This study was carried out in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake in northeastern Turkey. Kılıçkaya Dam is a dam built between 1980-1989 to generate energy on Kelkit Stream. With this study, the water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which has a proportionally large area, between the years 2010-2021 were compared and evaluated. If a general conclusion is drawn for Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, it has been determined that the water occupancy rates between the years 2010-2021 varied between 18.40 and 56.80 percent. The slope line of the water occupancy rates obtained in this study is downward. The results showed that the water occupancy rates in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake have a decreasing trend on an annual basis. When the average of the water occupancy rates between 2010-2021 is evaluated, the water occupancy rate values in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake indicate drought. The results obtained will be of great benefit to various users and decision makers in terms of their future planning within the framework of a comprehensive and large-scale drought management plan that is proposed to be prepared for the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake.
A Glance at One Decade of Water Occupancy Rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake, Sivas, ...AI Publications
This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake in Sivas of Turkey between 2010-2019. While the highest occupancy rate of Maksutlu Dam Lake was found as 32.36% in 2011, the lowest occupancy rate was determined as 2.50% in 2014. The average occupancy rate was calculated as 16.33±11.44 between 2010 and 2019. This shows that approximately eighty percent of Maksutlu Dam Lake has been empty at one decade. Accordingly, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in water occupancy rates in Maksutlu Dam Lake between 2010-2019 due to drought. Therefore, the water of Maksutlu Dam Lake should be used rationally. In addition, it is very important to take the necessary precautions against the water crisis that will occur in dry periods and to prepare a water management plan for Maksutlu Dam Lake.
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
This document analyzes the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Turkey between 2010-2021. It finds that the annual average water occupancy rate was 69.55% during this period, indicating the lake was approximately 70% full on average. The highest rate was 95.6% in 2021 and the lowest was 55% in 2015 and 2019. This shows that the lake's water levels have remained generally stable with no serious decreases in occupancy rates over the past decade. The lake provides important benefits like energy production and fishing.
Evaluation of the Occupancy Rates of Some Dam Lakes in Sivas ProvinceAI Publications
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the water occupancy rate of some Dam Lakes in Sivas Province (Gazibey, 4 Eylül, Pusat-Özen) between 2010 and 2019 by using the DSI data. The occupancy rate of Gazibey dam lake between 2010 and 2019 was calculated average as 28.58%. The 4 Eylül dam lake between 2012 and 2019 years, the occupancy rate was calculated average as 31.86%, and the occupancy rate of the Pusat Özen dam lake was calculated average as 69.93% between 2012 and 2019. For this purpose, information on the sustainable use of waters in different dam lakes has been provided. Dams should be considered as a separate ecosystem and a water management plan should be prepared against water scarcity.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document analyzes the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. It finds that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has a negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The study uses weekly time series data from 2000-2010 and a linear regression model to analyze the impact of factors like modern irrigation methods, temperature, and stored water on total irrigation water. It finds that temperature has a positive and significant impact, and that stored water also has a positive and significant impact, but that modern irrigation methods do not significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water used.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
Iraq is one of the countries that have water scarcity problem. Many reasons have made this problem to be more complex. The modern irrigation methods have used as one solution to the water problem in Iraq. This paper investigates the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. The paper tests the impact of using modern irrigation methods on the amount of water used for irrigation. The study uses Liner Regression Model (LRM) as a statistical estimation model. The study data were taken from the ministry of water resources, and the ministry of agriculture in Iraq.
This study uses weekly time series data from 2000 -2010. The results show that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The results shows that temperature (climate effect) has positive and significant impact on total irrigation water. The results shows that stored water has positive and significant impact on irrigation water.
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
The document discusses the effects of climate change on water resources and management in the Potohar region of Pakistan. It finds that glaciers in Pakistan's mountains, which provide over 60% of river flows, are retreating at a concerning rate due to rising temperatures. The Potohar region in particular has experienced increases in temperature that have slowed water treatment processes and impacted water quality, quantity, and groundwater levels. The study aims to assess climate change impacts on water resources and management in Potohar to inform mitigation strategies.
The document discusses human impacts on rivers in Turkey such as pollution, flow modifications from dams, introduction of exotic species, and overharvesting. It notes key issues like uneven water distribution and lack of long-term watershed planning in Turkey. Specific impacts of dams are outlined, including destroying natural habitats and reducing migratory fish. Important dams in Turkey are listed, with the Deriner Dam highlighted as the tallest. Factors contributing to river pollution in Turkey include industrialization, urbanization, and population growth.
A Glance at One Decade of Water Occupancy Rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake, Sivas, ...AI Publications
This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Maksutlu Dam Lake in Sivas of Turkey between 2010-2019. While the highest occupancy rate of Maksutlu Dam Lake was found as 32.36% in 2011, the lowest occupancy rate was determined as 2.50% in 2014. The average occupancy rate was calculated as 16.33±11.44 between 2010 and 2019. This shows that approximately eighty percent of Maksutlu Dam Lake has been empty at one decade. Accordingly, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in water occupancy rates in Maksutlu Dam Lake between 2010-2019 due to drought. Therefore, the water of Maksutlu Dam Lake should be used rationally. In addition, it is very important to take the necessary precautions against the water crisis that will occur in dry periods and to prepare a water management plan for Maksutlu Dam Lake.
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
This document analyzes the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Turkey between 2010-2021. It finds that the annual average water occupancy rate was 69.55% during this period, indicating the lake was approximately 70% full on average. The highest rate was 95.6% in 2021 and the lowest was 55% in 2015 and 2019. This shows that the lake's water levels have remained generally stable with no serious decreases in occupancy rates over the past decade. The lake provides important benefits like energy production and fishing.
Evaluation of the Occupancy Rates of Some Dam Lakes in Sivas ProvinceAI Publications
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the water occupancy rate of some Dam Lakes in Sivas Province (Gazibey, 4 Eylül, Pusat-Özen) between 2010 and 2019 by using the DSI data. The occupancy rate of Gazibey dam lake between 2010 and 2019 was calculated average as 28.58%. The 4 Eylül dam lake between 2012 and 2019 years, the occupancy rate was calculated average as 31.86%, and the occupancy rate of the Pusat Özen dam lake was calculated average as 69.93% between 2012 and 2019. For this purpose, information on the sustainable use of waters in different dam lakes has been provided. Dams should be considered as a separate ecosystem and a water management plan should be prepared against water scarcity.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document analyzes the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. It finds that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has a negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The study uses weekly time series data from 2000-2010 and a linear regression model to analyze the impact of factors like modern irrigation methods, temperature, and stored water on total irrigation water. It finds that temperature has a positive and significant impact, and that stored water also has a positive and significant impact, but that modern irrigation methods do not significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water used.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Modern Irrigation Methods in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
Iraq is one of the countries that have water scarcity problem. Many reasons have made this problem to be more complex. The modern irrigation methods have used as one solution to the water problem in Iraq. This paper investigates the effectiveness of modern irrigation methods in Iraq. The paper tests the impact of using modern irrigation methods on the amount of water used for irrigation. The study uses Liner Regression Model (LRM) as a statistical estimation model. The study data were taken from the ministry of water resources, and the ministry of agriculture in Iraq.
This study uses weekly time series data from 2000 -2010. The results show that using modern irrigation methods in Iraq has negative and insignificant impact on the total amount of irrigation water. The results shows that temperature (climate effect) has positive and significant impact on total irrigation water. The results shows that stored water has positive and significant impact on irrigation water.
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
The document discusses the effects of climate change on water resources and management in the Potohar region of Pakistan. It finds that glaciers in Pakistan's mountains, which provide over 60% of river flows, are retreating at a concerning rate due to rising temperatures. The Potohar region in particular has experienced increases in temperature that have slowed water treatment processes and impacted water quality, quantity, and groundwater levels. The study aims to assess climate change impacts on water resources and management in Potohar to inform mitigation strategies.
The document discusses human impacts on rivers in Turkey such as pollution, flow modifications from dams, introduction of exotic species, and overharvesting. It notes key issues like uneven water distribution and lack of long-term watershed planning in Turkey. Specific impacts of dams are outlined, including destroying natural habitats and reducing migratory fish. Important dams in Turkey are listed, with the Deriner Dam highlighted as the tallest. Factors contributing to river pollution in Turkey include industrialization, urbanization, and population growth.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LAND USE CHANGES ON RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN THE UPP...IAEME Publication
River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in SomaliaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Somalia. It finds that climate change is causing rising temperatures, variations in precipitation patterns, and an increase in floods and droughts in Somalia. Drought has been a long-standing problem in Somalia and has worsened in recent decades. Precipitation levels and river flows are becoming more erratic due to climate change. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Index to analyze drought conditions from 2009-2017 and finds varying levels of drought across different cities in Somalia during this period. Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity issues in Somalia and disrupting agricultural and economic activities that rely on consistent water availability. The research aims to increase awareness
Rainbow Trout Farming in İmranlı Dam Lake (Turkey): Knowledge, Constraints an...AI Publications
The Covid-19 pandemic process has clearly demonstrated how important it is to ensure self-sufficiency and sustainability, especially in the production of agricultural and animal products. One of the inland water ecosystems that are important in terms of aquaculture production is dam lakes. In recent years, rainbow trout farming in dam lakes has been widely practiced in Turkey. One of the dam lakes where rainbow trout is grown in cages is İmranlı Dam Lake. The dam lake was built on the Kızılırmak River in Sivas province between 1994-2002. It is very valuable for the country's economy to use the waters of the İmranlı Dam Lake in the cultivation of rainbow trout in cages together with agricultural irrigation. The waters of the İmranlı Dam Lake give an important power to both agriculture and rainbow trout farming. In the İmranlı Dam Lake, 950 tons of rainbow trout and Turkish salmon are grown annually in net cages. The surface of the İmranlı Dam Lake, which has a water capacity of 62.5 million cubic meters and an area of 6.5 square kilometers, located within the borders of İmranlı district, where the air temperature drops to about 25-30 degrees below zero, is completely frozen in the winter season with the effect of cold weather every year. In the İmranlı Dam Lake, which is used to irrigate approximately 11.220 hectares of agricultural land in the summer months and where cage fishing is also carried out, the fish cages are under the ice mass. Rainbow trout can be fed by breaking the ice on the cages. Rainbow trout, which are grown in difficult conditions in the İmranlı Dam Lake, are highly preferred due to both the air and the coldness of the water. The rainbow trout farm, which was established in the İmranlı Dam Lake in 2010, has reached an extremely important position in terms of modern production infrastructure, quality and meeting the animal protein needs of people.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
Climate change is negatively impacting Pakistan's water resources, forests, and energy sector. Rising temperatures are causing glaciers and snowpack to melt faster, reducing water availability. This threatens agriculture and energy production. Deforestation, which is increasing due to population growth and wood demand, is exacerbating climate change and reducing biodiversity. More floods and droughts from climate change further stress these vulnerable sectors. Urgent action is needed to address the causes and impacts of climate change in Pakistan to ensure environmental, economic, and social sustainability.
The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt How Are Th...ijtsrd
In addition to the consensus of scientists, environmental experts, fisheries and beach research in Egypt about the pollution of the northern lakes in the Egyptian delta and the collapse of its ecosystem as a result of using these lakes as a permanent drain for agricultural, health and industrial wastewater untreated for the delta governorates surrounding the lakes the continuous drying processes in the Manzala lakes Burullus, Mariout and Idku, which the government undertakes on the one hand, and individuals on the other hand, have caused a change in the morphology of the lakes and a reduction in their areas, ranging between 46 and 83 of their original areas. Drying and filling works are still going on for these lakes, without taking into account the new climatic conditions that have hit the world, which in turn will lead to a rise in the global sea level MGSL during this century by an amount that may reach a maximum of one meter. This will result in the invasion of all the northern lakes of the Nile Delta, in addition to the surrounding dry low plains along the northern coast of the delta, and then the invasion of all the areas that were previously deducted and drained from the lakes with their urban, agricultural and industrial projects, as well as the remaining submerged areas of these lakes, which in turn will lose their characteristics to become part of the Mediterranean. This study aims to determine the quantitative and qualitative size of the certain risks that will face the northern lakes and the plains surrounding them in the Nile delta as a result of the global rise in sea level during this century, the coastal threat sources and the traditional defensive policies that must be followed to avoid all these risks. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt: How Are They Now and How Will They Are in Light of Climate Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52183/the-northern-lakes-and-surrounding-plains-in-the-nile-delta-egypt-how-are-they-now-and-how-will-they-are-in-light-of-climate-changes/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1) The document discusses the impacts of development plans on the Urmia Lake ecosystem in Iran over the past two decades. Dams, water networks, and a poorly designed causeway have changed the lake's hydraulics and hydrodynamics.
2) It provides background on the lake, located in northwest Iran, describing its size, depth, climate, rivers flowing into it, and unique biodiversity as the second most saline lake in the world.
3) Development projects have resulted in unfavorable impacts to the lake's physical, chemical, and environmental conditions. The document analyzes these impacts and proposes a restoration plan.
A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake...ijtsrd
This study was carried out seasonally to determine some nutrient load concentrations in the Atikhisar Dam Lake, which provides drinking water to the city center of Çanakkale and also serves the purpose of protection from floods. For this purpose, water samples were taken from 3 sampling points in Atikhisar Dam Lake. 5 parameters nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and suspended solids were examined in the water samples taken. At the end of the study, it is understood that the dam has a good water quality and there is no significant pollution problem. To ensure the sustainability of water resources, dam waters, which contain a significant part of natural resources, should be monitored regularly. Pinar Yildirim "A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake in Çanakkale" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52539.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/52539/a-study-on-the-investigation-of-some-quality-parameters-of-atikhisar-dam-lake-in-çanakkale/pinar-yildirim
Impacts of cc in central asia (case study uzbekistan)lin-cecphils
Uzbekistan is highly dependent on irrigated agriculture which uses over 90% of its available water resources. It has experienced increasing temperatures, irregular precipitation patterns, and a significant water shortage exacerbated by the shrinking of the Aral Sea. The entire population is affected by water shortages and higher temperatures, but farmers and others reliant on water availability for their livelihoods are most at risk. A severe drought in 2000 impacted over 1 million people and the government required international aid, demonstrating the country's vulnerability to climate change impacts.
Assessment Of Lake Water Quality And Eutrophication Risk In An Agricultural I...Amy Cernava
This document discusses a study assessing the water quality and risk of eutrophication in Chagan Lake, an agricultural lake in Northeast China. Field investigations and statistical analyses were conducted to examine water quality indicators like nutrients and non-nutrients across different locations and seasons. The results showed that the lake water was hyper-eutrophic in summer, with high levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and eutrophication indices. The quality varied spatially, with nutrients being major factors in different regions. Controlling agricultural drainage was identified as crucial for managing the lake's water quality and risks of eutrophication.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
Hydroclimatological assessment of Jawi River Basin, Malaysiaijtsrd
A pilot investigation is being conducted to evaluate the current hydroclimatological condition of the Jawi River Basin, Malaysia. The river basin is reported to face physical changes in the near future. The basin area is located in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia, which lies near to the equator. In this analysis, local climatology information was used since 1990 until 2010 from the Meteorological Office. The design rainstorm intensity was derived from DID Hydrological Procedure No.1, while the Hydrological Procedure No. 12 was used to compute low flows based on regional frequency analysis. The climate of the river basin reflects the equatorial climate with some monsoonal effects. Generally, the highest mean rainfall occurs in the month of October and the lowest rainfall occurs in the month of January. The 7 day low flow value for the basin is about 0.062 cubic meter per second cumecs . This means that the river basin should maintain the stream discharge at least 0.062 cumecs or above to prevent any adverse ecological impacts on the waterbody and its ecosystem. Noorazuan Md Hashim | Mohd. Azlan Abdullah ""Hydroclimatological assessment of Jawi River Basin, Malaysia"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23725.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/23725/hydroclimatological-assessment-of-jawi-river-basin-malaysia/noorazuan-md-hashim
Global warming is causing rising temperatures worldwide and negatively impacting many regions and countries. In Turkey, global warming is exacerbating drought conditions and forest fires, threatening water sources and agriculture. Iconic Turkish lakes and rivers are shrinking or drying up, harming local ecosystems and economies. Regions like Konya Plain have become desertified, while overfishing and rising seas are impacting Black Sea fishermen. Climate change is also disrupting wildlife populations like Van cats and forcing tropical fish species into the Mediterranean. Without action to address the underlying causes of global warming, its environmental and economic effects in Turkey are projected to worsen.
This document is a community service project report submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses water resources in India. The report provides background on global and Indian water resources, the hydrologic cycle, types of water resources based on use, and the major river basins and groundwater regions in India. It also outlines the students' work plan, methodology, and details of their community service conducting a survey on water resource usage and conservation in Peddapuram.
Water quality standards and its effects on miralam tank and surrounding envir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Water quality & Soil Degradation impact is determined by chemical analysis and with Remote sensing &GIS ; this data is used
for purposes such as analysis, classification, and correlation. The graphical interpretations which assist to understand the hydrochemical
studies, which likely to be effects on the miralam tank and surrounding environment. In this paper the presentation of the
statistical and graphical methods used to classify hydro-chemical data is tested, analyzed and compared to minimize the effects.
Keywords: Drinking Water Standard, Surface Water Quality, Environmental Degradation, Sustainable Development,
Geographic Information System, Graphical Representation, BIS, WHO, Hyderabad, Telangana
This document discusses food chains, food webs, and the impact of human interactions on aquatic ecosystems. It provides examples of biotic and abiotic components of marine ecosystems and describes typical food chains and food webs. Human activities like overfishing, pollution, coastal development, and tourism are negatively impacting marine ecosystems by disturbing food webs, damaging habitats, and accumulating toxins. The document also examines water demand and supply in Bangalore, India, given its population growth. It analyzes Bangalore's water sources and consumption trends, the existing shortfall, and recommends strategies like conservation, wastewater recycling, and groundwater recharge to close the growing gap between demand and supply.
Water scarcity is a problem faced by many regions in Greece, especially during the summer months. It is caused by a combination of physical and economic factors like inadequate natural resources, overuse of water for irrigation, and poor management. Key areas that experience water scarcity include Attica due to its large population, Thessaly due to intensive irrigation needs, and the Aegean islands due to limited resources and seasonal tourism demands. Solutions proposed include improving irrigation efficiency, desalination, wastewater reuse, dam construction, and public education around sustainable water usage.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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River Nzoia originates from three water towers namely Nandi hills, Cherengany Hills and Mount Elgon. With increased anthropogenic activities in Nzoia river catchments, land cover has continuously been altered. This scenario has resulted into increased quantity of physical parameters in runoff among them, sediment load and turbidity, during rainy season. This study modelled effects of increased land use changes on runoff and sediment loads. Digital Elevation Model, spatial soil data, sediment loads and meteorological data for the year 2000 to 2012 were the main input into the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2012) model for calibration and validation
Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in SomaliaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Somalia. It finds that climate change is causing rising temperatures, variations in precipitation patterns, and an increase in floods and droughts in Somalia. Drought has been a long-standing problem in Somalia and has worsened in recent decades. Precipitation levels and river flows are becoming more erratic due to climate change. The research uses the Standardized Precipitation Index to analyze drought conditions from 2009-2017 and finds varying levels of drought across different cities in Somalia during this period. Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity issues in Somalia and disrupting agricultural and economic activities that rely on consistent water availability. The research aims to increase awareness
Rainbow Trout Farming in İmranlı Dam Lake (Turkey): Knowledge, Constraints an...AI Publications
The Covid-19 pandemic process has clearly demonstrated how important it is to ensure self-sufficiency and sustainability, especially in the production of agricultural and animal products. One of the inland water ecosystems that are important in terms of aquaculture production is dam lakes. In recent years, rainbow trout farming in dam lakes has been widely practiced in Turkey. One of the dam lakes where rainbow trout is grown in cages is İmranlı Dam Lake. The dam lake was built on the Kızılırmak River in Sivas province between 1994-2002. It is very valuable for the country's economy to use the waters of the İmranlı Dam Lake in the cultivation of rainbow trout in cages together with agricultural irrigation. The waters of the İmranlı Dam Lake give an important power to both agriculture and rainbow trout farming. In the İmranlı Dam Lake, 950 tons of rainbow trout and Turkish salmon are grown annually in net cages. The surface of the İmranlı Dam Lake, which has a water capacity of 62.5 million cubic meters and an area of 6.5 square kilometers, located within the borders of İmranlı district, where the air temperature drops to about 25-30 degrees below zero, is completely frozen in the winter season with the effect of cold weather every year. In the İmranlı Dam Lake, which is used to irrigate approximately 11.220 hectares of agricultural land in the summer months and where cage fishing is also carried out, the fish cages are under the ice mass. Rainbow trout can be fed by breaking the ice on the cages. Rainbow trout, which are grown in difficult conditions in the İmranlı Dam Lake, are highly preferred due to both the air and the coldness of the water. The rainbow trout farm, which was established in the İmranlı Dam Lake in 2010, has reached an extremely important position in terms of modern production infrastructure, quality and meeting the animal protein needs of people.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water and sediments from ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters in the water and sediments of Iko River in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Salinity, chloride, and cation levels in the river water exceeded WHO limits, indicating saline water intrusion from the nearby Atlantic Ocean.
- Sediments were predominantly medium to fine sand, containing over 200mg/kg of total hydrocarbons.
- Pollution indices calculated for wet and dry seasons showed some pollution, particularly in the dry season due to lower dilution.
- Most parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, were within WHO guidelines for surface waters supporting the study's aim to monitor pollution levels.
Climate change is negatively impacting Pakistan's water resources, forests, and energy sector. Rising temperatures are causing glaciers and snowpack to melt faster, reducing water availability. This threatens agriculture and energy production. Deforestation, which is increasing due to population growth and wood demand, is exacerbating climate change and reducing biodiversity. More floods and droughts from climate change further stress these vulnerable sectors. Urgent action is needed to address the causes and impacts of climate change in Pakistan to ensure environmental, economic, and social sustainability.
The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt How Are Th...ijtsrd
In addition to the consensus of scientists, environmental experts, fisheries and beach research in Egypt about the pollution of the northern lakes in the Egyptian delta and the collapse of its ecosystem as a result of using these lakes as a permanent drain for agricultural, health and industrial wastewater untreated for the delta governorates surrounding the lakes the continuous drying processes in the Manzala lakes Burullus, Mariout and Idku, which the government undertakes on the one hand, and individuals on the other hand, have caused a change in the morphology of the lakes and a reduction in their areas, ranging between 46 and 83 of their original areas. Drying and filling works are still going on for these lakes, without taking into account the new climatic conditions that have hit the world, which in turn will lead to a rise in the global sea level MGSL during this century by an amount that may reach a maximum of one meter. This will result in the invasion of all the northern lakes of the Nile Delta, in addition to the surrounding dry low plains along the northern coast of the delta, and then the invasion of all the areas that were previously deducted and drained from the lakes with their urban, agricultural and industrial projects, as well as the remaining submerged areas of these lakes, which in turn will lose their characteristics to become part of the Mediterranean. This study aims to determine the quantitative and qualitative size of the certain risks that will face the northern lakes and the plains surrounding them in the Nile delta as a result of the global rise in sea level during this century, the coastal threat sources and the traditional defensive policies that must be followed to avoid all these risks. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Northern Lakes and Surrounding Plains in the Nile Delta, Egypt: How Are They Now and How Will They Are in Light of Climate Changes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52183/the-northern-lakes-and-surrounding-plains-in-the-nile-delta-egypt-how-are-they-now-and-how-will-they-are-in-light-of-climate-changes/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1) The document discusses the impacts of development plans on the Urmia Lake ecosystem in Iran over the past two decades. Dams, water networks, and a poorly designed causeway have changed the lake's hydraulics and hydrodynamics.
2) It provides background on the lake, located in northwest Iran, describing its size, depth, climate, rivers flowing into it, and unique biodiversity as the second most saline lake in the world.
3) Development projects have resulted in unfavorable impacts to the lake's physical, chemical, and environmental conditions. The document analyzes these impacts and proposes a restoration plan.
A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake...ijtsrd
This study was carried out seasonally to determine some nutrient load concentrations in the Atikhisar Dam Lake, which provides drinking water to the city center of Çanakkale and also serves the purpose of protection from floods. For this purpose, water samples were taken from 3 sampling points in Atikhisar Dam Lake. 5 parameters nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and suspended solids were examined in the water samples taken. At the end of the study, it is understood that the dam has a good water quality and there is no significant pollution problem. To ensure the sustainability of water resources, dam waters, which contain a significant part of natural resources, should be monitored regularly. Pinar Yildirim "A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake in Çanakkale" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52539.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/52539/a-study-on-the-investigation-of-some-quality-parameters-of-atikhisar-dam-lake-in-çanakkale/pinar-yildirim
Impacts of cc in central asia (case study uzbekistan)lin-cecphils
Uzbekistan is highly dependent on irrigated agriculture which uses over 90% of its available water resources. It has experienced increasing temperatures, irregular precipitation patterns, and a significant water shortage exacerbated by the shrinking of the Aral Sea. The entire population is affected by water shortages and higher temperatures, but farmers and others reliant on water availability for their livelihoods are most at risk. A severe drought in 2000 impacted over 1 million people and the government required international aid, demonstrating the country's vulnerability to climate change impacts.
Assessment Of Lake Water Quality And Eutrophication Risk In An Agricultural I...Amy Cernava
This document discusses a study assessing the water quality and risk of eutrophication in Chagan Lake, an agricultural lake in Northeast China. Field investigations and statistical analyses were conducted to examine water quality indicators like nutrients and non-nutrients across different locations and seasons. The results showed that the lake water was hyper-eutrophic in summer, with high levels of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and eutrophication indices. The quality varied spatially, with nutrients being major factors in different regions. Controlling agricultural drainage was identified as crucial for managing the lake's water quality and risks of eutrophication.
Characterization and quantitative indicators of ground water quality in okrik...IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes a study that characterized groundwater quality in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater pH ranged from weakly acidic to alkaline. Total dissolved solids and chloride levels exceeded standards at some locations, indicating potential saltwater intrusion issues. Overall, the study concluded that while some locations had elevated parameters, the groundwater in the area was generally suitable for domestic and agricultural use when compared to international standards. Continued monitoring was recommended to protect the aquifers from pollution and identify any future water quality degradation.
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
Hydroclimatological assessment of Jawi River Basin, Malaysiaijtsrd
A pilot investigation is being conducted to evaluate the current hydroclimatological condition of the Jawi River Basin, Malaysia. The river basin is reported to face physical changes in the near future. The basin area is located in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia, which lies near to the equator. In this analysis, local climatology information was used since 1990 until 2010 from the Meteorological Office. The design rainstorm intensity was derived from DID Hydrological Procedure No.1, while the Hydrological Procedure No. 12 was used to compute low flows based on regional frequency analysis. The climate of the river basin reflects the equatorial climate with some monsoonal effects. Generally, the highest mean rainfall occurs in the month of October and the lowest rainfall occurs in the month of January. The 7 day low flow value for the basin is about 0.062 cubic meter per second cumecs . This means that the river basin should maintain the stream discharge at least 0.062 cumecs or above to prevent any adverse ecological impacts on the waterbody and its ecosystem. Noorazuan Md Hashim | Mohd. Azlan Abdullah ""Hydroclimatological assessment of Jawi River Basin, Malaysia"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23725.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/23725/hydroclimatological-assessment-of-jawi-river-basin-malaysia/noorazuan-md-hashim
Global warming is causing rising temperatures worldwide and negatively impacting many regions and countries. In Turkey, global warming is exacerbating drought conditions and forest fires, threatening water sources and agriculture. Iconic Turkish lakes and rivers are shrinking or drying up, harming local ecosystems and economies. Regions like Konya Plain have become desertified, while overfishing and rising seas are impacting Black Sea fishermen. Climate change is also disrupting wildlife populations like Van cats and forcing tropical fish species into the Mediterranean. Without action to address the underlying causes of global warming, its environmental and economic effects in Turkey are projected to worsen.
This document is a community service project report submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It discusses water resources in India. The report provides background on global and Indian water resources, the hydrologic cycle, types of water resources based on use, and the major river basins and groundwater regions in India. It also outlines the students' work plan, methodology, and details of their community service conducting a survey on water resource usage and conservation in Peddapuram.
Water quality standards and its effects on miralam tank and surrounding envir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Water quality & Soil Degradation impact is determined by chemical analysis and with Remote sensing &GIS ; this data is used
for purposes such as analysis, classification, and correlation. The graphical interpretations which assist to understand the hydrochemical
studies, which likely to be effects on the miralam tank and surrounding environment. In this paper the presentation of the
statistical and graphical methods used to classify hydro-chemical data is tested, analyzed and compared to minimize the effects.
Keywords: Drinking Water Standard, Surface Water Quality, Environmental Degradation, Sustainable Development,
Geographic Information System, Graphical Representation, BIS, WHO, Hyderabad, Telangana
This document discusses food chains, food webs, and the impact of human interactions on aquatic ecosystems. It provides examples of biotic and abiotic components of marine ecosystems and describes typical food chains and food webs. Human activities like overfishing, pollution, coastal development, and tourism are negatively impacting marine ecosystems by disturbing food webs, damaging habitats, and accumulating toxins. The document also examines water demand and supply in Bangalore, India, given its population growth. It analyzes Bangalore's water sources and consumption trends, the existing shortfall, and recommends strategies like conservation, wastewater recycling, and groundwater recharge to close the growing gap between demand and supply.
Water scarcity is a problem faced by many regions in Greece, especially during the summer months. It is caused by a combination of physical and economic factors like inadequate natural resources, overuse of water for irrigation, and poor management. Key areas that experience water scarcity include Attica due to its large population, Thessaly due to intensive irrigation needs, and the Aegean islands due to limited resources and seasonal tourism demands. Solutions proposed include improving irrigation efficiency, desalination, wastewater reuse, dam construction, and public education around sustainable water usage.
Similar to Comparison and Evaluation of Water Occupancy Rates of the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake (Turkey) between 2010-2021 (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Classification of Clove sizes as planting material to the bulb yield of Garli...Open Access Research Paper
Garlic is one of the highly valued crops in the Philippines. However, low production yield is the main constraint, specifically in the native varieties that could not satisfy the demand. Among the limiting factors are the use of unsuitable clove size as planting materials. The results revealed that clove sizes significantly influenced the growth of garlic. Large clove size and extra-large clove size obtained average plant vigor with ratings of 5.83 and 6.33, respectively. Significant differences were also found in both fresh and dry bulb weights, with the largest clove size yielding the heaviest weights at 19.36g and 16.67g, respectively. Moreover, large and extra-large clove sizes produced the highest number of cloves per bulb with an average of 19.87 and 19.33 respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in yield per plant and yield per hectare. Consequently, large clove sizes employed as planting material increased the vigor, bulb weights, and the number of cloves with no significant effect on the yield. The study showed that planting large clove sizes (2.0-2.50g) is more promising as planting materials of native varieties like Ilocos white.
Travis Hills of MN Promotes Practices That Help Farms and Ecosystems Thrive, ...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of MN implements cutting-edge technology to enhance water efficiency by recycling clean water for irrigation. He advocates for responsible water management practices, reducing freshwater dependency in agricultural settings. Travis' initiatives support sustainable farming practices and ecosystem health, aligning with environmental sustainability goals.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
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in precipitation that started in the Sahel Region of
Africa and in the sub-tropical belt in the 1960s began
to be effective in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin
and Turkey (especially in winter) with the 1970s.
Especially since the beginning of the 1970s, increases
in the areal spread, frequency and severity of
drought events have been observed in Turkey [2-7].
The fact that precipitation is below the long-term
averages in many regions of Turkey has led to new
meteorological drought events and subsequent
agricultural, hydrological and socio-economic
droughts. The most severe and widespread drought
events in Turkey occurred in 1932, 1955-1956, 1971-
1974, 1977, 1983-1984, 1989-1991, 1996, 1999-2001,
2007-2008 and 2013-2014 [7-10].
Dam lakes are artificial lakes built on streams for
purposes such as electricity generation, drinking
water supply, irrigation, fisheries, flood control, and
recreation. Considering its wide variety of
advantages, dam lakes have come to the forefront in
terms of energy production compared to thermal and
nuclear power plants, and due to the presence of
stream sources, nearly 800 dams have been built in
Turkey. Dam lakes are defined as "stream-lake
hybrids" as they maintain the characteristics of the
rivers on which they are built, and at the same time,
they are structures that have the characteristics of the
stagnant water mass formed. The wider the
catchment basins, the more they are affected by
pollution and climate change in the basin [11]. In
recent years, the protection and monitoring of water
resources is one of the most important issues for
states.
There are 861 dam lakes in operation in Turkey. The
climate of Turkey is semi-arid. Due to the fact that
Turkey is surrounded by seas on three sides, high
mountain ranges stretch along the coasts, the
elevation increases from west to east, and the
distance to the coast, temperature, precipitation and
winds in Turkey vary according to the region and
time. Turkey's long-term precipitation average is 574
mm annually, corresponding to an average of 450
billion cubic meters of water per year. The Eastern
Black Sea Region is the place with the highest rainfall
(1200-2500 mm/year). On the other hand, the Central
Anatolia Region is the place that receives the least
rainfall (250-300 mm/year). Apart from the coastal
settlements of the Mediterranean and Southern
Aegean Regions of Turkey, snowfall is observed in
the winter months. Within the framework of today's
technical and economic conditions, the surface water
potential that can be consumed for various purposes
is an average of 94 billion cubic meters per year.
Together with the groundwater potential determined
as 18 billion cubic meters, the consumable surface
and underground water potential of Turkey is 112
billion cubic meters per year, 57 billion cubic meters
of which is used. The annual amount of usable water
per capita in Turkey was 1652 cubic meters in 2000,
1544 cubic meters in 2009, and 1346 cubic meters in
2020. Considering the usable water potential per
capita, Turkey is among the countries experiencing
water pressure [12]. For these reasons, it is of great
importance to use water economically and optimally.
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin, located in the Yeşilırmak
River Basin, has a catchment area of approximately
8146 square kilometers. Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin,
which has a very rough terrain, is located on the
mountains extending in the east-west direction and
on the fragmented depression areas with faults in the
south of the Eastern Black Sea Mountains. Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake Basin has a completely mountainous and
rough terrain and is surrounded by mountains. In
addition, elevation differences in the basin vary in
short distances. In the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin,
although the temperature has decreased as a result of
the increase in continentality compared to the Black
Sea coast, a fully continental climate is not
experienced. Precipitation shifts to spring and
summer drought becomes evident. In addition, the
number of snowfall and snow-covered days’
increases in the winter season. A transitional climate
from the Eastern Black Sea climate to the continental
climate is dominant in the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin.
For this reason, summer months are generally hot
and dry, and winter and spring months are rainy [7,
13]. According to Katipoglu et al. [14], it has been
determined that increasing hydrological drought
trends are dominant in the Yeşilırmak River Basin,
where Kılıçkaya Dam Lake is located, in monthly and
annual time periods.
With the completion of the construction of Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake in 1989, the potential of Kelkit Stream was
evaluated and it was possible to use it for multiple
purposes. In this study, the water occupancy rates of
the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which has a proportionally
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large area, between the years 2010-2021 were
examined.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, chosen as the research area, is
located on the 320 kilometers long Kelkit Stream,
which is one of the important branches of the
Yeşilırmak River. Kılıçkaya Dam is located about 130
kilometers from Sivas city center. Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake is located 25 kilometers from the town of
Suşehri. The district is located at the intersection of
380 05' 45" East longitude and 400 09' 45" North
latitude. Some technical specifications of Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake are presented in Table 1. Kılıçkaya Dam is
located on the Kelkit Stream in the Türkmenler
village of the Suşehri district of Sivas province.
Kılıçkaya Dam construction was completed on
November 15, 1989. The height of the dam built with
rock filling type is 134 meters from the river bed. At
the normal water level of Kılıçkaya Dam, the lake
volume and lake area are 1400390000 m³ and 64.42
km², respectively. The maximum depth of the
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake is around 100 meters. Kılıçkaya
Hydroelectric Power Plant produces 332 GWh of
energy per year with 124 MW of power [15].
According to the monthly average temperature data
obtained from the State Meteorology Directorate in
Turkey, the annual average temperature in the
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin is 10 ºC. The hottest
months are July and August, and the coldest months
are January and February. Total annual precipitation
in the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin also differs from
year to year. Considering the entire Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake Basin, the annual average precipitation is
around 489 mm. This amount corresponds to a value
below the annual average precipitation amount in
Turkey. According to the precipitation data of long
years, the highest precipitation in the basin is
observed in April and May in the spring season, and
the least precipitation is observed in July and August
in the summer season. It has been observed that the
rainiest season after the spring season is the winter
season. The monthly average inflow to Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake is approximately 61.16 m3/second, the
maximum monthly average inflow amount is 358.56
m3/second and the minimum monthly average
inflow amount is 1.8 m3/second [7].
Table 1: Some technical specifications of the Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake.
Technicial
Specifications
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake
Date of Construction
Start
13.11.1980
Date of Construction
End
15.11.1989
Purpose of the Dam Energy
Stream Kelkit Stream
Body Fill Type Rock
Height 134.00 m
Lake Volume 1400.39 hm3
Lake Area 64.42 km2
In this study, the values of the water occupancy rate
data between 2010 and 2021 for the Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake belonging to the General Directorate of State
Hydraulic Works in Turkey were used. The
occupancy rate calculations were determined
according to the ratio of the active dam volume to the
total dam volume. The occupancy rate values of
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake are expressed as a percentage
(%).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Changes in the annual average water occupancy
rates of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake between 2010 and 2021
are presented in Figure 1. When the water occupancy
rates of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake are compared, a
fluctuation trend has been observed from 2010 to
2021. The water occupancy rate for 2010 was
determined as 22.72 percent. In 2011, 2012 and 2 013,
the water occupancy rate increased to 32.27, 49.10
and 53.90 percent, respectively. In 2014, the water
occupancy rate decreased to 29.50 percent. In 2015
and 2016, the water occupancy rate increased again
to 54.00 percent and 56.80 percent, respectively. In
2017, 2018 and 2019, the water occupancy rate
decreased again to 48.80, 40.80 and 24.20 percent,
respectively. In 2020, the water occupancy rate
increased to 35.80 percent. In 2021, the water
occupancy rate decreased to 18.40 percent (Figure 1).
The highest occupancy rate level was found to be
56.80 percent in 2016 and the lowest occupancy rate
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level in 2021 was 18.40 percent for Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake. The average of the annual water occupancy
rates of the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake for the period
between 2010-2021 was calculated as percent 38.86
and its standard deviation as ±13.55. These figures
indicate that approximately 60 percent of the
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake was empty in the 2010-2021
period, that is, it was not filled. Accordingly, it is
seen that the water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake are at low levels. The slope line given in Figure
1 also confirms this decrease. This indicates that the
water level in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake decreased
significantly in the 2010-2021 period due to the effect
of drought.
Fig. 1: Change in water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake between 2010-2021.
In the studies carried out in Çermikler, Gazibey,
Gölova, Maksutlu ve Karacalar dam lakes in Sivas
province, a downtrend was detected in water
occupancy rates similar to Kılıçkaya Dam Lake [16-
20].
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake has first class water quality and
its annual average nitrate value varies between 1.9-
2.8 mg/L [21]. According to TWPCR [22], the water
of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which has first class water
quality, can be disinfected and used not only for
drinking purposes, but also for recreational
purposes, rainbow trout farming, animal production
and other purposes. For these reasons, Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake is an important water source for Turkey
and its region.
With the effect of drought and lack of precipitation,
significant recessions in water level are observed in
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake with the decrease in water
occupancy rates. In 2021, the lowest water occupancy
rate was determined as 18.40 from Kılıçkaya Dam
Lake (Figure 1). In the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which is
located in the Suşehri district of Sivas province,
drought was observed in the summer months of
2021, which occurred with the withdrawal of water.
It has been observed that only the bed of the Kelkit
Stream, which forms and feeds the dam, remains
from the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, which once resembled
the sea. It is predicted that the decrease in
precipitation caused by climate change and the
increase in temperatures will increase the
evaporation effect, severity and duration of Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake, and accordingly, the decrease in water
occupancy rates will be more in the future.
The fact that the precipitation in Turkey was below
normal in all regions in 2021 caused the hydrological
drought effect and a decrease in the share of
hydroelectric energy production in total electricity
production. Hydroelectric energy production, which
was 88,879 GWh in 2019, decreased by 12.5% to
78,095 GWh in 2020. This decline continued in 2021
as well. In the first 5 months of 2021 in Turkey, there
have been dramatic decreases in the amount of water
coming to hydroelectric power plants, which are
water-dependent electricity generation sources,
compared to the long-term average. As the amount
of water coming to the main watershed dams
generating electricity in Turkey remained below the
long-term average of 66 percent in the first 5 months
of 2021, its share in electricity generation decreased
from 31 percent to 23 percent as of May 2021.
Similarly, while 49.1 billion cubic meters of water
came to the dams on average in the first 5 months,
the water remained at 24.3 billion cubic meters in the
first 5 months of 2021. In short, the water coming to
the energy-producing dams in the first 5 months was
not even half of the average incoming water for
many years in 2021. The incoming water in May 2021
is 54.1 percent less than the incoming water in the
same month of 2020; As of the end of May 2021, the
water incoming in the 5-month period was 38.9
percent less than the water incoming in the same
period of 2020 [23]. The flow rate in all of the rivers in
Turkey has decreased between 20 and 70 percent.
Kelkit Stream feeding the Kılıçkaya Dam Lake has
also taken its share from this situation.
The decrease in the water coming to the hydroelectric
power plants seems to disrupt the electricity
production balance. As of April 2021, the first 3
sources in the electricity generation of licensed power
plants are hydroelectric energy with 31.10 percent;
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While coal with 28.48 percent and natural gas with
21.59 percent, there were drastic changes in these
rates in May. In May, the first 3 sources in electricity
generation by licensed power plants are coal with
29.70 percent; natural gas with 27.62 percent;
Hydroelectric energy was 23.25 percent. In years
with normal or abundant water income, the share of
hydroelectric power plants in electricity generation
would reach 40-45 percent, especially in spring.
However, in May 2021, the share of hydroelectric
power plants remained below 25 percent [23].
Accordingly, the drought has also negatively affected
the electricity production of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake.
Despite the decrease in the water in the dams,
especially in the spring and summer months, Turkey
needs to increase the share of renewable resources
such as solar and wind, which are domestic
sustainable resources, in the portfolio in order to
compensate for the increased electricity
consumption. Hydroelectric power plants should be
supported in the dry years like 2021. Against the risk
of the drought continuing in the coming years,
resource planning should be done in energy. For this
reason, it would be very beneficial for energy
management to make a production and energy
supply planning that takes into account possible
hydrological drought, as well as water management.
The drought, which has taken the world and Turkey
under its influence, also shows itself in Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake. Long-term droughts were observed in the
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake Basin in 1954-1959, 1969-1970,
1972-1975, 1989-1990, 1993-1994, 2000-2002, 2007-2008
and 2012-2013 periods [7]. According to Katipoğlu et
al. [14] determined as a result of trend analysis that
droughts tend to increase in the Yeşilırmak River
Basin, where Kılıçkaya Dam Lake is located.
However, the drought, which started with the
decrease in precipitation and climate changes, has
been increasing day by day in recent years and is
progressing in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake. Global climate
change and drought caused by the decrease in
precipitation cause significant decreases in water
level in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake. As a result of the global
climate change, which has been more effective since
2016, and the drought caused by the decrease in
precipitation in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, the water level
continues to decrease in the Kelkit Stream feeding the
Kılıçkaya Dam Lake and in the creeks. After 2016, the
water level in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake has been
decreasing every year (Figure 1). Kelkit Stream has
shrunk due to drought. Due to the decrease in water
levels in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, especially fishermen
have suffered a lot in recent years. With the marked
decrease in the water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake in recent years, many areas, especially
fisheries and energy, are adversely affected.
IV. CONCLUSION
While 2016 was the year with the highest occupancy
rate in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, the year with the lowest
occupancy rate was found in 2021. If a general
conclusion is drawn for Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, it has
been observed that the water occupancy rates varied
between 18.40 and 56.80 percent between 2010-2021.
The data show that there are extreme decreases in
water occupancy rates in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake. The
results support that, as a result of the decrease in
precipitation due to global climate change, the
decreases in the water occupancy rates of Kılıçkaya
Dam Lake will be greater with the future occurrence
and severity of drought. All these show that the
effects of drought in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake may be felt
even more in the future. According to the results
obtained, it is recommended to create a
comprehensive and large-scale drought management
plan for Kılıçkaya Dam Lake. Accordingly, drought
risks should be managed and measures to be taken
against drought should be implemented in an
integrated manner in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the General
Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in Turkey for
their support in sharing the water occupancy rate
data used within the scope of the study.
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