62|
metal strip. I can be said to be a development of SAW strip cladding which has quickly established itself as a reliable high deposition process.
• Technological developments have driven temperatures and pressures used in the petroleum, chemical, pulp, and paper, and environmental protection industries, and increased the likelihood of serve corrosion and wear in the process pressure vessels. The industries must improve the corrosion and wear performance of these major components.
• Economic factors as rule will not permit fabricating components from solid high alloyed material. As a consequence, it is necessary to surface non-alloyed or low alloy base material with high alloy cladding. The electro slag welding (ESSC)
• process is suitable for applying weld deposits over large surface areas using strip electrodes
Both the processes use a granular flux material. A strip electrode, fed continuously, is melted and fused to the substrate.
• In width, which are melted by applying current of appropriate strength; while using an auxiliary magnetic field, which improves the geometry of the beed.
III. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
3.1 Characteristics of ESSC
• Electro slag strip cladding is the modified version of submerged arc strip cladding process.
• The heat generation in the case of ESSC is due to the current flowing through the electro conductive slag.
• Molten weld pool will be visible during welding.
• Radiation only in the visible and infrared spectrum. No ultraviolet radiation because of the absence of the arc.
• Flux fed from front side only.
• Automatic removal of the slag crust.
• Very regular, finely ripped bead, without any slag adherence.
3.2 Process Principle
• In electro slag strip cladding the heat required to melt the base metal and the strip electrode is not generated by an electric arc; the Joule effect is utilized instead.
• The current flows through the strip and into a layer of electrically conductive slag; the resistance of this material generates the heat and keeps the welding process going (slag temperature approximately 2300° C)
• In ESSC process, the arc must be extinguished once it has been ignited and the current flow through the slag. As a consequence, the following must apply:
RA => infinity ; IA = 0 Where RA is the resistance in the arc and IA is the current in the arc.
• If these conditions are to be satisfactory, the electrical resistance for the slag must be less than that for the arc.
• This presupposes that the electrical conductivity of the liquid slag created during the ignition process will rise with the rising temperature (or, the specific resistance is dependent on the temperature and is going down with rising temperature).
• If the process is to be stable, the thickness of the layer and the surface of the slag pool must be kept constant. This is effected by continuously melting flux, which is fed at one side only.
• To retard the interface resistance; it is important that the strip electrode has a sufficient depth in the slag pool.
• In ESSC process the resistance heating of the slag melts the fillet metal and the base material. Electroslag surfacing is thus classified as a resistance welding technique.
3.3 Welding Parameters Attitude of the electrode: The electrode is usually located at right angles to the work piece (vertical) and at right angles to the axis of its movement (relative to the work piece). Rotating the electrode around its longitudinal axis is acceptable to a certain extent, but this will produce a narrower, thicker bead.
4. Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process
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Spacing of current contact: The distance from the lower edge of the contact jaws to the surface to the work piece is generally about 30 mm. Flux depth: The depth of the flux determines the width of the slag layer obtained. If the flux is not deep enough, the slag pool will be too shallow, causing improved arcing of the strip. If the flux is too deep, the flux will liquefy only in the middle. The slag pool would be cooled by the flux lying on it, causing deterioration in electrical conductivity. At this point, again, the end result will be increased arcing. Normal depth should be 30 mm. Current density: Because of the absence of an arc, the penetration in the ESW procedure is very shallow; this represents that there will be slight mixing of the filler metal with the melted parent material. It is possible, in evaluation with the submerged arc welding (SAW), to use far higher power levels. For thin layers a normal current density of about 33 A/mm2 , 43 A/mm2 for thicker layers. For strip type electrodes calculating 60*0.5 mm this will cause 1000 or 1250 A, respectively. This increased current level will cause penetration, though the here is still at the lower limit of what would be predictable in SAW surfacing using a strip type electrode. Power levels exceeding about 1000 A for 60*0.5 mm strip electrode would require very high welding speed to attain thin layers (below 0.15 in - mm) and the strip electrode would break up either wholly or partially from the front edge of the liquid slag. This would outcome in the increased arcing. When using wider electrode strips -120*0.5 mm, for instance—current of > 2500 A may be necessary. Welding voltage: The welding voltage influences the specific resistance of the liquid slag and will decide how far the strip electrode is to be submerged in the slag pool. Inadequate immersion in the weld pool will affect the process and turn out the process into unstable one. The welding voltage must be lowered as current ascends. A range of 24 to 26 V when operating at 1250 A, or 22 to 24 V for 2500 A, is normal. The precise value will depend on the properties of the flux and the dimensions of the strip. Arcing may be experienced if the voltage is too high and the electrode is not immersed far enough in the slag pool. The welding process will turn out to be unstable with increased arcing. Welding travel sound: The travel speed will depend on the desired thickness of the surfacing layer. The greater current density which can be applied along the high melting rate that can be achieved, make it possible to attain higher welding speeds than would be achieved, make it possible to attain higher welding speeds than would be possible with SAW surfacing. A layer of 4mm, is often specified encountered in processing equipment, the welding speed will be between 16 and 20 cm/min. The extent to which the thickness of the cladding can be reduced by increasing the welding speed is limited since, at sped exceeding 20 cm/min, the strip electrode will tend to ―run away from ―the slag pool. For this reason, lower current densities are used to apply thin layers about 3.5 mm. Not only can the surfacing depth be regulated by adjusting the welding speed; the degree of dilution by the substrate material can also be influenced for two different current levels, in comparison with submerged arc welding. Supplementary magnetic fields: With the auxiliary steering magnets switched on, the width of the bead will increase by1 to 2 mm; the depth is reduced accordingly since the filler material will be pulled toward the outer edges. With suitable adjustment of the magnetic fields at the north and south poles of the magnets will make it possible to affect the shape of the bead. The South Pole is always place at the left side in the welding direction. Using additional magnetic fields for steering purposes are not required for 60*0.5 mm electrodes. The geometry of the bead may be unfavorably influenced by welding near the ground connection. The two yokes of the magnet are placed 15 mm to the sides of the electrode strip and 1.5 mm above the surface of the base material. A strong magnetic field at the South Pole (3A: 1A) will pull the liquid filler material against the natural magnetic blow direction, which would be to the left when looking at the rear of the electrode. A strong magnetic field at the North Pole (2 A: 1A) would pull in the opposite direction. This is how we can neutralize the natural magnetic blow effect by accurate correction of the two auxiliary magnetic fields.
IV. ADVANTAGES & APPLICATION
4.1 Advantages of ESSC Conventional welding procedure being used for overlay such as SMAW, FCAW, SAW, and SASC are all arc welding procedures. This procedure results in high dilution because of concentrated arc forces, which tend to produce a digging action on the parent metal, which is in molten form. This eventually affects the chemistry of the overlay, making it making to deposit more number of layers to attain the desired chemistry's. This problem is not found in ESSC welding procedure. By controlling various interaction parameters of ESSC, dilution can be limited to 7-10%. This gives ESSC a huge advantage over the other overlay procedure in productivity. The further main advantages of ESSC are:
5. Electro Slag Strip Cladding Process
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 64|
Lower penetration level (about 0.5mm)
Lower defect and rework possibilities.
Better bead characteristics.
Problem free operation.
Higher Overall Productivity.
Simple equipment (similar to SAW equipment)
Lesser number of layers to attain desired chemistry.
4.2 Applications of ESSC The process is usually confined to relatively large and thick components which need to be manipulated to enable welding to be carried out in the flat position. The technique finds its widest application in the oil, gas and fertilizer related industries and in the nuclear power generation field. Generally used for surfacing the internal surfaces of pressure vessels and large diameter pipe and in the reclamation of steel mill rolls. Heavy plates, forgings and castings can be butt welded. Where plates or castings of consistent width are involved or if they taper at a consistent rate, electroslag welding has virtually replaced thermit welding, being much simpler. Subsequent alloys can be welded:
Low carbon and medium carbon steels.
High strength structural steels
High strength alloy steels such as stainless steel and nickel alloys.
Longitudinal stiffeners of the upper deck of ships.
Longitudinal welds in cylindrical pressure vessels.
Shells for blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces.
V. CONCLUSION
Electro slag strip cladding is the most widely used welding procedure in the industry. Electro slag strip cladding is an advancement of submerged arc strip cladding, which has rapidly established itself as a reliable high deposition rate procedure. In ESSC for each application, the efficiency and quality of weld can be controlled by controlling the process variables: attitude of electrode, spacing of current contact, flux depth, current density, welding voltage, welding travel sound, supplementary magnetic fields. There are certain safety measures which are to be taken care of before and during welding. Auto step over technique saves 10 hours of time equivalent to one working shift. It also enhances superior weld quality and very less amount of surface grinding. Thus increasing the productivity of overall activity with better efficiency.
REFERENCES
[1]. Kuskov, Yu. M., Skorokhodov, V. N., Ryabtsev, I. A., and Sychev I. S. 2001. Electroslag welding and surfacing. Science and Technology, p. 179.
[2]. YU. M. KUSOV 2001. A New Approach to Electroslag Welding-Welding journal.
[3]. R.D. Jr. Thomas, 1960. Electroslag Welding- A New Process for Heavy Fabrication, p.111 International journal.
[4]. George E. Linnert, Welding Metallurgy, 2nd Edition
[5]. T.W. Eagar W.S. Ricci 1982. A Parametric Study of the Electroslag Welding Process, p.397 Welding journal.
[6]. B. E. Paton, Electroslag Welding, 2nd Edition
[7]. F. Eichhorn J. Remmel B. Wubbels 1984. High Speed Electroslag Welding,p.37
[8]. Y. M. Kuskov 2003. Welding, A New Approach to Electroslag-Welding journal.
[9]. B. E. Paton 1997. Electroslag Welding: A Status Report -International journal.
[10]. http://www.soudokay.com/english/646_ENG_HTML.htm
[11]. http://www.soudokay.com/english/57_ENG_HTML.htm
[12]. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3926788.html
[13]. http://www.welding-advisers.com/Welding-defects.html
[14]. http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/strc201/wdefects.htm
[15]. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/CircularFields.htm
[16]. http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/MethodSummary/MethodSummary.htm
[17]. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/LongFields.htm
[18]. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Magnetization.htm