This document discusses the design of a pedal-powered corn threshing machine. It begins with an introduction that outlines the importance of maize production in Africa and challenges with traditional threshing methods. It then discusses the motivation for designing a low-cost pedal-powered thresher to address issues with existing motorized threshers being too expensive and damaging crops. The document provides details on the construction of the thresher, including the use of chains, sprockets, and a freewheel mechanism to transfer power from the pedals to the threshing unit.
The document discusses the components and design of a solar-powered grass cutter. It has rechargeable batteries that power a DC motor to spin the 3 cutting blades at high speed. It can efficiently cut grass in lawns and sports fields without fuel consumption. The grass cutter provides a portable and low-cost alternative to gasoline lawn mowers.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build an electric lawn mower. It includes sections on the idea, design, parts, specifications, expenses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of an electric lawn mower. The design uses a 36 volt motor powered by rechargeable batteries to drive the cutting blades. The main parts are the blades, frame, wheels, handle, and battery pack. The estimated total cost is 3,350 rupees. Electric mowers have less pollution and noise than gas mowers but higher initial costs and need recharging. The mower is intended for small residential lawns and gardens.
This document discusses the design and preparation of a knuckle joint. It includes an introduction to knuckle joints, their parts, calculations for design, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. A knuckle joint connects two rods under tension and allows for a small amount of flexibility. Key parts are the fork end, eye end, knuckle pin, and collar. Design calculations include checking for tensile, shear, and crushing failures of different parts based on the applied load and material properties. Knuckle joints are commonly used where some angular movement is required under tensile loading.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
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This document describes the design and fabrication of a pedal-operated flour mill. It begins with introducing the aims, scope and objectives of the project, which are to design a flour mill that operates without electricity, is eco-friendly, easy to use, and can be used as an alternative when power is out. It then provides background on flour mills and discusses different types of mills throughout history. The design considerations and calculations section covers sizing the pedal power input, and designing the gear systems between the pedals and mill using sprockets and pulleys to achieve the necessary torque and rpm to grind grain into flour.
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering. The project involves the design and fabrication of a crankshaft-operated double hacksaw machine. The report includes an introduction outlining the objectives and justification of the project. It also provides a literature review on hacksaw machines and the types of hacksawing. The report then discusses the project methodology, components used, and working of the machine. It concludes with the results, discussion, and scope for future work. The overall aim is to develop an automated hacksaw machine that can cut multiple pieces simultaneously to improve productivity.
crop harvester in agricultural approachSuchit Moon
This document describes the design and development of a crop harvester machine. It can cut dry stalks of crops like grains efficiently with less human effort. The machine has two cutting blades attached to separate shafts powered by a single cylinder engine through a transmission system of pulleys and belts. This simple design makes the harvester affordable for small farmers and easier to operate than manual harvesting. It can cut crops in two rows simultaneously and reduce labor costs. The document provides details of the various components, calculations for power transmission ratios, and diagrams of the design and working.
The document discusses the components and design of a solar-powered grass cutter. It has rechargeable batteries that power a DC motor to spin the 3 cutting blades at high speed. It can efficiently cut grass in lawns and sports fields without fuel consumption. The grass cutter provides a portable and low-cost alternative to gasoline lawn mowers.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build an electric lawn mower. It includes sections on the idea, design, parts, specifications, expenses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of an electric lawn mower. The design uses a 36 volt motor powered by rechargeable batteries to drive the cutting blades. The main parts are the blades, frame, wheels, handle, and battery pack. The estimated total cost is 3,350 rupees. Electric mowers have less pollution and noise than gas mowers but higher initial costs and need recharging. The mower is intended for small residential lawns and gardens.
This document discusses the design and preparation of a knuckle joint. It includes an introduction to knuckle joints, their parts, calculations for design, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. A knuckle joint connects two rods under tension and allows for a small amount of flexibility. Key parts are the fork end, eye end, knuckle pin, and collar. Design calculations include checking for tensile, shear, and crushing failures of different parts based on the applied load and material properties. Knuckle joints are commonly used where some angular movement is required under tensile loading.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TechnocratSawji
Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/GopalSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
This document describes the design and fabrication of a pedal-operated flour mill. It begins with introducing the aims, scope and objectives of the project, which are to design a flour mill that operates without electricity, is eco-friendly, easy to use, and can be used as an alternative when power is out. It then provides background on flour mills and discusses different types of mills throughout history. The design considerations and calculations section covers sizing the pedal power input, and designing the gear systems between the pedals and mill using sprockets and pulleys to achieve the necessary torque and rpm to grind grain into flour.
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering. The project involves the design and fabrication of a crankshaft-operated double hacksaw machine. The report includes an introduction outlining the objectives and justification of the project. It also provides a literature review on hacksaw machines and the types of hacksawing. The report then discusses the project methodology, components used, and working of the machine. It concludes with the results, discussion, and scope for future work. The overall aim is to develop an automated hacksaw machine that can cut multiple pieces simultaneously to improve productivity.
crop harvester in agricultural approachSuchit Moon
This document describes the design and development of a crop harvester machine. It can cut dry stalks of crops like grains efficiently with less human effort. The machine has two cutting blades attached to separate shafts powered by a single cylinder engine through a transmission system of pulleys and belts. This simple design makes the harvester affordable for small farmers and easier to operate than manual harvesting. It can cut crops in two rows simultaneously and reduce labor costs. The document provides details of the various components, calculations for power transmission ratios, and diagrams of the design and working.
Solar Powered Sprayer for Agricultural and Domestic PurposeIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays there is a great need for “conservation of energy “. Continuous use of traditional energy resources will have high risk of rising in price and energy depletion. This paper focuses on green energy utilization for agricultural and domestic purpose. The conventional energy sources uses non-renewable energy resources and they are in the form of backpack which is only useful for the agricultural purposes. This made us to think of designing a multipurpose product that is basically trolley based solar powered spryer which involves a minimum intervention of man power and operates with the no pollution for agricultural pesticide spraying and washing of vehicles. Our design mainly eliminates the back mounting of sprayer setup which causes back pain, use of fossil power which is non-renewable and hazardous and extensive use of manpower. Thus we proved to be more efficient when compared to conventional sprayer.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Power at 25% overload = 15 * 1.25 = 18.75 kW
2. Torque = Power / Speed = 18.75 * 1000 / 720 = 26 Nm
3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
4. Given: No. of shoes = 4
Outside dia. of pulley = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Inside dia. of pulley rim = 32.5 cm = 0.325 m
Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
5. Design the shoes and springs based on given data and centrifugal clutch formulae.
6. Check initial clearance between friction
This document summarizes a student presentation on an automatic seed sowing robot. The robot was designed to reduce human labor and increase crop yields in farming. It uses a battery-powered motor and chain drive system to sow seeds automatically as it moves. The main components include a battery, seed storage tank, seed sowing disc, and wheels. The objectives were to create an affordable, easy-to-use robot for Indian farmers to simplify the seed sowing process. It was designed using inexpensive, locally available materials to keep costs low.
The document discusses different components of an automotive transmission system including the gear box. It describes the purpose of a gear box as providing speed and torque conversions to maintain the engine's optimal operating speed under varying driving conditions. Several types of gear boxes are summarized, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchro-mesh, and planetary/epicyclic gear boxes. Key components like synchronizers and the gear shifting mechanism are also explained at a high level. The document concludes by discussing other transmission components like the torque converter and overdrive system.
This document provides information about sugarcane bud chipper technology. It discusses how sugarcane is traditionally planted using full stalks, but bud chippers allow using only buds which saves on planting material. The document reviews the working of semi-automatic bud chippers that use a motor, gears, and cam mechanism to cut buds off stalks. It examines the components and specifications of one such machine, including a 0.5 HP motor, 1:30 gear ratio, and cost analysis of around 7000 INR. Overall, the document outlines the development and design of sugarcane bud chippers to improve sugarcane cultivation efficiency.
Power Transmission units in agricultural Tractors and their design conceptschelpuri Ramu
Power Transmission Units in Agricultural Tractors and their Design Concepts
1. The power transmission system in agricultural tractors functions to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels, reduce the engine speed for field operations, and allow altering the speed ratio to suit field conditions.
2. Common types of gears used include helical, spur, and bevel gears. Gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh types. Planetary gear systems are becoming more common for the final drive due to their compact size and even load distribution.
3. Typical gear reduction ratios range from 1:175 for lower gears to 1:12 for higher gears. Design considerations for gearboxes include minimizing sizes, using
1. The document discusses different types of clutches, including friction clutches like single plate and multiplate clutches, cone clutches, centrifugal clutches, semi-centrifugal clutches, diaphragm clutches, positive clutches like dog clutches, hydraulic clutches, electromagnetic clutches, and vacuum clutches.
2. Key aspects of single plate clutches are described, including components like the clutch plate, pressure plate, and flywheel, as well as how pressing the clutch pedal disengages the clutch.
3. Nine types of clutches are listed and components or operating principles of representative clutches like single plate, multiplate, cone, centrifugal, and di
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
1) The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a power unit, such as a tractor, to match the size and type of machines used for field operations.
2) Key factors include the engine type, power ratings, soil resistance, tractor and implement sizes, and matching implements to the tractor's power output to avoid overloading.
3) Power is measured in horsepower or kilowatts, with drawbar, PTO, and brake power representing the tractor's pulling, power take-off, and maximum engine power respectively. The document provides formulas to calculate power needs based on implement size, soil conditions, and operating speed.
My name is sanusi jibrin and in this document is how to design an un protective flange coupling. it gives us the reason, the need to couple two or more mechanical element together. it also show us the various way i which each part of the flange couple is manufactured
Fabrication of abrasive belt grinder saravanandinnusara
This document is a project report for the fabrication of an abrasive belt grinder. It was completed by five students for their diploma in Mechanical Engineering in 2015-2016. The report includes an introduction, working principle, part drawings, assembly drawing, specifications, materials list, schedule, cost estimation, conclusion, and photographs. It describes building a machine that uses an abrasive belt rotated by an induction motor to grind materials into various shapes and sizes, with applications in many industries. The report provides details on the design and construction of the abrasive belt grinder.
Pedal Operated Washing Machine :-
Pedal Powered Washing Machine :-
It is type of washing machine in which the machine is operated through the pedals with the help of human power.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL EXTRACTOR ALENVARGHESE13
This project is based on review of various researches which has been worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design & fabrication of currently using oil extractors.
This project contributes to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually operated portable oil extractor.
This could help the small scale industries working in these area to improve the life and function-ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more profit.
This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and dimensional decisions.
Thus, the work contributes to reduction of running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the shop floor.
Design and Fabrication of Weed Removing VehicleJaykumar Desai
The literature review covered various existing solutions for weed removal including miniature cow tillers, meadow comb grass cutters, optimal design of rotary tillers, multiple blade brush-cutting mowers, and land clearers. Prior designs considered factors like operational efficiency, overload capacity, braking, blade design, and application of treatment liquids. No prior solution was found to be specifically designed for small farms or to be low-cost and easy to operate.
This document is a project report on an agricultural bicycle sprayer created by students at the Government Polytechnic Kolhapur. It details the design and manufacturing of a bicycle mounted sprayer to help farmers more efficiently apply pesticides and fertilizers to their crops. The sprayer aims to reduce the labor costs and human effort required for spraying fields compared to traditional backpack sprayers. It consists of a tank, pump, boom and nozzles that are mounted on a standard bicycle to allow one person to cover more area in less time than manual spraying. Diagrams and calculations are provided for key dimensions of the sprayer components.
A rice transplanter is a specialized machine fitted with a transplanter mechanism (usually having some form of reciprocating motion) driven by the power from the live axle, in order to the transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field. Rice is a major food grain crop of world. Unlike upland row crops, cultivation of low land rice crop is a labour intensive process. In spite of the common belief of availability of surplus agricultural labour in India, there actually exists a scarcity of skilled agricultural workers during the peak transplanting seasons. If this operation is not done in time the yield goes down. In view of this, there is an urgent need to mechanize this operation. The rice translation process is generally manual which involves number of labour. The process of manual rice transplantation is not so efficient as compared to the mechanical rice transplantation. Machine transplanting using rice transplanter requires considerably less time and labour than manual transplanting. It increases the approximate area that a person can plant. The distribution of food grain production which shows the rice production is major in India
This document discusses instantaneous centers and their application in mechanisms. It begins by defining an instantaneous center as the point about which pure rotational motion can be assumed for a link undergoing combined translation and rotation. It describes how to locate instantaneous centers based on the bisectors of chords formed by the initial and final positions of links. The document outlines different types of instantaneous centers and provides rules for their location in various joint configurations. It introduces the Aronhold-Kennedy theorem stating that three bodies in relative plane motion will have three instantaneous centers collinear on a straight line. Methods for determining the velocity of points on links and locating all instantaneous centers in a mechanism are presented. An example problem is given to locate
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Assessment of pedal operated maize thresher for rural dwellersiaemedu
The document summarizes the development and assessment of a pedal-operated maize thresher designed for rural farmers. It discusses traditional maize threshing methods, the design of the improved thresher including its threshing unit and chain/sprocket drive system, and how the thresher was tested. The thresher was found to be able to shell 81.03kg/hour of maize compared to only 25.00kg/hour using traditional hand methods, with a threshing efficiency of 86.6%.
Review Paper on Solar Power Operated Sugarcane Harvesting MachineIRJET Journal
This document presents a review paper on a solar-powered sugarcane harvesting machine designed by students in India. It discusses the design and components of the machine, which includes a brushless DC motor powered by batteries charged via solar panels to drive cutting blades. The machine aims to reduce labor needs for sugarcane harvesting. It reviews previous research on sugarcane harvesting and properties to inform the design. The components of the machine include the motor, solar panels, batteries, bevel gears, belt drive, and steel saw cutters. It is presented as a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to manual harvesting that can benefit small-scale farmers.
Solar Powered Sprayer for Agricultural and Domestic PurposeIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays there is a great need for “conservation of energy “. Continuous use of traditional energy resources will have high risk of rising in price and energy depletion. This paper focuses on green energy utilization for agricultural and domestic purpose. The conventional energy sources uses non-renewable energy resources and they are in the form of backpack which is only useful for the agricultural purposes. This made us to think of designing a multipurpose product that is basically trolley based solar powered spryer which involves a minimum intervention of man power and operates with the no pollution for agricultural pesticide spraying and washing of vehicles. Our design mainly eliminates the back mounting of sprayer setup which causes back pain, use of fossil power which is non-renewable and hazardous and extensive use of manpower. Thus we proved to be more efficient when compared to conventional sprayer.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Power at 25% overload = 15 * 1.25 = 18.75 kW
2. Torque = Power / Speed = 18.75 * 1000 / 720 = 26 Nm
3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
4. Given: No. of shoes = 4
Outside dia. of pulley = 35 cm = 0.35 m
Inside dia. of pulley rim = 32.5 cm = 0.325 m
Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
5. Design the shoes and springs based on given data and centrifugal clutch formulae.
6. Check initial clearance between friction
This document summarizes a student presentation on an automatic seed sowing robot. The robot was designed to reduce human labor and increase crop yields in farming. It uses a battery-powered motor and chain drive system to sow seeds automatically as it moves. The main components include a battery, seed storage tank, seed sowing disc, and wheels. The objectives were to create an affordable, easy-to-use robot for Indian farmers to simplify the seed sowing process. It was designed using inexpensive, locally available materials to keep costs low.
The document discusses different components of an automotive transmission system including the gear box. It describes the purpose of a gear box as providing speed and torque conversions to maintain the engine's optimal operating speed under varying driving conditions. Several types of gear boxes are summarized, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, synchro-mesh, and planetary/epicyclic gear boxes. Key components like synchronizers and the gear shifting mechanism are also explained at a high level. The document concludes by discussing other transmission components like the torque converter and overdrive system.
This document provides information about sugarcane bud chipper technology. It discusses how sugarcane is traditionally planted using full stalks, but bud chippers allow using only buds which saves on planting material. The document reviews the working of semi-automatic bud chippers that use a motor, gears, and cam mechanism to cut buds off stalks. It examines the components and specifications of one such machine, including a 0.5 HP motor, 1:30 gear ratio, and cost analysis of around 7000 INR. Overall, the document outlines the development and design of sugarcane bud chippers to improve sugarcane cultivation efficiency.
Power Transmission units in agricultural Tractors and their design conceptschelpuri Ramu
Power Transmission Units in Agricultural Tractors and their Design Concepts
1. The power transmission system in agricultural tractors functions to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels, reduce the engine speed for field operations, and allow altering the speed ratio to suit field conditions.
2. Common types of gears used include helical, spur, and bevel gears. Gearboxes include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh types. Planetary gear systems are becoming more common for the final drive due to their compact size and even load distribution.
3. Typical gear reduction ratios range from 1:175 for lower gears to 1:12 for higher gears. Design considerations for gearboxes include minimizing sizes, using
1. The document discusses different types of clutches, including friction clutches like single plate and multiplate clutches, cone clutches, centrifugal clutches, semi-centrifugal clutches, diaphragm clutches, positive clutches like dog clutches, hydraulic clutches, electromagnetic clutches, and vacuum clutches.
2. Key aspects of single plate clutches are described, including components like the clutch plate, pressure plate, and flywheel, as well as how pressing the clutch pedal disengages the clutch.
3. Nine types of clutches are listed and components or operating principles of representative clutches like single plate, multiplate, cone, centrifugal, and di
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
1) The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a power unit, such as a tractor, to match the size and type of machines used for field operations.
2) Key factors include the engine type, power ratings, soil resistance, tractor and implement sizes, and matching implements to the tractor's power output to avoid overloading.
3) Power is measured in horsepower or kilowatts, with drawbar, PTO, and brake power representing the tractor's pulling, power take-off, and maximum engine power respectively. The document provides formulas to calculate power needs based on implement size, soil conditions, and operating speed.
My name is sanusi jibrin and in this document is how to design an un protective flange coupling. it gives us the reason, the need to couple two or more mechanical element together. it also show us the various way i which each part of the flange couple is manufactured
Fabrication of abrasive belt grinder saravanandinnusara
This document is a project report for the fabrication of an abrasive belt grinder. It was completed by five students for their diploma in Mechanical Engineering in 2015-2016. The report includes an introduction, working principle, part drawings, assembly drawing, specifications, materials list, schedule, cost estimation, conclusion, and photographs. It describes building a machine that uses an abrasive belt rotated by an induction motor to grind materials into various shapes and sizes, with applications in many industries. The report provides details on the design and construction of the abrasive belt grinder.
Pedal Operated Washing Machine :-
Pedal Powered Washing Machine :-
It is type of washing machine in which the machine is operated through the pedals with the help of human power.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL EXTRACTOR ALENVARGHESE13
This project is based on review of various researches which has been worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design & fabrication of currently using oil extractors.
This project contributes to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually operated portable oil extractor.
This could help the small scale industries working in these area to improve the life and function-ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more profit.
This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and dimensional decisions.
Thus, the work contributes to reduction of running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the shop floor.
Design and Fabrication of Weed Removing VehicleJaykumar Desai
The literature review covered various existing solutions for weed removal including miniature cow tillers, meadow comb grass cutters, optimal design of rotary tillers, multiple blade brush-cutting mowers, and land clearers. Prior designs considered factors like operational efficiency, overload capacity, braking, blade design, and application of treatment liquids. No prior solution was found to be specifically designed for small farms or to be low-cost and easy to operate.
This document is a project report on an agricultural bicycle sprayer created by students at the Government Polytechnic Kolhapur. It details the design and manufacturing of a bicycle mounted sprayer to help farmers more efficiently apply pesticides and fertilizers to their crops. The sprayer aims to reduce the labor costs and human effort required for spraying fields compared to traditional backpack sprayers. It consists of a tank, pump, boom and nozzles that are mounted on a standard bicycle to allow one person to cover more area in less time than manual spraying. Diagrams and calculations are provided for key dimensions of the sprayer components.
A rice transplanter is a specialized machine fitted with a transplanter mechanism (usually having some form of reciprocating motion) driven by the power from the live axle, in order to the transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field. Rice is a major food grain crop of world. Unlike upland row crops, cultivation of low land rice crop is a labour intensive process. In spite of the common belief of availability of surplus agricultural labour in India, there actually exists a scarcity of skilled agricultural workers during the peak transplanting seasons. If this operation is not done in time the yield goes down. In view of this, there is an urgent need to mechanize this operation. The rice translation process is generally manual which involves number of labour. The process of manual rice transplantation is not so efficient as compared to the mechanical rice transplantation. Machine transplanting using rice transplanter requires considerably less time and labour than manual transplanting. It increases the approximate area that a person can plant. The distribution of food grain production which shows the rice production is major in India
This document discusses instantaneous centers and their application in mechanisms. It begins by defining an instantaneous center as the point about which pure rotational motion can be assumed for a link undergoing combined translation and rotation. It describes how to locate instantaneous centers based on the bisectors of chords formed by the initial and final positions of links. The document outlines different types of instantaneous centers and provides rules for their location in various joint configurations. It introduces the Aronhold-Kennedy theorem stating that three bodies in relative plane motion will have three instantaneous centers collinear on a straight line. Methods for determining the velocity of points on links and locating all instantaneous centers in a mechanism are presented. An example problem is given to locate
Springs - DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-IIDr. L K Bhagi
Introduction to springs, Types and terminology of springs, Stress and deflection equations, Series and parallel connection, Design of helical springs, Design against fluctuating load, Concentric springs, Helical torsion springs, Spiral springs, Multi-leaf springs, Optimum design of helical spring
Assessment of pedal operated maize thresher for rural dwellersiaemedu
The document summarizes the development and assessment of a pedal-operated maize thresher designed for rural farmers. It discusses traditional maize threshing methods, the design of the improved thresher including its threshing unit and chain/sprocket drive system, and how the thresher was tested. The thresher was found to be able to shell 81.03kg/hour of maize compared to only 25.00kg/hour using traditional hand methods, with a threshing efficiency of 86.6%.
Review Paper on Solar Power Operated Sugarcane Harvesting MachineIRJET Journal
This document presents a review paper on a solar-powered sugarcane harvesting machine designed by students in India. It discusses the design and components of the machine, which includes a brushless DC motor powered by batteries charged via solar panels to drive cutting blades. The machine aims to reduce labor needs for sugarcane harvesting. It reviews previous research on sugarcane harvesting and properties to inform the design. The components of the machine include the motor, solar panels, batteries, bevel gears, belt drive, and steel saw cutters. It is presented as a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to manual harvesting that can benefit small-scale farmers.
IRJET- Development of Groundnut POD SeparatorIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a groundnut pod separator machine. It begins with an introduction to groundnut production in India and the traditional manual method of separating pods from plants. This process is time-consuming and inefficient. The objectives of the new machine are then outlined, which include minimizing time and labor, improving efficiency, and developing an affordable option for small farmers. A conceptual drawing of the machine is shown, which would utilize a rotating drum with spikes to separate the pods. The conclusion states that the machine could also be adapted to cut sugarcane, serving multiple purposes for farmers. In developing this automated option, the aims are to reduce effort for farmers and allow them to earn more money.
Design and Fabrication of Multi-purpose Agriculture MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-purpose agriculture machine. The machine was designed to perform various agricultural operations like ploughing, sowing seeds, and spraying water or pesticides using a single manually-operated vehicle. The design calculations for components like the chassis, seed tray, fertilizer tray, and wheels are presented. The methodology involved literature review, problem identification, design calculations, material selection, manufacturing, and testing processes. The objectives were to reduce farmer effort, perform multiple operations simultaneously, lower costs, and improve efficiency. The final multi-purpose agriculture machine was able to plow, sow seeds, and spray in one pass, reducing labor needs.
A Review on Design and Fabrication of Groundnut Shelling and Separating Machine.IRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and fabrication of a groundnut shelling and separating machine. It aims to develop a portable machine that is affordable for small-scale farmers. The machine consists of a hopper, crushing chamber, separating chamber, blower, and frame powered by an electric motor. Groundnuts are fed into the hopper and crushed in the chamber to remove the shells, while the blower separates the shells from the seeds. The design is intended to improve efficiency over manual shelling methods while keeping costs low. The machine is meant to benefit farmers by quickly shelling groundnuts while avoiding damage to the seeds.
The document describes the design and construction of a motorized grain milling machine. It discusses traditional grain milling techniques and the need for a more efficient motorized machine. The machine was designed using CAD software and constructed locally with a frame, petrol engine, milling compartment, and hopper. It operates by rotating hammers inside the milling compartment that grind grain placed in the hopper. The total cost to produce the machine was about $160, making it affordable for small-scale farmers and local processors compared to commercial machines that cost over $1000. The machine is recommended to satisfy milling needs of rural populations.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a seed sowing machine. It aims to provide an efficient seed sowing process that saves time and reduces labor costs compared to traditional manual methods. The machine is designed to perform multiple agricultural operations including softening soil, seed bed preparation, seed sowing, and leveling soil. It consists of components like a frame, engine, seed hopper, circular plates, and furrow openers that are powered by a chain and sprocket mechanism to rotate and distribute seeds onto prepared fields. The document presents the working principle, CAD models of components, specifications, conclusions that the machine meets needs of small farmers through reduced labor and time.
1. This document describes a coconut dehusking machine designed to remove the husk from coconuts more efficiently than traditional manual methods.
2. The machine uses two rotating shafts with spikes that peel the husk off as the coconut passes between them. It is powered by a single-phase motor for lower costs than other motor types.
3. The goal is to speed up processing time and reduce labor needs for businesses that peel coconuts commercially. Introducing the affordable machine could help farmers and help address the lack of skilled labor for manual dehusking.
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document describes the design of an automatic sugarcane bud cutting machine. It aims to reduce labor costs and increase productivity compared to manual bud cutting. The machine uses an electric motor, shaft, spring-loaded cutter, cam, pulleys and gears to automatically cut sugarcane buds. The buds produced are lighter weight and more economical planting material than full stalks. Farmers can use the buds to develop new sugarcane varieties more quickly. The machine is designed to be compact, lightweight, low-cost and suitable for small-scale Indian farmers. It is expected to save on labor costs while providing a higher bud production rate than conventional bud cutting methods.
Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. Need of rice trans-planter machine is growing nowadays because it unique features seeding in well sequence and in well manner. Seeding by rice trans-planter saves too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machines is farmers and they are having poor economic background. This paper provides guidelines for developments in rice Trans-planters used in India. Rice planting is very old method from many years ago & having long history since many years & their methods of rice planting are changed in this decade. Use of rice Trans planter machines is new trend but current machines having high cost of purchase. So the main focus of this project is to minimize the cost of that machine.
IRJET- Design and Developement of Compact Solar Agricultural Harvester using ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a compact solar agricultural harvester using a quick return mechanism. The harvester was created to address the shortage of agricultural laborers in India and the high costs of commercial harvesters that are out of reach for small-scale farmers. The harvester uses a solar panel, cutting blade, gear assembly, battery, and DC motor. It functions as a walk-behind harvester where the motor powers a gearbox and quick return mechanism to convert rotational motion into reciprocating motion of the cutting blade for harvesting crops. The harvester aims to minimize harvesting time and human effort while encouraging the use of renewable energy and reducing pollution.
Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Variable Length Plucking/Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-purpose variable length plucking/cutting machine. The machine consists of multiple hollow cylinders that slide inside one another via a pulley system powered by an electric motor, allowing the device to extend to different heights. A high speed motor powers a multi-point cutting tool mounted on the top cylinder to cut branches or pluck coconuts from trees. The machine is mounted on a wheeled framework for portability between trees. It aims to provide a safer and more efficient alternative to manually climbing trees and harvesting crops.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Solar Operated Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a solar-powered, multipurpose seed sowing machine. The machine was created to reduce farmers' workload and costs by automating seed sowing. It uses a solar panel to power motors that dig soil, drop seeds at adjustable depths and spacing, and cover the seeds. The machine can plant different sized seeds for various crops. It is made from inexpensive, locally available materials and has a simple design for easy use. The machine aims to save farmers' time and money compared to manual seeding methods while reducing environmental impacts through solar power.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
This document describes the design and fabrication of a multipurpose machine for sugarcane planting. Sugarcane planting is currently a labor-intensive process done manually. The authors developed a new machine that can automatically cut sugarcane, feed the pieces into furrows, and apply fertilizer and pesticides. The machine uses a cam-operated mechanism with a rotary cutter to cut sugarcane into uniform lengths which are then fed into furrows by gravity. This ensures uniform density of sugarcane planting. The machine was designed with wheels, shafts, sprockets, and other components to enable it to function across different sizes of land with only 2-3 laborers. This reduces labor costs and speeds up
Development and Performance Evaluation of Manually Operated Drumstick HarvesterIRJET Journal
1. Researchers in India have developed a manually operated drumstick harvester to help farmers harvest drumsticks more efficiently and with less damage.
2. Testing of the harvester showed it had a harvesting capacity of 21.99 kg/hr, higher than traditional manual methods. The damage percentage to drumsticks was also lower at 1.59% compared to over 4% for manual harvesting.
3. The developed harvester was found to be more efficient and comfortable for operators to use than traditional climbing and harvesting by hand, while also reducing drumstick damage during the harvesting process.
MULTIPURPOSE SOLAR SCREENING MACHINE WITH CONVEYORIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a multipurpose solar screening machine. The machine uses solar energy to power itself and includes components like a conveyor belt, gear motors, strainers, and a frame. It can sieve materials like grains, sand, and construction materials into different sizes by changing the strainer. The machine lifts materials from the bottom using the conveyor belt and sieves it automatically using the powered components. It is more efficient than manual screening and reduces labor requirements. The machine was designed and built by students and an instructor to automate screening processes in agriculture, construction, and mining.
IRJET - Grain Dehusking Machines- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews grain dehusking machines from traditional methods to modern technologies. It discusses the processes and equipment used for dehusking rice, wheat, and pulses. Traditionally, grains were pounded by hand or foot which was time-consuming and resulted in broken grains. Later, simple single-stage mechanical mills were developed to improve efficiency. Now, multi-stage mills can dehusk grains like rice through several processes to remove the husk and bran, separating broken grains and bagging the milled product. The document recommends developing a low-cost, pedal-powered machine that can dehusk multiple grain types to benefit small farmers.
IRJET- Design and Modification of Chaff Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
1) Students at D Y Patil College of Engineering and Technology designed and modified a manually operated chaff cutting machine to address issues with existing electric powered machines.
2) The new design replaces the electric motor with a torsion spring mechanism that stores energy from pedaling and transmits it to the flywheel via a chain drive, eliminating the need for electricity.
3) Testing showed the modified machine can cut 2kg of feed per minute using only 14-15 pedals to twist the spring, providing a low-effort option for small farmers.
Similar to project report on cycle pedal operated corn threshing machine (20)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
project report on cycle pedal operated corn threshing machine
1. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 1
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Maize is one the most important cereal crop production in Africa, especially in Nigeria.
About 70% of the total population of the country produces maize. The production as well as the
processing is done to a large extend by hand tools and implements. This is as a result of high
cost, hard labor and non – availability of threshing machines in the market Furthermore, with the
improvement of modern technology, some high technological threshing machine like combined
harvesters were imported into the country those are expensive and beyond the reach of the small
and rural farmers.
Maize production is on the high increase as a result of new improved varieties, fertilizers
and better modern practices primarily processing continues to be problem. Traditionally, after
harvesting, threshing is accomplished by hand beating in a mortar with pestle or beating the cobs
with stick in sags until the grain are separated from the cobs. There are problems associated with
these methods. It limits the scale of production, time consuming, reduces reliability of the grain,
break the maize in to pieces sometimes Effects have been made to overcome the limitation
observed in the traditional method of threshing.
The common feature of this method of threshing mentioned above is that the diameter
between the threshing prongs is fixed which limit the size of the maize that the threshing can
accommodate. This modification process of threshing which Operate pedally, is developed so
that it can thresh different cobs of the maize at the same time. This is accomplished by producing
a thresher with an adjustable threshing unit (Adams J.M.1982).
2. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW:-
In Nigeria, the northern region is the highest producer of maize. Farmers in this region
Normally use the local threshing tools, which are time consuming and requires hard labor. In
Nassarawa state most mechanical threshers were designed for multi-grain threshing which
caused great damage to the maize seeds besides breaking the cobs to pieces.
The available local threshers, were equipped with rotating threshing drums, rollers etc.
Which cause damages to the seed. Also the cost of purchasing such threshers were too high for
the poor rural farmers and therefore necessitated the improved design of low – cost system that
will be affordable and also increase threshing efficiency but reduce the damage done on the seed
(Adams J.M 1982). The American Indian word for corn means literally that which sustain life. It
is after wheat and rice, the most important cereal grain in the world, providing nutrients for
humans and animals and serving as a basic raw material for the production of starch, oil and
protein, alcohol beverages, food sweetener and more recently fuel. In Africa, maize has become
a staple food crop that is known to the poorest family. It is used in various forms to alleviate
hunger and such form includes pap, maize four etc. Because of the importance of maize, it’s
processing and preservation must be done to an optimum condition. The major steps involved in
the processing of maize are harvesting, drying and dehiscing (Sahay .L. 1992).
The process of maize threshing involves the removal of grain from their cobs. The
process can be traced as far back as the discovery of the crop as a source of nutrition. Maize is
passed in cob or instantly threshed mainly by machines. The need for more efficient methods of
maize threshing has over the years resulted in studies carried out on the threshers. (Kaul R.N.
1985) The historical importance of pedal powered machines can be easily overlooked by people
who grew accustomed to fossil fuels and ubiquitous Electricity. Therefore it cannot be stressed
enough how much of an improvement Pedal power was in the light of thousands of years of
human drudgery, Pedals and Cranks make use of human power in a near –optimum.
3. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 3
Employed in machine for production process can be broadly classified into:-
i. General Purpose Machine (GPM)
ii. Special Purpose Machine (SPM)
2.1 SPECIAL PURPOSE MACHINE:-
SPM are designed to perform only specific operations:-
They can produce any number of identical items.
They are used in mass production.
The rate of production in SPM is high.
The cost of SPM is high.
The cost of SPM can be justified if it is used for mass production.
SPM are built for a particular product and if the product designs changes, the machine
may not be of use.
But the various units of SPM may be used in the construction of another SPM.
SPM are not made in bulk but they are produced as per order or only in small quantity.
E.g. Capstan Lathe, Turret Lathe, Gun Drilling Machine, Transfer Machine etc.
2.2 NECESSITY:-
In ruler areas cutting or detraining the corn by hand it required more time and labor
which is increases the labour cost. If it is used motorized machine its cost is also higher and
there is also an issue of electricity. So it is tried in this project to develop the machine which
reduces the human effort and works without electricity.
4. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 4
FIGURE 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 5
CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION PARTS:-
There are some major parts related to these projects.
3.1 Chain.
3.2 Sprocket.
3.3 Freewheel.
3.4 Main frame
3.1 CHAIN:-
A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel
of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but
some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics. Nickel also confers a measure of
self-lubrication to a chain's moving parts. Nickel is a relatively non-galling metal.
A bicycle chain can be very energy efficient: one study reported efficiencies as high as
98.6%. The study, performed in clean laboratory lubrication a larger sprocket will give a more
efficient drive, reducing the movement angle of the links. Higher chain tension was found to be
more efficient: "This is actually not in the direction you'd expect, based simply on friction".
Application Example:-
These chains transmit the power of pedaling to the back wheel (Figure 1.16). Most bikes
use chain; a few styles use cog belts, but these are the exceptions. In the early stages of chain
development, chain design grew in response to development in bicycles. Bicycles are categorized
as shown in Table 1.7.
6. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 6
Figure 1.2 Bicycle chain
In addition to bicycles, these chains may be used in low-speed, light-load transmission
operations, for example, in agriculture machines or with electric garage door openers.
Constructionand Features:-
Bicycle Chains are generally categorized into two types:
1/2 × 1/8 and 1/2 × 3/32. The first number (1/2) is the chain pitch; the latter numbers
(1/8 and 3/32, respectively) indicate the inner width in inches. Number 1/2 × 1/8 chain is used
for simple transmission without speed shifting; it has the same construction as Standard Roller
Chain.
Number 1/2 × 3/32 chain is used with a derailleur. There are two types of Construction—
standard roller and bushing less (Table 1.8). In the bushing less chain, the inner link plates are
extruded so that the inner plates also serve as the bushings (Figures 1.17 and 1.18). In most
derailleur transmission chains, the link plates are bent or cut so that the chains can change
smoothly on the front or rear sprockets.
7. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 7
Table 1.1 Applications of Bicycle Chains
Nominal
Number
Pitch Inner Link
Width
Construction Application
1/2 × 1/8 12.7 3.30 Roller Chain Simple drive
General
purpose
1/2 × 3/32 12.7 2.38 Roller Chain
Bushing less
Chain
With
derailleur
Sports
Racing
3.2 SPROCKET:-
The basic sizes of the sprockets (front and rear) are common to all manufacturers;
however, the tooth shape is different. This is especially true for the sprockets for 1/2 3 3/32
chains. Each manufacturer designs its own tooth shapes for better shifting. Exercise care when
changing sprockets. A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even
sprockets that mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name
'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a chain
passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together
directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth
8. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 8
Figure 1.3 Sprockets.
Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery
either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart
linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the commonest form of sprocket is found in the
bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel which drives a chain which in
turn drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely
driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycle. Sprockets are of
various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its originator. Sprockets
typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing belts have flanges to keep the
timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to
another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and
sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are
so constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.
9. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 9
3.3 FREEWHEEL:-
Figure 1.4 Freewheel
In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel or overrunning clutch is a device in
a transmission that disengages the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the driven shaft rotates
faster than the driveshaft. An overdrive is sometimes mistakenly called a freewheel, but is
otherwise unrelated. The condition of a driven shaft spinning faster than its driveshaft exists in
most bicycles when the rider holds his or her feet still, no longer pushing the pedals. In a fixed-
gear bicycle, without a freewheel, the rear wheel would drive the pedals around. The simplest
freewheel device consists of two saw-toothed, spring-loaded discs pressing against each other
with the toothed sides together, somewhat like a ratchet. Rotating in one direction, the saw teeth
of the drive disc lock with the teeth of the driven disc, making it rotate at the same speed
10. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 10
Figure 1.5 Dimensions of Freewheel
11. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 11
If the drive disc slows down or stops rotating, the teeth of the driven disc slip over the
drive disc teeth and continue rotating, producing a characteristic clicking sound proportionate to
the speed difference of the driven gear relative to that of the (slower) driving gear.
A more sophisticated and rugged design has spring-loaded steel rollers inside a driven
cylinder. Rotating in one direction, the rollers lock with the cylinder making it rotate in unison.
Rotating slower, or in the other direction, the steel rollers just slip inside the cylinder. Most
bicycles freewheels use an internally step-toothed drum with two or more spring-loaded,
hardened steel pawls to transmit the load. More pawls help spread the wear and give greater
reliability although; unless the device is made to tolerances not normally found in bicycle
components, simultaneous engagement of more than two pawls is rarely achieved.
The simplest freewheel device consists of two saw-toothed, spring-loaded discs pressing
against each other with the toothed sides together, somewhat like a ratchet. Rotating in one
direction, the saw teeth of the drive disc lock with the teeth of the driven disc, making it rotate at
the same speed.
If the drive disc slows down or stops rotating, the teeth of the driven disc slip over the
drive disc teeth and continue rotating, producing a characteristic clicking sound proportionate to
the speed difference of the driven gear relative to that of the (slower) driving gear. The condition
of a driven shaft spinning faster than its driveshaft exists in most bicycles when the rider holds
his or her feet still, no longer pushing the pedals. In a fixed-gear bicycle, without a freewheel, the
rear wheel would drive the pedals around. The simplest freewheel device consists of two saw-
toothed, spring-loaded discs pressing against each other with the toothed sides together,
somewhat like a ratchet
12. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 12
3.4 THRESHING EQUIPMENT:-
FF
FIGURE 1.6 2-D OF THRESHING EQUIPMENTS
13. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 13
FIGURE 1.7 CUP ARRANGEMENTS
There are various types of threshing equipment, each type catering to differing scales of
production and conditions (e.g. domestic use, co-ownership by small farmers, use by
independent farmer on a daily hire bases, ownership by custom or merchant mills) farmers often
used small hand craft rotary sellers which are usually simple, effective, inexpensive and fairly
durable. They are available from many manufacturers from both developing and industrialized
countries this type.
Any developing country should be able to manufacture this type of thresher. The latter
are of various designs and are made from a small number of iron castings. They utilize a spiked
disk to prize out the grain while the cob is held by an adjustable spring – loaded pressure plate.
While the capacities of different machines vary, these will at least double the rate of the most
productive hand – held devices (e.g. 100kg grain per hour)
14. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 14
The larger, free – standing threshers are more productive and convenient, but more
expensive. They are often with cleaning and separation device for the removal of unwanted
material. The relatively large size of maize grain facilitates the use of both cleaning fans for the
blowing away of the dust and light particles, and of simple reciprocating sieves for the removal
of sand, stripped cob centers and broken or undersized grain. Depending on the type of thresher
and on the number of operators employed, the capacity of these machines can be four times
larger than that of the smaller rotary threshers.
This may be explained by the use of low – friction bearings and of simple gearing which
result in steady and operating speeds. The threshing principles are similar to those of the smaller
thresher. One main difference is the replacement of the spring loaded pressure plate by a
relatively low speed feed roller which forces cob into the threshing element. The design and
sizing of large threshers allow the use of alternative drive methods such as small electric or
petrol motors. These threshers are suitable for small – scale merchant mills.
The full –sized, diesel or electrically – powered threshing machines, with capacities of
several times per hour, represent the normal equipment used in large number or scale, fully
mechanized situations. A large number of firms produce their own designs for sale through
normal agricultural equipment suppliers. No standardized design exists, but most thresher use
broadly similar operating principle.
These threshing machines are available in a variety of installations use within a mill
requires a fixed installations, with associated handling and feeding facilities fitted close by.
Mobile installations are also available; they are either wheeled or mounted on tractors. The high
rates of throughput require the use of cob loading elevators and bagging equipment. Most
threshers utilize a pegged drum, mounted on a horizontal shaft, which rotates at about 700,000
rpm.
A concave metal screen, with holes approximating to the size of the grain is located
around the drum. It contains the cobs while shelling takes place. A baffle plate restricts the flow
of the cobs, and maintains the required shelling pressure. A strong fan discharges the stripped
cobs centers and other large debris.
15. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 15
A second, smaller fan is often used at the grain discharge point for the removal of the
remaining dust and finer particles. Available information indicates that an average threshed grain
output of 900kg/hr. installed kw/h may be obtained from these threshers. Dehusking of the cob
may be carried out with a special device installed within the threshing machine. The usual
method of dehusking is to provide sets of contra-rotating rollers whose projections pull the husk
away from the cob. It is possible to shell and husk maize, despite some loss of capacity, within
the threshing sections itself. However, it is recommended to obtain the advice of individual
manufacturers on the practicability of this approach.
The working lifetime of the various components of these machines should be relatively
high since no wearing or rubbing parts are employed. Thus, the need for spare parts such as
bearings, drum part and screws should be relatively low. However, difference in materials of
construction does occur and not typical replacement rates can be quoted. No skilled labor is
required to run these machines sine it is only necessary to manually feed the cobs and dispose of
the grain and cob centers. The number of laborers employed has a pronounced influence on the
work rate of the machines particularly that of the smaller units with UN mechanized loading.
(Left side view) (Right side view)
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3.5 SPECIFICATIONOF CUTTER (SPIKED DISK):-
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Figure 1.8 CUTTER DIMENSIONS
.
Figure 1.9 FRONT & BACK VIEW OF CUTTER
SPECICATION OF CUTTER:-
Weight (kg): 0.75
Disc diameter (mm): 200
Number of pegs & size: 36 Nos., 5 mm die x 5 mm length
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CHAPTER:-4
4.1 CHAIN DRIVE MECHANISM:-
A chain drive is another form of a flexible connector device which can vary much like a
belt drive, transmit power between shafts spaced quite a distance (up to 8pm) apart. It consists
essentially of a driving and driven toothed sprocket. Set on parallel shafts and connected by an
endless chain. Most types of the chain drives used in the practice also have various tightness,
lubricators, and castings. In contrast to belt drive which function owing to friction between the
belts and pulleys, chain drives depends on their operation on the mesh between the sprocket teeth
and the chain links. Because of this, they can maintain the desired speed ratio at the same level
throughout the operation, need no initial tension (thereby receiving the shafts and bearings), and
show an increased efficiency (up to 0.98).
The chain contract angle is for less critical for a chain drive than the belt contract angle
for a belt drive. As a consequence, chain drives can quite safely be used at high speed ratio with
their shafts installed rather close together or where power is to be transmitted to several shafts at
the same time, with some shafts rotating in opposite directions. Chain drives are smaller in size,
loss less power in friction, and are much cheaper in maintenance than belt drives. Also chain
being inherently stronger than belts, they can handle heavier loads than their belt counterparts.
Chain drive are especially effective where not more than 100kw of power is to be
transmitted at a peripheral speed of up to 15ms-1 and a speed ratio of up to 8. Chain drives may
be used as both step-down and step-up transmission (the latter been employed in bicycles). Used
by man from time immemorial, chains have nevertheless lost none of their importance. Today,
chain drives can be found practically everywhere from a modest household to a major industrial
plant.
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Of course, chain drives are not entirely free from disadvantages. Basically, these can be
attributed to the chordal action of the chain. The chain links pass around the sprocket as a series
of chords rather than as a continuous arc. As a result, the speed of the chain is pulsating, as it
were, instead of being uniform which is especially pronounced at higher speeds and with fewer
teeth. This builds up the rear of the linking pins and in consequence, stretches the chain pitch,
thereby spoiling the mesh. So, chain drives are sometimes too noisy in operation and have to
withstand additional dynamic loads.
Fig: - 1.10 Chain Drive Mechanism
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CHAPTER:-5
5. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED:-
The manually threshing machine is made up of threshing unit, pedal, handle seat, chain
and sprocket drive system and machine stand. The threshing unit is made up of zinc alloy (stand
casting) which involves the following parts; mainframe, press, chamber, shelling spike-disc and
cobs outlet member mounted at one side of machine stand.
The machine is operated by a set of chain and sprocket drive system, the length of the
chain is 174cm while the pitch circle diameter of sprocket is 7cm and 20 teeth.
5.1SandCasting:-
The sand casting process is the oldest method of making and often providing to be the
cheapest method of production. Stand casting can be defined as a process of process of pouring
molten metal into a non – permanent sand mould prepared with the aid of a suitable pattern.
The basic stages in sand casting are:-
(i). Making the pattern of the threshing machine.
(ii). Making the sand mould.
(iii). Preparation of the moulten metal, taking it to the mould and pouring it into the mould.
(iv). Felting the casting
(v). Inspection.
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5.2 Making the Patternof the Threshing Machine:-
Casting production starts with the manufacturing of the pattern. The pattern is a replica of
the required casting but all its dimensions was made slightly larger than those of the casting
allow for the construction which took when the hot metal solidified in the mound.
5.3 Types of Sand used (greensand):-
Green sand mould is the name given to a mould which was made from sand that contains
clay in its natural state.
5.4 Sand Mold of the Components:-
The equipment required for this operation was; all the pattern of threshing machine, Drag
and cope boxes, rammer, bellow, trowel and two wooden conical plugs.
After pattern was ready the methods of operations were as follows:-
1. The pattern was placed on a turnover board and the drag box placed over it. A quantity of
molding sand was added and the rammed lightly around the pattern. Additional molding sand
was added and the remaining repeated until the drag was full. The surface of the sand was then
trimmed off with a trowel and leveled with the edges of the box.
2. The drag was inverted and joint surface sprinkled with parting sand. The cope box was placed
in position above the drag and the two boxes are registered by locating pins. The cope was
rammed with molding sand. Two conical wooden plugs were inserted in the cope mould to form
the down gate and riser channels.
3. After ramming the cope, the two boxes were separated and the pattern loosens in the
impression by rapping and carefully withdrawing from the mould. The two conical wooden plugs
were removed from the cope. The cope was returned in position on the drag and firmly secured
by the locating pins. The mould was ready to receive the molten metal.
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5.5 Preparation of Molten Metal:-
The equipment required for this operation were crucible pot lift out tong skimming
spoon, pouring tong charge (zinc ingot) flux (Ammonium chloride). The metal zinc alloy are
sourced locally from scrap seller and refined into ingot in the foundry workshop before casting to
meet metallurgical standard.
5.6 Melting Procedure (zinc scrap)
The crucible pot was put inside the furnace on the crucible stand. The crucible furnace
was closed and pre – heated for 110–120min, the firing stopped and the furnace opened. The
ingot (zinc alloy) was charged into crucible pot and the furnace closed. The furnace then fired
and allowed to heat up until the ingot has melted completely in the pot.
The flux (ammonium chloride) was added into molten metal. As the temperature of the
furnace rises above the melting point of the metal, dirt and dross called slag was removed by
using skimming spoon was heat up to (7000C) or cherry red color the firing was stopped and the
furnace opened.
The crucible pot containing the molten metal was removed from the furnace by lifting
device (tong). Then crucible pot was put inside the pouring tong and transported to the prepared
mould. The pouring was done steadily until the riser was filled with the molten metal, then
allowed to cool and solidified. When it was satisfied cool, the two boxes are separated and the
casting removed from the sand.
5.7 Casting Fettling:-
This is the process of cleaning and dressing the cast after it is removed from the mould.
After removing the casting from the mould, the casting then placed on the foundry floor and
allowed to cool. The riser growing horns, profusions and all the unwanted attachments were
removed by hark – sanding, grinding and filing.
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5.8 Inspection
This is the process of visual examination checking and subjecting to vigorous inspection
procedure to ensure that they are making logical and uniform quality of surface finish and
dimensional accuracy.
5.9 Welding Method
Electric arc welding was used in constructing the frame of the machine and the pedal
system. The frame of machine consists of:
(i). Base
(ii). Machine stand
(iii). Coupler and the machine stand
(iv). Pedal support
(v). Sit support.
(i). Base ofthe frame:-
The base of the frame was constructed with angular iron of rectangular from of length (20
x 3inch and 90 x 2inch) try square was used to make sure that the construction was square.
(ii). Machine stand:-
The machine stand formed with angle iron of length (30 x 10inch) each welded in form of
the frame to support weld the machined and bearing coupler and fillet was used for welding to
the frame.
(iii). Coupler and machine stand:-
These are two angle iron of length (20incch) welded on top of the machine stand to
support the coupler bearing and the maize threshing machine fillet welding was used for welding
the stand.
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(iv). Pedalsupport:-
Angle iron of length (12inch) was welded to the base of the frame to support the pedal
system and fillet welds used for welding the system.
(v). Seatsupport:-
The seat support was angular iron of length (33inch) welded to the frame at the ends fillet
welding was used for welding the support. This involved tightening the parts of threshing unit.
These parts include, main frame, press member, threshing spike disc and the cobs outlet member.
All the tightening was done with bolts and nuts.
The main frame was assembled starting from pedal system, shaft, sprocket system, chain
drive system, and seat and lastly the machine was mounted on the mainframe, tightening it with
bolts and nuts.
5.10 Finishing Operation:-
Finishing is the final work or products carried out on the threshing machine in-order to
Make it perfect. Some of the finishing works carried out on the machine include:-
(i). Filling: -
This is the process of smoothing rough surface, including the length and size of the
excess metal by using hand file.
(ii). Sand papering:-
This is also smoothing process carried out with the aid of emery cloth in order to have
even surface.
(iii). Painting: -
At the finishing process the machine was painted to prevent it against rusting and also for
aesthetic purpose.
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MANUFATCURING PROCESS:-
For different parts of machine there is different machining process which is described as
per parts.
5.11 BASE FRAME:-
There is M.S pipe are used for making base frame. Pipe size is 64 inch’s* 36 inch’s
Process Sheet of Base Frame:-
Table 1.2 Description of Operation
SR NO:- DESCRIPATION OF
OPERATION
TOOL MACHINE USED
1. Pipe cutting Cutting wheel Cut of machine
2 Frame welding Arc Welding Welding machine
FREEWEELHOLDER:-
There is M.S round bar taken for making holder.
Table 1.3 Process Sheet of freewheel holder:-
SR NO:- DESCRIPATION OF
OPERATION
TOOL MACHINE USED
1. Facing Facing tool Lathe machine
2. O.D turning Side tool Lathe machine
3. Center Drilling (15.5 mm) Drill 15.5mm Lathe machine
4. Boring Boring tool Lathe Machine
5 Threading 24 TPI V tool Lathe Machine.
6. Drilling 11mm Drill 11mm Drilling Machine
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CHAPTER: - 6
Measurement of Efficiency:-
The efficiency of threshing in maize threshers can be defined as the ratio of the of
threshed maize to the weight of maize. The total weight of maize is obtained by adding the
weight of the threshed maize to the weight of maize remaining on the cobs after threshing.
Threshing efficiency (%) =
𝑥
𝑥+𝑦
× 100
Where
X = weight of machine threshed grains
Y = weight of corn remaining of the cobs after threshing.
6.1 The Velocity Ratio of the Chain Drive:-
1. The velocity ratio of a chain drive is given by:-
V.R = N1/N2 = T2/T1
Where;
N1 = Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in p.m.
N2 = Speed of rotation of Larger sprocket in p.m.
T1 = No of teeth on smaller sprocket
T2 = No of teeth on larger sprocket
2. Maximum no of teeth on larger sprocket
T2=T1*V.R
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3. The average velocity of chain is given by
V= pzN/60*1000
Where;
z = number of sprocket teeth.
p= pitch of the chain in mm.
N= sprocket speed in rps
4. Pitch circle diameter of the sprocket:-
= p cosec (180
/ t2)
Where;
P = pitch of the chain
T = no of teeth of smaller sprocket
5. Pitch line velocity
Vm = 𝜋d1N1 /60
Where;
d1 = diameter of the smaller sprocket in meters.
N1 = rotational speed of the smaller sprocket p.m.
6. Load on the chain:-
W = Rated Power/ Pitch Line Velocity
7. Center Distance between the Sprockets:-
The minimum center distance between the smaller and center distance between 30 to
50 times the pitch, let us take it as 30 time s the pitch.
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Center distance between the sprockets
=50P
Where;
P = Pitch length of the chain.
The length of the chain (l) must be equal to the product of the number of chain links (k) and the
pitch (p) mathematically,
L = K.P
8. The number of chain links may be obtained from the following expression:-
K =
𝑇1+𝑇2
2
+
2𝑋
𝑃
+ (
𝑇2−𝑇1
2𝜋
) P/x
The value of K as obtained from the above expression must be appropriate to the nearest even
number.
The center distance is given by:-
X =
𝑝
4
(𝑘 −
𝑇1+𝑇2
2
+ √(𝑘 −
𝑇2−𝑇1
2𝜋
)2 𝑝
𝑥
In order to accommodate initial sag in the chain the value of the center distance obtained from
the above equation should be decreased by 2 to 5mm.
Note. The minimum centers distance for the velocity transmitted ratio of 3, may be taken as x
min. =
𝑑1+𝑑2
2
+ 30 to 50mm.
9. Torque produced will be
T= F*L
F= force in N
L=length in mt
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6.2 DesignCalculations:-
1. To get the velocity ratio of the chain drive from equation:-
V.R =
𝑁1
𝑁2
=
𝑇2
𝑇1
T2 = 44
T1 = 18
V.R = T2/T1=44/18=2.44
The number teeth on the smaller sprocket from table the number of teeth on the
Smaller sprocket for velocity ratio of 3 is T1 = 18
2. The maximum number of teeth on larger sprocket:-
T2 = T1 * V.R
= 2.4 ×18 = 43.2 ≈ 44
Let N1 = 220rpm
N2 = 100rpm
Our N = (𝑁1 + 𝑁2)/2 = (220+ 100)/2
N = 160
3. Average velocity of the chain from:-
V = (𝑝𝑧𝑁 )/1000 =
12.7∗44∗100
60∗1000
=0.931m/s
4. Pitch circle diameter of sprocket:-
d= P cosec (180/𝑇1)
For smaller sprocket
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d1=12.70 cosec (
180
𝑇1
)
=12.70*5.7587 = 73.13 mm = 0.073 m.
Pitch circle diameter of bigger sprocket
d2 = P cosec (
180
𝑇2
)
= 12.70 cosec (180/𝑇2)
= 12.70*14.01
= 178.02 mm = 0.178m
5. Pitch line velocity:-
Vm= 𝜋𝑑1𝑁1/60
=(3.14 ∗ 0.073 ∗ 220)/60
= 0.84 m/s
6. Load on the chain:-
W = (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑤𝑒𝑟)/(𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
= 1.18/0.84
= 1.404KN = 1404N
7. Centre distance between the sprockets:-
= 50p = 50 *12.70 = 635 mm.
In order to accommodate initial sag in the chain, the value of center distance is reduced by 2
To 5mm: Correct center distance.
X= 635-4 = 631 mm
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8. We know that the no of chain links:-
K = (𝑇1+ 𝑇𝑠)/2 + 2𝑥/𝑝 + 〖((𝑇2− 𝑇1)/2𝜋)〗^2 𝑝/𝑥
K =(18+ 44)/2 + (2 ∗ 635)/12.70 + ((44 − 18)/(2 ∗ 3.142))^2∗ (12.7/635)
K = 31 +100 + (17.11) * .02
K =131.34 ≈ 132
Length of chain from the relation
L = K.P
= 132 * 12.70 = 1676.4 mm
= 1.167 m
9. Torqueproduced will be:-
F = 10 Kg, L = 0.3m
=100N
T = F * L
=100*0.3
=30 N-m
Where, N =160 rpm
P =
2∗3.14∗160∗30
60
=502.65 Watt
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CHAPTER: - 7
Performance Evaluation:-
Twenty five cobs of maize were selected and divided into five groups of five cobs each
were threshed by the machine. And also another twenty five cobs of maize were also selected
and divided into five groups which were also threshed by hand.
7.1 Parameters Considered:-
The following paramters were determined from the data collected:
I) Output (rate of threshing) =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑘𝑔) 𝑋 3600𝐾𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (sec)
II) Threshing efficiency =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛+𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ∗100(%)
III) Grain damage =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛∗100(%)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
7.2 For Machine Threshing:-
OUTPUT (RATE OF SHELLING) =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑘𝑔) 𝑋 3600𝐾𝑔 /ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (sec)
Trial No. 1
Output (rate of shelling) =
0.25∗3600
20
= 45 Kg/hr
Trial No. 2
Output (rate of shelling) =
0.25∗3600
18
= 50 Kg/hr
Trial No. 3
Output (rate of shelling) =
0.25∗3600
21
= 43 Kg/hr.
Trial No. 4
Output (rate of shelling) =
0.25∗3600
17
= 52.95 Kg/hr
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Trail no. 5
Efficiency =
0.50
0.50+0.02
*100= 96.15%
7.5 RESULT TABLE:-
Table 1.4 Output Obtained With Machine And Hand Threshing.
Machine threshing Hand Threshing
Trials
No
Time
(s)
Mass of
threshed
grains
(kg)
Output
(kg/hr)
Time
(s)
Mass of
threshed
grains
(kg)
Output
(kg/hr)
1 20 0.25 44.85 65 0.25 13.85
2 18 0.25 50 60 0.25 15.4
3 21 0.25 43.05 61 0.25 14.81
4 17 0.25 52.95 58 0.25 15.512
5 16 0.25 60 57 0.25 15.89
Mean 51Kg/hr Mean 15Kg/hr
The thresher threshed three times as fast as hand threshing. This translates in to about 68%
savings in time which the farmers who uses this machine can utilize for other productive
activities. The output shown in table 4.1indicated that there is decrease in hand threshing which
increases in machine threshing has an advantage over the hand threshing in terms of output .The
mean threshing efficiency obtained as 95.08%
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7.6 Grain Damage:-
Table 1.5 Grain Damage.
Trial No. Mass of threshed
grain (kg)
Mass of Grain
damage in manual
threshing (Kg)
Mass of Grain
damage in our
machine(Kg)
1 0.25 0.07 0.00
2 0.25 0.05 0.01
3 0.25 0.01 0.00
4 0.25 0.00 0.00
5 0.25 0.00 0.00
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CHAPTER 8
DRAWINGS:-
Fig 1.12 2D view of fixed part
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Fig 1.14 2D view of spring adjustable part
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CHAPTER 9
9.1 ADVANTAGES:-
Operation is relatively simple and safe.
The equipment is suitable for rural farmers.
The equipment runs with mechanical power, hence no electricity required.
The chain drive has power transmission efficiency of 98% hence reduces human efforts.
The equipment has higher rate of threshing and efficiency than handheld tools.
The equipment is portable.
No skilled labor is required to operate this machine.
9.2 DISADVANTAGES:-
Introduction of pedal powered thresher will have conflict with cultural beliefs or practices
in some cases. The preferences of the region must be taken into consideration.
Physical dangers may involve in this type of threshers while miss feeding maize to the
thresher. Operator should concentrate while feeding process.
Seed breakage may cause due to the miss pedaling. Pedal should be operated in a uniform
speed
9.3 APPLIACTIONS:-
It can be used in agricultural aspect
It can be used for homely applications.
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9.4 COST ESTIMATION:-
Table1.6 MATERIAL COST:
SL.
NO.
NAME OF THE PARTS MATERIAL QUANTITY AMOUNT
(RS)
1 Shelling machine C.I 1 5000/-
2 Sprocket Mild Steel 1 150/-
3 Chain Drive Mild Steel 1 150/-
4 Cycle frame Mild Steel 1 600/-
5 Freewheel Mild steel 1 50/-
TOTAL 5950/-
2. Labor Cost:-
Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting, cost = 1000/-
TOTAL COST:-
Total cost = Material Cost + Labor cost + Overhead Charges
= 5950 + 1000+ 1390
= 8340/-
Total cost for this project = 8340/-
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CHAPTER 10
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:-
Two threshing units can be attached to the single pedal power source.
The equipment can be made run by a battery by efficient power transmission system. The
battery can be charged by solar energy.
An electric generator or a dynamo can be connected to the rotating shaft to produce small
amount of electric energy.
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION:-
The pedal maize thresher was constructed to thresh maize. The materials used in
constructing the machine are the chain and sprocket drive system, bearing, seat and ample iron
which were joined by welding. The machine is easy to construct and costs 8350 only.
Result of performance test conducted showed that an average output of the machine was
51 kg/hr., while the average output of the hand thresher is 15.00 kg/hr. This shows the machine
output is significantly higher than the hand threshing output. The shelling efficiency is 95.08%
and 0.01% grain damage.
The machine operates smoothly and efficiently when in operation and the threshed grains
flow freely through the grain outlet. The thresher helps to reduce substantially the human labor
involved in threshing at an affordable cost and also reduces the time used for threshing operation
on small farms
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REFERENCES:-
An Introduction to Manufacturing Technology 2ndedition. Adams J.M (1982) G.H
printing publishers.
An Introduction to Agricultural Mechanization BSc (India), Kaul R.N. (1985) PhD USA.
Element of Agricultural Engineering, Sahay .L. (1992); Narosa Publishing House PVT
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43. PEDAL OPERATED CORN THRESHING MACHINE
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.N.C.E, Shivamogga. Page 43
MODEL OF PROJECT