The document discusses utilizing agricultural waste ashes in brick making to reduce the consumption of natural resources and pollution. It proposes partially replacing clay with barley husk ash, groundnut shell ash, and tobacco husk ash. Tests on sample bricks showed agricultural waste ash bricks have improved strength and lower water absorption compared to conventional clay bricks. Using agricultural waste ashes in brick production provides an economical and environmentally friendly alternative building material.

1. BIRLA
VISHVAKARMA
MAHAVIDHYALAYA
Dissertation Phase -I (740002)
ON
GUJARAT
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
NEW EYECATHER OF CONSTRUCTION SECTOR :
UTILIZATION OF AGROWASTE ASHES IN BRICKS
INDUSTY
PREPAIRED BY:
UNDER GUIDANCE OF:
Dhruv Vyas.(120070714017)
PROF. JAYESHKUMAR
R.PITRODA
M.E-CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING &MANAGEMENT3rd SEM-2013
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
VALLABH VIDHYANAGAR
B.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 NEED
OF STUDY
OF STUDY
 SCOPE
OF STUDY
 CRITICAL
 ABOUT
LITERATURE REVIEW
AGROWASTES
BARLEY HUSK ASH
GROUNDNUT SHELL HUSK ASH
TOBBACO HUSK ASH
 METHODOLOGY
 WORKFLOW
CHART
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 REFRENCES

3. 
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically
bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks
together and make a permanent structure.

Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been
regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.

A "brick" is a standard-sized (19*9*9) weight-bearing building unit. Bricks are laid in horizontal
courses, sometimes dry and sometimes with mortar. When the term is used in this sense, the
brick might be made from clay, lime-and-sand, concrete, or shaped stone. In some cases, such
as adobe the brick is merely dried. More commonly it is fired in a kiln of some sort to form a true
ceramic.

4.  The
rapid urbanization is creating a shortfall of conventional building construction materials due to
limited availability of natural resources.

On the other hand energy consumed for the production of conventional building construction
materials pollutes air, water and land.

In order to meet the ever increasing demand for the energy efficient building construction materials
there is a need to adopt cost effective, environmentally appropriate technologies and upgrade
traditional techniques with available local materials.

5. •
The results provide a guideline for producing adobe brick containing agricultural
by-products with improved strength and lower moisture absorption. Agro Brick
with performance improved in these ways will be beneficial for developing lowcost Architecture for local people and for building and recreation facilities for the
residential and commercial Industry.

6. OBJECTIVES
•
To make agro waste bricks for Erosion of Clay.
•
To utilize the waste of agro wastes in construction
•
To make non-conventional brick product.
•
Far Eye for sustainable construction.
•
To compare properties and cost factor with Normal Bricks.
•
To make a green bricks .

7. NEED OF STUDY

Excess use of good clay caused erosion of fertile soil and soil
degradation and disturbed the ecology, burnt clay brick industry.

In India produces over 60 billion clay bricks annually resulting in strong
impact on soil erosion and unprocessed emissions. Use of traditional
technologies in firing the bricks results in significant local air pollution.

Study conduct to add Barley Husk Ash , Groundnut shell Ash ,
Tobacco husk Ash to reducing fertile land erosions and control over
consuming of clay by construction sector.

8. Scope of study
 Scope
of this study is limited to Gujarat region of the India
 Replacement
of various Agro wastes as addition in bricks accordingly in the
range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight.
 Assessment
of agro wastes ( barley husk / Groundnut shell , Tobacco husk )
and clay which will be use in brick by various test such as specific gravity,
specific gravity, water absorption.
 Engineering
properties like compressive strength, water absorption and size
and shape have been studied. It is important to consider the strength and
moisture absorption capacity of
compressive
absorption.
strength,
shrinkage,
brick. In adobe brick effects optimal
thermal
conductivity,
and
moisture

9. Critical literature Review

10. SR.
NO.
AUTHORS
JOURNAL WITH
YEAR
TITLE
IMPORTANT SIGNIFICANCE
1.
ALAA.A.SHAKIR,
NAGANATHAN, KAMAL
NASHARUDDIN BIN MUSTAPHA
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL
OF BASIC AND APPLIED
SCIENCES , 2013
DEVELOPMENT OF
BRICKS FROM WASTE
MATERIAL
IN TERMS OF MAKING MORE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND AN ECONOMICAL
BRICK NEITHER CONSUMES ENERGY
RESOURCES NOR EMITS POLLUTANT
GASES GIVES AN ECONOMICAL OPTION
TO DESIGN THE GREEN BUILDING.
2.
P.S. SHEHRAWAT, NITU SINDHU
THIRD INTERNATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM
"AGROSYM JAHORINA
2012“ , 2012
AGRICULTURAL
WASTE UTILIZATION
FOR HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
LIFESTYLE
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES WILL
INCREASE IF INDUSTRIES LIKE
PROCESSING UNITS FOR MAKING VALUE
ADDED PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT OF
WASTE COLLECTION CENTERS IN
VILLAGES AND OTHERS ARE DEVELOPED
IN VILLAGES.
3.
JOSÉ A. RABI, SERGIO F.
SANTOS, GUSTAVO H. D.
TONOLI AND HOLMER
SAVASTANO JR.
NOVA SCIENCE
PUBLICATION , 2009
AGRICULTURAL
WASTES AS BUILDING
MATERIALS:
PROPERTIES,
PERFORMANCE AND
APPLICATIONS
PROVIDE A SUITABLE AS WELL AS A
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION. ALSO
IMPROVING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
10

11. 4.
DANIEL G.
PENNINGTON,
ROBERT C. FRAZEE,
STEVEN R. JONES ,
DAN EATON,
DAVID A. ROBERTI
CALIFORNIA
ENVIRONMENT
AL
PROTECTION
AGENCY ,
JANUARY 1999
FEASIBILITY
STUDY
ON THE
EXPANDED USE
OF
AGRICULTURAL
AND FOREST
WASTE
IN COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS
These products and uses appear
to have bright futures and further
research will undoubtedly develop
productive uses for these wastes.
5.
MR. MOHAMMED
MAJZOUB
TECHNICAL
BRIEF , 1999
UTILIZATION OF
COW-DUNG IN
BRICKMAKING
Modifies properties of those clays
and results in better brick qualities
compared to other
organicwaste,improves plasticity,
reduces green breakage and acts
as internal fuel in firing bricks thus
reducing firing cracks.
11

12. SR. NO.
AUTHORS
JOURNAL
WITH YEAR
TITLE
IMPORTANT SIGNIFICANCE
6.
SUBIR SHRI
SINGH
ENVIS NEWS
LETTER ,
FEBRUARY 2007
BUILD WELL
WITH WASTE
Use
of
environment-friendly
technologies .
 Minimize
transportation
of
material .
 Maximize the use of local
material and resources .
Utilization of industrial and mine
wastes for the production of
building material .

13. About Agro wastes

Agricultural waste is waste produced at agricultural premises as a result of an
agricultural activity. This includes land used for horticulture, fruit growing, seed
growing, dairy farming and livestock breeding and keeping, the use of land as
grazing land, meadow land, market gardens and nursery grounds, and the use
of land for woodlands where that use is ancillary to the farming of land for other
agricultural purposes.

Study conduct Innovative approaches of Barley Husk ash , Tobacco husk Ash ,
Groundnut shell husk ash adding in proportions of 10 %,20%, 30%, 40% ,50%
partial replacement of clay .
 To
control the consumption of clay from brick manufacturing industries.

14. Barley Husk Ash

One of the Second largest crop produced in India after Rice. Barley comes in Rabi
Crop. Specially in Gujarat North Gujarat and mid –east Gujarat region of india
growing crop of Barley.

15. 
Barley husk ash as addition in bricks accordingly in the range of 0%, 0.10%, 0.20%,
0.30%, 0.40% and 0.50% by weight.
 To
check mechanical properties of by Compression Test (at 7, 14 and 28 days), Water
absorption test (at 28 days).

BHA – clay bricks have very low water absorption of 12-15%.

BHA bricks can be of good quality with sharp edges, controlled dimensions and offer a
plain and even finish. They are resistant to wear and tear which makes them suitable for
the internal and external uses. Plastering over brick can be avoided thus achieving
further economy.

The bonding with mortar and plaster is much greater or better in the case of BHA
bricks.

16. Groundnut shell Husk Ash
 Groundnut
shell is an important cash crop produced in large quantity in India.
The production of ground nut reached its peak in India during the period of 1969
to 1978,when approximately 2.7 million tones of the pods were produced from
an area of 1.5 million hectares.

The utilization of groundnut husk will promote waste management at little cost,
reduce pollution by these wastes and increase the economic base of farmers
when the waste is sold thereby encouraging more production.

17.  Groundnut
shell husk ash as addition in bricks accordingly in the range of 0%,
0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30%, 0.40% and 0.50% by weight.
 To
check mechanical properties of by Compression Test (at 7, 14 and 28 days),
Water absorption test (at 28 days).

18. Tobacco Husk Ash
 Tobacco
one of the most important crop of Charotar region of Gujarat . In india
and specially Gujarat is the highest grower of tobacco.
 Tobacco
cultivation is similar to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown
in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted
into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested
mechanically or by hand.

19. 
Tobacco husk ash as addition in bricks accordingly in the
range of 0%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30%, 0.40% and 0.50% by
weight.
To
check mechanical properties of by Compression Test (at
7, 14 and 28 days), Water absorption test (at 28 days).

20. Advantages of Agro wastes
 Agro
wastes are providing a cost effective alternative to conventional bricks,
by reducing the cost of brick.
 Its
 It
easily available.
controls the consumption of clay from clay bricks manufacturer.
 Far
 It
eye for Sustainable Development..
is an innovative supplementary Construction Material.

21. Disadvantages of Agro waste


It can not be utilize in brick without proper experiment investigation
It can not be possible to fully replacement of clay brick without affecting
strength

22. Tests for bricks
 Crushing
Strength
 Absorption

Test
The following field tests help in ascertaining the good quality bricks:

(i) uniformity in size
(ii) uniformity in color
(iii) structure
(iv) hardness test
(v) sound test
(vi) strength test.
 Efflorescense

23. Compressive Strength ( IS: 3495 – P (1)-1992)
 The
brick specimen are immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of
the brick is filled flush with 1:3 cement mortar and the specimen is stored
in damp jute bag for 24 hours and then immersed in clean water for 24
hours.
 The
specimen is placed in compression testing machine with 6 mm
plywood on top and bottom of it to get uniform load on the specimen.
Then load is applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm .
 The
crushing load is noted. Then the crushing strength is the ratio of
crushing load to the area of brick loaded. Average of five specimen is
taken as the crushing strength.

24. Absorption Test ( IS 3495- PART 1-4)

Brick specimen are weighed dry. Then they are immersed in water for a period of 24
hours. The specimen are taken out and wiped with cloth. The weight of each
specimen in wet condition is determined.
 The
difference
in
weight
indicate
the
water
absorbed.
Then
the
percentage absorption is the ratio of water absorbed to dry weight multiplied by 100.
The average of five specimen is taken. This value should not exceed 20 per cent.
sharp edges.

To check it, 20 bricks are selected at random and they are stacked along the
length, along the width and then along the height. For the standard bricks of size 190
mm
90 mm
90 mm.

25.  IS
code permits the following limits:
 Lengthwise:
 Widthwise:
 Height

3680 to 3920 mm
1740 to 1860 mm
wise: 1740 to 1860 mm.
The following field tests help in ascertaining the good quality bricks:

(i) uniformity in size
(ii) uniformity in color
(iii) structure
(iv) hardness test
(v) sound test
(vi) strength test.

26.  Uniformity

in Size:
A good brick should have rectangular plane surface and uniform in size. This check is made in the
field by observation.
 Uniformity
A
in Colour:
good brick will be having uniform colour throughout. This observation may be made before
purchasing the brick.

Structure:
A
few bricks may be broken in the field and their cross-section observed. The section should be
homogeneous, compact and free from defects such as holes and lumps.

Sound Test: If two bricks are struck with each other they should produce clear ringing sound. The
sound should not be dull.

Hardness Test: For this a simple field test is scratch the brick with nail. If no impression is
marked on the surface, the brick is sufficiently hard

27. Efflorescense
 The
presence of alkalies in brick is not desirable because they form patches of gray
powder by absorbing moisture. Hence to determine the presence of alkalies this test is
performed as explained below: Place the brick specimen in a glass dish containing water to
a depth of 25 mm in a well ventilated room.

After all the water is absorbed or evaporated again add water for a depth of 25 mm. After
second evaporation observe the bricks for white/grey patches.

28. Work flow chart
PHASE - 1
DETERMINE OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE THE
STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
UNDERSTANDING AGRO WASTE MATERIAL,
UTILIZATION IN BRICKS INDUSTRY
DETERMINE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, MIX
PROPORTION

29. PHASE-2
CASTING OF BRICKS, AS PER MIX
PROPORTIONS
TESTING AND ANALYZING THE RESULTS &
RATE ANALYSIS
CASE VALD ON ??- YES
DOUCMENTATION

30. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
•
Prof. J.J.Bhavsar– B.V.M Engg. College, V.V.Nagar.
•
Prof. J.R.Pitroda– B.V.M Engg. College, V.V.Nagar.
•
Students of M.E-Construction Engineering & Management, B.V.M Engg. College,
V.V.Nagar.

31. References

Arslan E. I Il , Aslan Sibel, Ipek Ubeyde, Altun Samet, Yazicio lu Salih, 2005, Physico-chemical treatment of marble
processing wastewater and the recycling of its sludge, Waste Management & Research, 23( 6): 550-559.

Balasubramanian J., Sabumon C., john U. Lazar ,And ilangovanR.,1995, Reuse of textile effluent treatment plant
sludge in buildingmaterials, journal of materials processing technology 48 (1-4) : 379–384.Weng, C., Lin, D. and
Chiang, P., 2003. Utilization of sludge as brick materials. Advances in Environmental Research, 7 (3): 679-685

Colangelo F., Marroccoli M., and Cioffi R., Properties of self-leveling concrete made with industrial wastes.
Conference on use of building materials in building structures, November,2004, Barcelona , Spain

Colombo A. , Tunesi A., Barberini V., Galimberti L., Cavallo A.,chemical and mineralogical characterization of cutting
process sludge , exploitation of sludge from stone working synthesis of the research, accessed
2008,http://www.aigt.ch/ download/ rapporto_INTERREGen.pdf .

Dr.T.Sekar, N.Ganesan & Dr.NVN.Nampoothiri (2011) ,“Studies on strength characteristics on utilization of waste
materials as coarse aggregate in concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,Volume 3
No 7, 2011.

32. •
G.Murali, K.R.Jayavelu, N.Jeevitha, M.Rubini and N.R.Saranya “Experimental
Investigation On Bricks With Partial Replacement Of innovative material” International
Journal of Engineering Research and ApplicationsVol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.314319. [5] Hansen, T. C. and Begh, E., „Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled
aggregate concrete‟, Journal of American Concrete Institute, 82
•
Hasaba, S., Kawamura, M., KazuyukI,T. and Kunio,T., „Drying shrinkage and durability
of concrete made from recycled concrete, bricks and aggregates‟, Transactions of Japan
Concrete Institute, Tokyo, Vol 3, 1981, pp.55-60.
•
IS 2386-1963 – PART I- PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE

33. THANK YOU