Process monitoring, controlling and load management system in an induction motoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Process monitoring, controlling and load management system in an induction motoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Now in day to day life we have seen that every thing is in digitilized form so this this presentation is ol about the evolution of meter into automatic meter with many technologies.
Its quiet intresting topic and very vast topic too.
Research on wireless Deviation Mode of Foundation Pit Surveying SystemIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Aiming at the working principle and measurement method of the active inclinometer which is widely used in the foundation pit engineering, a new automatic inclinometer method is proposed for ZigBee, which is a close-range wireless communication technology. Using the tilt sensor SCA100T, through the DTU data transmission module, the real-time measured data through the microprocessor STC12C5630AD processing sent to the ZigBee network, to achieve the computer's remote monitoring and automatic tilt measurement.
A project report on energy meter monitoring online using wireless transmissio...Robo India
ROBO INDIA presents A project report on Energy Meter monitoring online using wireless Transmission using GSM Modem.
The project reads data from energy meter and uploads it to the server. And we have developed an application that can be accessed through URL that display the data. Thus it is an online mode of data logging and data monitoring.
We welcome all of your views and queries. We are found at
website- http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
GSM Based Device Controlling and Fault DetectionIJCERT
The mobile communication has expanded to a great extent such that it can be applied for controlling of electrical devices. These projects make use of this capability of mobile phone to control three electrical devices with some use of embedded technology which can be extended up to eight devices. Apart from controlling it also does the sensing of the devices. Thus a user can be able to know of the status of the devices and in addition to that the user get notified if any fault is detected. Here in the project controlling and sensing is done for three electrical devices only. According to the user need both of this can be expanded.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Journals
Abstract A Remote Monitoring System plays an important role in many applications. This paper proposes an innovative design about the development of remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA Switchable Distribution transformer with the help of a PIC microcontroller and Zigbee-based Wireless device. The PIC microcontroller from microchip helps in controlling the switching devices and monitoring the current, voltage and temperature of the transformer. The Zigbee-based wireless device is used as long range wireless communication between the modules. The information is transmitted point by point using Zigbee transmitter and receiver and is sent to the server module to check the state of the transformer. It has a data rate speed of 250 Kbps with minimum power consumption and has a transmission distances range from 10 to 100m. The data transmission rate is higher than other wireless systems. This is user friendly and can be achieved at low cost. This handles the transfer of parameters such as voltage, current and temperature as digital data from current transducers, voltage transformers and from temperature sensors to the server module through wireless communication. This system helps in reading sensor, controlling switches, monitoring and data protection. Key Words: Switchable Transformer, PIC Microcontroller and Zigbee
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy scavenging using vibrations from bluetooth controlled DC motorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wide spectrum of research for application-based solutions has grown due to the requirement of automation of general electrical appliances. A low-cost solution is presented in this paper to control DC motor using Bluetooth module and controlled by an ARM processor. The main objective here is to build an efficient closed loop system which is wirelessly controlled by ARM processor 2103 using Bluetooth module and Bluetooth dongle. The system suggested here is expandable and can be integrated with latest technologies as well. The paper gives the details of the prototype for home automation system and gives the expected results with 0.1% tolerance. It also suggests the ways to integrate this system with the mobile phones and hence control the devices with the mobile handsets. The vibration frequency of the DC motor is used to generate electrical potential using MEMS tecnonlogy. A novel idea of self powered DC motor is thus presented by installing MEMS based energy harvester on the motor shaft.
Now in day to day life we have seen that every thing is in digitilized form so this this presentation is ol about the evolution of meter into automatic meter with many technologies.
Its quiet intresting topic and very vast topic too.
Research on wireless Deviation Mode of Foundation Pit Surveying SystemIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Aiming at the working principle and measurement method of the active inclinometer which is widely used in the foundation pit engineering, a new automatic inclinometer method is proposed for ZigBee, which is a close-range wireless communication technology. Using the tilt sensor SCA100T, through the DTU data transmission module, the real-time measured data through the microprocessor STC12C5630AD processing sent to the ZigBee network, to achieve the computer's remote monitoring and automatic tilt measurement.
A project report on energy meter monitoring online using wireless transmissio...Robo India
ROBO INDIA presents A project report on Energy Meter monitoring online using wireless Transmission using GSM Modem.
The project reads data from energy meter and uploads it to the server. And we have developed an application that can be accessed through URL that display the data. Thus it is an online mode of data logging and data monitoring.
We welcome all of your views and queries. We are found at
website- http://roboindia.com
mail- info@roboindia.com
GSM Based Device Controlling and Fault DetectionIJCERT
The mobile communication has expanded to a great extent such that it can be applied for controlling of electrical devices. These projects make use of this capability of mobile phone to control three electrical devices with some use of embedded technology which can be extended up to eight devices. Apart from controlling it also does the sensing of the devices. Thus a user can be able to know of the status of the devices and in addition to that the user get notified if any fault is detected. Here in the project controlling and sensing is done for three electrical devices only. According to the user need both of this can be expanded.
Wireless energy meter monitoring with automated tariff calculationUdayalakshmi JK
Electricity billing has become a difficult task. The board has to make regular visit to the consumers house to make the reading. Also it can cause manual error. Now here we are monitoring the energy meter with modern techniques. The total energy consumed by the consumer and the consumption cost is known to the consumer and to the board by means of a hand held device.
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Journals
Abstract A Remote Monitoring System plays an important role in many applications. This paper proposes an innovative design about the development of remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA Switchable Distribution transformer with the help of a PIC microcontroller and Zigbee-based Wireless device. The PIC microcontroller from microchip helps in controlling the switching devices and monitoring the current, voltage and temperature of the transformer. The Zigbee-based wireless device is used as long range wireless communication between the modules. The information is transmitted point by point using Zigbee transmitter and receiver and is sent to the server module to check the state of the transformer. It has a data rate speed of 250 Kbps with minimum power consumption and has a transmission distances range from 10 to 100m. The data transmission rate is higher than other wireless systems. This is user friendly and can be achieved at low cost. This handles the transfer of parameters such as voltage, current and temperature as digital data from current transducers, voltage transformers and from temperature sensors to the server module through wireless communication. This system helps in reading sensor, controlling switches, monitoring and data protection. Key Words: Switchable Transformer, PIC Microcontroller and Zigbee
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy scavenging using vibrations from bluetooth controlled DC motorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wide spectrum of research for application-based solutions has grown due to the requirement of automation of general electrical appliances. A low-cost solution is presented in this paper to control DC motor using Bluetooth module and controlled by an ARM processor. The main objective here is to build an efficient closed loop system which is wirelessly controlled by ARM processor 2103 using Bluetooth module and Bluetooth dongle. The system suggested here is expandable and can be integrated with latest technologies as well. The paper gives the details of the prototype for home automation system and gives the expected results with 0.1% tolerance. It also suggests the ways to integrate this system with the mobile phones and hence control the devices with the mobile handsets. The vibration frequency of the DC motor is used to generate electrical potential using MEMS tecnonlogy. A novel idea of self powered DC motor is thus presented by installing MEMS based energy harvester on the motor shaft.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
Modelo Educativo para la consecución de la Sociedad del Buen Vivir Moises Logroño
Tres son los principios organizadores en la pedagogía crítica:
a) la educación no es neutral, sino que constituye un proyecto político-ideológico;
b) la sociedad puede ser transformada mediante el compromiso de personas conscientes y críticas; y
c) la praxis conecta la educación liberadora con la transformación social (Boyce, 1996).
WAP, HTTP and HTML5 Web Socket Architecture Analysis in Contemporary Mobile A...Editor IJCATR
Accessing current and accurate information anywhere and at anytime is becoming a growing interest nowadays. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an application protocol that creates an opportunity to access information of any interest from WAP servers using mobile phones. WAP is an enabling technology based on the Internet client server architecture model, for developing client application for handheld devices or other wireless terminal which usually have less powerful CPU’s, less memory, very restricted power consumption, smaller and variant displays, phone keypads etc. This paper analyses the features of WAP in relation to the well established HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) technology, the web socket API innovations introduced in HTML5, the recent improvements in mobile devices processing capacity by connecting to cloud services and how application can be developed on them using modern tools. The features that are more adapted to client development of micro-devices are used for the technology application test.
1 июня прошел бесплатный вебинар: «Как использовать социальные сети для продвижения оффлайн бизнеса ».
Спикер: Андрей Стрельцов - предприниматель с 15 стажем ведения бизнеса, вице-президент Союза арендаторов и предпринимателей Украины.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In today’s world energy saving has become a major factor and need. This project is developed keeping this problem in mind. The huge amount of electrical power of many countries is consumed in lighting the streets. However, there are stages of time when there is less vehicle density during night time or even no vehicles during late night time. The main principle of this system is object detection and then triggering the respective circuit and to provide light only at that part of road where it is needed. Logically, this system may save a large amount of the electrical power. This paper focuses on the proposal of different possible architectures of this system.
This includes introduction to wireless lighting management, luminaire controller, sensors, switches and other devices, servers and gateways and how wireless lighting system works
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Ieeepro techno solutions ieee embedded project intelligent wireless street lighting system
1. Intelligent wireless street lighting system
Fabio Leccese
Electronic Engineering Department
University Roma Tre
Rome, Italy
leccese@uniroma3.it
Zbigniew Leonowicz
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Wroclaw University of Technology
Wroclaw, Poland
leonowicz@ieee.org
Abstract—We propose an innovative wireless street lighting
system with optimized management and efficiency. Wireless
communication uses ZigBee-based wireless devices which allow
more efficient street lamp system management, thanks to an
advanced interface and control architecture. It uses many sensors
to control and guarantee the optimal system parameters; the
information is transferred point-by-point using ZigBee
transmitters and receivers and is sent to a control terminal used
to check the state of the street lamps and to take appropriate
measures in case of failure. The system allows substantial energy
savings with increased performance and maintainability.
Keywords- automatio;, control system; lighting system; wireless
networks; ZigBee; sensors
I. INTRODUCTION
Lighting systems, particularly within the public sector, are
still designed per the previous standards of reliability and that
they don't usually profit of latest technological developments.
Recently, however, the increasing pressure associated with the
raw material prices and also the increasing social sensitivity to
CO2 emissions are leading to develop new techniques and
technologies which permit significant cost savings and larger
respect for the environment. In the literature we will notice
three solutions to those issues.
The first one, and maybe the most intuitive, is the use of
recent technologies for the sources of light. The LED
technology is thought as best solution but it offers several
edges. Researchers [1-4] have already thought of this risk,
coming up with advanced street lighting system based mostly
on LEDs.
The second resolution, and perhaps the most revolutionary,
is to use of remote management system based mostly on
intelligent lampposts that send info to a central management
system, simplifying the management and maintenance.
Researchers [5-6] have developed street lamp system using the
GPRS transmission, power line carrier transmission or GSM.
Finally, the third solution is to use of renewable energy
sources instead of typical power sources, therefore taking care
of the environment. In this field, solar energy is the most often
used resource.
Our work aims at unification of the three prospects, making
an intelligent lamppost managed by a remote controlled system
that uses LED-based lightweight supply and is powered by
renewable energy (solar panel and battery). The management is
implemented through a network of sensors to gather the
relevant info associated with the management and maintenance
of the system, transferring the data in wireless mode using the
ZigBee protocol (which has been chosen among numerous
alternatives because it is the most convenient, see clarification
below). The ZigBee remote sensing and management systems
are widely described in the literature; we can cite here as
examples the applications for the lighting systems [7-12].
II. GENERAL CONCEPT OF THE SYTEM
The system consists of a group of measuring stations in the
street (one station located in each lamppost) and a base station
located nearby. The system is designed as a modular system,
easily extendable. The measuring stations are used to observe
street conditions as the intensity of daylight and, depending on
the conditions they activate or off the lamps. Other factors
influencing the activation are: climatic conditions, seasons,
geographical location, and many possible alternative factors.
For these reasons every lamp is designed independent to
decide about the activation of light. The base station
conjointly checks if any lamp is correctly operating and sends
the message using the wireless network to the operator who
will act in case of malfunction.
A. Measuring Stations
The measuring station located in every lamppost consists of
many modules: the presence sensor, the sunshine sensor, the
failure sensor and an emergency switch.
Figure 1. Scheme of the lamppost with sensors.
Co-sponsored by the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum
Nauki) , Poland
2. These devices work along and transfer the information to a
microcontroller that processes the information and chooses the
action. Every of those sensors has an assigned priority of
transmission, for instance, the emergency switch takes
precedence over the others.
B. Presence detector
The presence sensor has the task of identifying the passage
of a vehicle or pedestrian causing the switching on of lamps.
This feature permits to activate the lamps solely when
necessary, avoiding waste of energy. The sensor ought to be
placed at the optimal height, neither too low (e.g. to avoid any
erroneous detection of small animals) nor too high (to avoid
failure to detect e.g. children).
C. Light sensor
Light sensor will measure the external light intensity to
assure a minimum level of illumination of the road, as needed
by regulations. The sensor should have high sensitivity within
the visible spectrum, providing a photocurrent high enough for
low-light luminance levels. The microcontroller drives the
lamp so as to keep up the constant level of illumination.
Clearly, this action isn't needed throughout daylight time,
however is desired within the early morning and at dusk, when
it is not necessary to operate the lamp at full power however
merely to "support" the daylight. This mode permits to save
electrical power.
D. Supervision module
This sensor improves fault management and system
maintenance. A Hall sensor detects when the lamp is switched
on. The system recognizes false positives, as detected
parameters are compared with the stored information. This
information is reported by the ZigBee network to the station
management unit, within which the operator is informed
regarding the placement of the broken-down lamp and may
send a technician to exchange the lamp. Additional security can
provide the temperature sensor to ascertain the optimal
operation of the lamp and constantly monitor the temperature
of the LEDs (which influences the lifespan of the LED lamps).
The chosen sensor allows precise AC or DC current sensing,
additionally permitting the on-line power consumption
measurement.
E. Control unit
The sensors transfer the collected information to a
controller that runs the software to manage the system. The
operation is processed as follows:
After initial setting, the system is controlled by the light
sensor that activates the microcontroller on condition that the
daylight illumination is below a set threshold. During this case,
the system reads the state of the emergency button, and
activates the lamp. The same happens if the presence sensor
detects a vehicle or a pedestrian. Once the lamp has been
switched on, the operating sensor starts the monitoring and, in
case of fault detection, sends information to the management
center. If no fault is detected, the microcontroller measures the
current by the Hall sensor storing the values in memory. All the
operation is regulated by a timing management that permits the
system is set for the predetermined time. At the stop signal, the
lamp is turned off and therefore the cycle restarts.
F. Management center
The management center is that the hub of the system, since
it permits the visualization and control of the complete lighting
system. The transmission system consists of ZigBee devices
that receives data of the state of the lamps and sends it to a
terminal.
The processing unit consists of a terminal with a serial UART
interface that receives data regarding the state of the lamps
provided by a ZigBee device, connected to the UART
interface. The terminal is needed for graphical presentation of
results. Additionally, knowledge on lamps operation are
received along with the lamp address, consequently all faults
can be easily identified. The graphical interface permits to
visualize the state of the system (Fig. 2) with the state of the
lights and the power consumption of every lamp (Power
Consumption Data button).
Figure 2. Exemplary GUI of the lighting system.
The management can be extended so that other electrical
systems, not solely lampposts are connected, and might send
data regarding power consumptions to a central system for
adjusting energy consumption to energy prices and for remote
switching and management.
G. Wireless ZigBee Network
ZigBee is wireless communication technology primarily
based on IEEE 802.15.4 norm for communication among
multiple devices in a WPAN (Wireless Personal space
Network). ZigBee is intended to be less complicated than other
WPANs (such as Bluetooth) in terms of price and consumption
of energy.
The ZigBee Personal space Network consists of a minimum
of one Coordinator, one (or more) Devices and, if necessary, of
one (or more) Router. The bit rate of transmission depends on
the frequency band.
3. TABLE I. ZIGBEE VS SELECTED OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
ZIGBEE WI-FI BLUETOOTH
IEEE
standard
802.15.04 802.11bgn 802.15.01
Main
application
Control Broadband Mobile devices
Number of
network
devices
Up to 65000 32 7
Bit rate 20 - 250 kb/s 11/54/300 Mb/s 720 kb/s
Range 100 m 100 m 10 m
Battery life 100 - 1000 days 1 - 5 days 1 - 7 days
On 2.4 GHz band the typical bit rate is of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s
at 915 MHz and 20 kb/s at 868 MHz. The standard distance of
a ZigBee transmission vary, depending on the atmospheric
conditions and therefore the transmission power, ranges from
tens to hundred meters since the transmission power is
deliberately kept as low as necessary (in the order of few mW)
to keep up very low energy consumption [7].
In proposed system, the network is made to transfer data
from the lampposts to the central station. Data is transferred
purpose by purpose, from one lamppost to another one where
every lamppost has a distinctive address within the system. The
chosen transmission distance between the lampposts assures
that in case of failure of one lamp within the chain, the signal
will reach other operational lamppost while not breaking the
chain.
ZigBee wireless communication network has been
implemented with the utilization of radio frequency modules.
They operate within the ISM band at the frequency of 2.4 GHz.
The receiver sensitivity is high and therefore the chance of
receiving bad packets is low (about 1%). The modules ought to
be provided by 3V DC supply, and then the power
consumption is within the order of 50 mA. The module
supports sleep mode where consumption is smaller than 10µA.
III. REALIZATION OF THE SYSTEM
The operational test system operating in real conditions is
shown in Fig. 3. The proposed system can be used for upgrade
of existing typical lampposts, as well.
Power is provided by a battery, recharged from a solar
panel throughout the daytime. The capacity of the battery
depends on explicit parameters of the application. In the
designing part of a photovoltaic system the irradiation curves
of the positioning has been studied to work out the inclination
and orientation of the surface of solar panels that permit the
optimal operation. For the sizing of the panel it's necessary to
calculate the annual energy needed to power the lighting. The
charge controller manages the processes of the battery charge
and power provide. Current generated by photovoltaic panels is
handled by the controller to produce an output current for
battery charge. The charging method should be conducted
consistent with the battery knowledge (capacity, voltage,
chemistry, etc.)
Figure 3. View of the test system.
IV. SYSTEM TESTING AND DISCUSSION
The prototype has been tested in variable real-life
conditions to verify the general functionality and determine
points for improvement and optimization. The measurements
collected throughout the testing permit to calculate energy
savings and economic benefits.
It was found the applied ZigBee modules are appropriate
for this application. Every lamppost being placed at the
distance of 25 meters from one another, since modules have a
range of 100 m outdoors.
The functionality field tests were realized. First test
demonstrated that the system is in a position to transfer data
from any chosen lamppost to the management center when
passing the info through the remaining lampposts. During these
cases we obtained a transmission rate 99.98% to 100%
depending on the placement of sending unit.
The test verified what happens in case of a break-down of
one intermediate lamppost. The system seems indifferent to
such a malfunction, permitting the transmission with an
equivalent rate as within the previously described case. The
system becomes non-operating solely when 3 consecutive
lampposts transmission devices are non-operational.
A. Power management and consumption
The system was designed to operate stand-alone, supplied
by the energy from a solar panel. The benefits from this type of
power are important thus avoiding the tedious and expensive
wiring and connection to external power network, enabling
considerable savings and ease of implementation. The system
is intended to be low-power, minimizing the battery capacity
and also the energy acquired from the solar panel. These goals
were achieved through the utilization of the ZigBee module for
transmitting and receiving data, using LED lamps as
4. replacement of normal lamps and using special power-saving
solutions for microcontrollers and radio modules.
The program that controls the system is designed primarily
to avoid wasting energy. Firstly, as a result that the system
works solely in the darkness, avoiding waste of energy
throughout sunlight hours when the sole active device is the
solar panel that recharges battery. Secondly, the sensors enable
the system to operate solely when necessary. Thirdly, the
system employs highly economical LEDs to ensure correct
illumination and assure energy savings. Finally, when the
system is disabled, all devices (wireless module and
microcontrollers) are in the sleep mode, that permits negligible
power consumption. The wake-up is triggered by the change of
conditions (emergency device, presence sensor, etc.). The
selection of the battery depends on the conditions where the
system is installed.
B. Estimation of prices and savings
This proposed system may be criticized as being expensive
however we must consider its advantages: slightly higher
prices of the lampposts are compensated by lack of costly
wiring and the availability of power network and considerably
lower prices of maintenance (due to central management and
reliability of LEDs).
Energy savings are of utmost importance today. The goal
is, therefore, the reduction of operating prices of street lighting
with the creation of a system characterized by straightforward
installation and low power consumption, powered by a
renewable supply of energy through solar panels with no
harmful atmosphere emissions and minimizing light pollution.
Making a short comparison with the normal street lighting
systems: Supposing that one lamp is switched on for 4,000
hours per year. One streetlight has a median consumption of
200 W and the price of energy is of 200€ yearly. If suppose a
5 km long street, it is necessary to install 125 street lights (one
each forty meters), with yearly energy consumption of
25.000€. With the system presented in this paper, every lamp
uses about 20-25 W (95% of energy consumed by the LEDs).
With an equivalent example as before, energy cost decrease to
5.000€ (savings of 80%).
Based on the field tests another possibility of energy
savings becomes evident. Classical system consumes energy
independently if it is needed or not. It is active for about 10
hours daily and the total number of working hours is about 300
per month, versus 87-108 hours proposed system, savings of
about 66% to 71% are expected. The savings may be improved
by using more efficient LEDs, since the consumed energy
almost entirely depends on LEDs consumption.
Finally, since the system is powered by solar panels (with
batteries), the energy price does not depend on provider costs.
Consequently, the sole price to consider is that of the
installation and implementation of the system; with following
savings thanks to lower maintenance and energy savings.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a proposal of an intelligent street lighting
system is described that integrates new technologies, offering
ease of maintenance and energy savings. This is obtained by
using the highly economical LED technology supplied by
renewable energy provided by the solar panels and by using the
intelligent management of the lampposts.
The proposed system is especially appropriate for street
lighting in remote urban and rural areas where the traffic is low
at times. Independence of the power network permits to
implement it in remote areas where the classical systems are
prohibitively expensive. The system is versatile, extendable
and totally adjustable to user needs.
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