This document discusses the history and evolution of open source software. It begins by defining open source software as software with source code available under an open source license allowing anyone to use, modify, and distribute the software. It then summarizes the key events in open source software's history, including the development of the open source model in response to the free software movement and Netscape's 1998 release of source code for their Netscape Communicator browser. Finally, it discusses the founding of the Open Source Initiative in 1998 to promote open source principles and clarify the benefits of open development models over closed, proprietary software systems.
This document discusses open source software, its history and uses. Open source software has many benefits including being free, allowing for collaboration and modification of code. It can also be used on older hardware, saving schools and individuals money. Examples of popular open source software mentioned are the Linux operating system, Mozilla Firefox web browser, and Apache web server. The document concludes that open source software adoption will likely continue to expand due to its low costs and collaborative nature.
Open source software (OSS) is software with publicly available source code that can be modified and shared. OSS has gained significant market share for software infrastructure like servers and web technologies. While initially seen as a "fad", OSS is now considered a fundamental change in the software industry. Though developed largely by volunteers, high-quality OSS like Linux can compete with proprietary software through credibility gained from major companies supporting OSS development. OSS provides flexibility, extensibility, and easier integration that helps reduce costs for both developers and users.
The document discusses the history of how software was sold and distributed from the early 19th century to present day. It outlines key events like IBM beginning to charge separately for software in 1969 and Richard Stallman's launch of the GNU project in 1984 to create a free Unix-like operating system. Stallman believed software users should have four essential freedoms: to use, study, share, and modify software. This philosophy led to the creation of the GNU General Public License to ensure any versions or modifications of GNU software remained free to use. While open source software has similar goals, the document notes it allows some licenses considered too restrictive by free software advocates.
Open source software refers to computer programs where the source code is made available to the public with an open source license that allows users to study, change, and improve the design of the software. Open source software is typically developed collaboratively by a community of programmers who improve upon the code and share their changes. It is often funded through universities, personal projects, consulting work, proprietary add-ons, or donations. Some benefits of open source software include lower costs, greater security, avoidance of vendor lock-in, and higher quality code. Widely used examples include the Apache HTTP Server, Mozilla Firefox, Linux, Android, MySQL, Java Development Kit, Eclipse, and content management systems like Wikipedia.
This document provides an overview of open source software and its adoption in education. It discusses the history and key people involved in open source software development like Richard Stallman and Linus Torvalds. The document argues that open source software provides benefits to education like cost savings, collaboration, and allowing older hardware to run new software. It recommends that schools adopt open source software for academic and financial reasons.
This document discusses open source software and its use and benefits in education. It provides a brief history of open source software from the 1960s to present. It describes how open source software allows for free collaboration and modification. The document also notes that open source software saves money, works on older hardware, and addresses security issues through open source codes. Popular open source products mentioned include Mozilla Firefox, Apache HTTP Server, Linux operating system, and GNU.
Open source refers to software that is freely available and can be modified and shared. The document discusses the history and principles of open source software, including key figures like Richard Stallman and Linus Torvalds. It outlines achievements of open source like Linux, popular software titles, and how open source benefits freedom, research, and knowledge sharing.
Open VS Closed Source Software: Which is more secure?
This is the presentation given at the quarterly "Free Beer Sessions" answering the age old question of whether open source software is more secure than their closed or proprietary counterparts.
The presentation gives an overview of the philosophies and history driving both methodologies and provides case history examples to answer the question.
This document discusses open source software, its history and uses. Open source software has many benefits including being free, allowing for collaboration and modification of code. It can also be used on older hardware, saving schools and individuals money. Examples of popular open source software mentioned are the Linux operating system, Mozilla Firefox web browser, and Apache web server. The document concludes that open source software adoption will likely continue to expand due to its low costs and collaborative nature.
Open source software (OSS) is software with publicly available source code that can be modified and shared. OSS has gained significant market share for software infrastructure like servers and web technologies. While initially seen as a "fad", OSS is now considered a fundamental change in the software industry. Though developed largely by volunteers, high-quality OSS like Linux can compete with proprietary software through credibility gained from major companies supporting OSS development. OSS provides flexibility, extensibility, and easier integration that helps reduce costs for both developers and users.
The document discusses the history of how software was sold and distributed from the early 19th century to present day. It outlines key events like IBM beginning to charge separately for software in 1969 and Richard Stallman's launch of the GNU project in 1984 to create a free Unix-like operating system. Stallman believed software users should have four essential freedoms: to use, study, share, and modify software. This philosophy led to the creation of the GNU General Public License to ensure any versions or modifications of GNU software remained free to use. While open source software has similar goals, the document notes it allows some licenses considered too restrictive by free software advocates.
Open source software refers to computer programs where the source code is made available to the public with an open source license that allows users to study, change, and improve the design of the software. Open source software is typically developed collaboratively by a community of programmers who improve upon the code and share their changes. It is often funded through universities, personal projects, consulting work, proprietary add-ons, or donations. Some benefits of open source software include lower costs, greater security, avoidance of vendor lock-in, and higher quality code. Widely used examples include the Apache HTTP Server, Mozilla Firefox, Linux, Android, MySQL, Java Development Kit, Eclipse, and content management systems like Wikipedia.
This document provides an overview of open source software and its adoption in education. It discusses the history and key people involved in open source software development like Richard Stallman and Linus Torvalds. The document argues that open source software provides benefits to education like cost savings, collaboration, and allowing older hardware to run new software. It recommends that schools adopt open source software for academic and financial reasons.
This document discusses open source software and its use and benefits in education. It provides a brief history of open source software from the 1960s to present. It describes how open source software allows for free collaboration and modification. The document also notes that open source software saves money, works on older hardware, and addresses security issues through open source codes. Popular open source products mentioned include Mozilla Firefox, Apache HTTP Server, Linux operating system, and GNU.
Open source refers to software that is freely available and can be modified and shared. The document discusses the history and principles of open source software, including key figures like Richard Stallman and Linus Torvalds. It outlines achievements of open source like Linux, popular software titles, and how open source benefits freedom, research, and knowledge sharing.
Open VS Closed Source Software: Which is more secure?
This is the presentation given at the quarterly "Free Beer Sessions" answering the age old question of whether open source software is more secure than their closed or proprietary counterparts.
The presentation gives an overview of the philosophies and history driving both methodologies and provides case history examples to answer the question.
Introduction to research on open source softwareMatthias Stürmer
Open source software is being used by small and large companies, governments and other organizations in many business-critical systems. Nowadays there are approximately 1 million open source projects on the software market being developed and maintained by unpaid individuals as well as professional software companies and industry players. Research about technical aspects of open source software, business models, management and governance practices as well as community dynamics and contributor's motivations is abundant.
In this three day course master students of information systems get an introduction into current research about open source, read and present academic papers on open source, and write an own research proposal, conference submission or working paper about a specific topic of their interest. This may cover issues about open source in automotive industry, reuse of open source components, business models with open source, inner source development within pharma and many more.
1) Open source software has been widely adopted in education due to the many free applications and cost savings that can be applied to other areas.
2) Key attributes of open source software that have helped drive adoption include unrestricted distribution, availability of source code, ability for modifications, and lack of licensing fees.
3) Open source software is now used by many learners around the world and its use is expected to continue expanding.
Apache or GPL? MIT or BSD? These are just some of the licenses that attach to open source software. Do you know the important distinctions between them?
Open source refers to software where the source code is made available to the public so that it can be modified or improved. Some key advantages of open source software include: (1) the ability to distribute modifications freely, (2) availability of source code for modification, and (3) lower costs since development relies on volunteer contributions rather than paid employees. However, open source also faces some disadvantages such as a lack of protection for intellectual property and no guarantees for ongoing development or support.
Open source licensing can be complicated for laypeople to understand. The document discusses some key concepts around open source licensing including:
- Open source licenses like the GPL require sharing source code modifications, while permissive licenses like MIT do not.
- Choosing an open source license has legal implications for how software can be used and modified. Strong copyleft licenses like GPL require any changes be shared.
- Understanding license compatibility and how licenses apply to derivatives is important, as mixing licenses could require releasing entire works under more restrictive terms.
Open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware softw...Muhammad Haroon
The document discusses different types of software including open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware software, and proprietary software. Open source software is available freely with publicly accessible source code. Commercial software requires payment of licensing fees and has proprietary source code. Freeware is free to use but retains copyright, while shareware is initially free but requires payment to continue use after a trial period. Proprietary software is owned and controlled by an individual or company.
This document summarizes a presentation about open source and open data. It discusses key topics like open source licenses and business models, how to evaluate healthy open source projects, and examples of open data types and licensing. Open communities and initiatives are also covered, such as OpenSummerOfCode which funds students to build open source projects using open data.
F. Questier, Free and open source software, workshop for Lib@web international training program 'Management of Electronic Information and Digital Libraries', university of Antwerp, October 2015
This document discusses open source software. It defines open source software as software where the source code is available to the public with a license that allows users to study, change and distribute the software. Open source software originated from the free software movement in 1983 and aims to enhance user freedoms. While common in the early computing era, open source software declined in popularity in the 1970s but has since grown with thousands of projects today. The document discusses how open source software functions by providing access to source code files before compilation. It also outlines some values of open source software like transparency and collaboration. Potential benefits of open source projects include problem solving, signaling quality, and self-production. Challenges include motivation and coordination problems across contributors.
1. Open Source Software has enabled collaboration and connection through shared circulation of software. It addresses technological challenges in online learning.
2. Open Source Software is widely used in education from primary to post-secondary levels. It can be used on older hardware, benefiting lower-income individuals. Savings on software allows investing in other education.
3. Open Source Software development involves public collaboration on projects. Others can modify code to suit individual/group needs. It is compatible with most hardware/applications and used in business and education communities worldwide.
The document discusses free and open source software (FOSS). It defines FOSS as software that is distributed with its source code and allows users to freely modify, redistribute, and derive other software from it. Examples of popular FOSS include operating systems like Linux, programming tools like PHP and Python, and internet software like Apache and OpenSSL. The document outlines the key principles of FOSS like accessibility of source code and freedom to modify and share modifications. It also lists some major organizations that support FOSS development and important FOSS websites.
The document introduces free software and discusses its key concepts. It defines software and explores the meanings of "free" as it relates to software freedom rather than cost. The four essential freedoms of free software are explained as the freedom to use, study, share, and modify software. A program is considered free software if it grants users all four of these freedoms. The free software movement was started by Richard Stallman in 1983 to promote these ideals of software freedom. Major organizations that support the development and distribution of free software like the Free Software Foundation are also discussed.
The document provides an introduction to the open source operating system Linux. It discusses some of the key features of Linux, including that it is faster and more reliable than other operating systems like Windows. It notes that Linux is very robust as it is developed by many contributors online. Some specific advantages highlighted are that Linux has excellent scalability, is fully 32-bit and 64-bit, and is more secure than Windows due to not being susceptible to viruses. Examples of where Linux is commonly used like web servers, file servers, and databases are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes a debate on open source versus proprietary software. It discusses definitions of open source software, popular open source licenses, and advantages of open source such as customizability, security, and lower costs. Open source is gaining adoption in government and enterprise due to benefits like avoiding vendor lock-in, lower costs, and higher quality from community contributions. Surveys find increasing enterprise adoption rates, with over 50% of new software to be open source in the next 5 years. Microsoft is also increasingly supporting open source.
Very brief presentation about open vs. closed system, open source, community source, and some of the challenges by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
Have you ever asked yourself how can you leverage open source for selling your products or services, attracting talent and innovating? In the first part of this lecture I’ll give a historical context about how open source has transformed the Software industry and changed the way we develop, collaborate, communicate, organize and think about business values. In the second part I will talk about open source opportunities, challenges and what it means to successfully plan and implement an open source project from the practical side. I will also share my own Open Source management experience at Intuit.
This document provides an overview of open source software and its use in libraries. It discusses the history of open source beginning in the 1960s and key events and definitions that helped establish it. Popular open source library software is outlined like Koha, Evergreen, and VuFind. Features they provide are highlighted. Other sections cover open source digital repositories, federated searching tools, and commercial support options available. Benefits and challenges of using open source software in libraries are examined.
The document summarizes different approaches for implementing multi-tenant databases in cloud computing environments. It discusses three main approaches: maintaining separate databases for each tenant, using a shared database but separate schemas for each tenant, and sharing both the database and schema across tenants. The document focuses on the shared database, shared schema approach, proposing a universal table structure that uses tenant and table identifier columns to isolate data within a single shared table. The goal is to reduce storage requirements while providing tenants flexibility to customize their data schema.
Applying supervised and un supervised learning approaches for movie recommend...IAEME Publication
This paper compares supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches for developing a movie recommender system. It applies classification and clustering techniques to movie rating data to classify movies as viewable or not and cluster users based on attributes. Experimental results show that classification accuracy is highest when 80% of data is used for training. Clustering identifies groups of similar movies and users. The authors conclude recommender systems built with machine learning can provide intelligent recommendations that approach or surpass human judgment.
Introduction to research on open source softwareMatthias Stürmer
Open source software is being used by small and large companies, governments and other organizations in many business-critical systems. Nowadays there are approximately 1 million open source projects on the software market being developed and maintained by unpaid individuals as well as professional software companies and industry players. Research about technical aspects of open source software, business models, management and governance practices as well as community dynamics and contributor's motivations is abundant.
In this three day course master students of information systems get an introduction into current research about open source, read and present academic papers on open source, and write an own research proposal, conference submission or working paper about a specific topic of their interest. This may cover issues about open source in automotive industry, reuse of open source components, business models with open source, inner source development within pharma and many more.
1) Open source software has been widely adopted in education due to the many free applications and cost savings that can be applied to other areas.
2) Key attributes of open source software that have helped drive adoption include unrestricted distribution, availability of source code, ability for modifications, and lack of licensing fees.
3) Open source software is now used by many learners around the world and its use is expected to continue expanding.
Apache or GPL? MIT or BSD? These are just some of the licenses that attach to open source software. Do you know the important distinctions between them?
Open source refers to software where the source code is made available to the public so that it can be modified or improved. Some key advantages of open source software include: (1) the ability to distribute modifications freely, (2) availability of source code for modification, and (3) lower costs since development relies on volunteer contributions rather than paid employees. However, open source also faces some disadvantages such as a lack of protection for intellectual property and no guarantees for ongoing development or support.
Open source licensing can be complicated for laypeople to understand. The document discusses some key concepts around open source licensing including:
- Open source licenses like the GPL require sharing source code modifications, while permissive licenses like MIT do not.
- Choosing an open source license has legal implications for how software can be used and modified. Strong copyleft licenses like GPL require any changes be shared.
- Understanding license compatibility and how licenses apply to derivatives is important, as mixing licenses could require releasing entire works under more restrictive terms.
Open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware softw...Muhammad Haroon
The document discusses different types of software including open source software, commercial software, freeware software, shareware software, and proprietary software. Open source software is available freely with publicly accessible source code. Commercial software requires payment of licensing fees and has proprietary source code. Freeware is free to use but retains copyright, while shareware is initially free but requires payment to continue use after a trial period. Proprietary software is owned and controlled by an individual or company.
This document summarizes a presentation about open source and open data. It discusses key topics like open source licenses and business models, how to evaluate healthy open source projects, and examples of open data types and licensing. Open communities and initiatives are also covered, such as OpenSummerOfCode which funds students to build open source projects using open data.
F. Questier, Free and open source software, workshop for Lib@web international training program 'Management of Electronic Information and Digital Libraries', university of Antwerp, October 2015
This document discusses open source software. It defines open source software as software where the source code is available to the public with a license that allows users to study, change and distribute the software. Open source software originated from the free software movement in 1983 and aims to enhance user freedoms. While common in the early computing era, open source software declined in popularity in the 1970s but has since grown with thousands of projects today. The document discusses how open source software functions by providing access to source code files before compilation. It also outlines some values of open source software like transparency and collaboration. Potential benefits of open source projects include problem solving, signaling quality, and self-production. Challenges include motivation and coordination problems across contributors.
1. Open Source Software has enabled collaboration and connection through shared circulation of software. It addresses technological challenges in online learning.
2. Open Source Software is widely used in education from primary to post-secondary levels. It can be used on older hardware, benefiting lower-income individuals. Savings on software allows investing in other education.
3. Open Source Software development involves public collaboration on projects. Others can modify code to suit individual/group needs. It is compatible with most hardware/applications and used in business and education communities worldwide.
The document discusses free and open source software (FOSS). It defines FOSS as software that is distributed with its source code and allows users to freely modify, redistribute, and derive other software from it. Examples of popular FOSS include operating systems like Linux, programming tools like PHP and Python, and internet software like Apache and OpenSSL. The document outlines the key principles of FOSS like accessibility of source code and freedom to modify and share modifications. It also lists some major organizations that support FOSS development and important FOSS websites.
The document introduces free software and discusses its key concepts. It defines software and explores the meanings of "free" as it relates to software freedom rather than cost. The four essential freedoms of free software are explained as the freedom to use, study, share, and modify software. A program is considered free software if it grants users all four of these freedoms. The free software movement was started by Richard Stallman in 1983 to promote these ideals of software freedom. Major organizations that support the development and distribution of free software like the Free Software Foundation are also discussed.
The document provides an introduction to the open source operating system Linux. It discusses some of the key features of Linux, including that it is faster and more reliable than other operating systems like Windows. It notes that Linux is very robust as it is developed by many contributors online. Some specific advantages highlighted are that Linux has excellent scalability, is fully 32-bit and 64-bit, and is more secure than Windows due to not being susceptible to viruses. Examples of where Linux is commonly used like web servers, file servers, and databases are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes a debate on open source versus proprietary software. It discusses definitions of open source software, popular open source licenses, and advantages of open source such as customizability, security, and lower costs. Open source is gaining adoption in government and enterprise due to benefits like avoiding vendor lock-in, lower costs, and higher quality from community contributions. Surveys find increasing enterprise adoption rates, with over 50% of new software to be open source in the next 5 years. Microsoft is also increasingly supporting open source.
Very brief presentation about open vs. closed system, open source, community source, and some of the challenges by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
Have you ever asked yourself how can you leverage open source for selling your products or services, attracting talent and innovating? In the first part of this lecture I’ll give a historical context about how open source has transformed the Software industry and changed the way we develop, collaborate, communicate, organize and think about business values. In the second part I will talk about open source opportunities, challenges and what it means to successfully plan and implement an open source project from the practical side. I will also share my own Open Source management experience at Intuit.
This document provides an overview of open source software and its use in libraries. It discusses the history of open source beginning in the 1960s and key events and definitions that helped establish it. Popular open source library software is outlined like Koha, Evergreen, and VuFind. Features they provide are highlighted. Other sections cover open source digital repositories, federated searching tools, and commercial support options available. Benefits and challenges of using open source software in libraries are examined.
The document summarizes different approaches for implementing multi-tenant databases in cloud computing environments. It discusses three main approaches: maintaining separate databases for each tenant, using a shared database but separate schemas for each tenant, and sharing both the database and schema across tenants. The document focuses on the shared database, shared schema approach, proposing a universal table structure that uses tenant and table identifier columns to isolate data within a single shared table. The goal is to reduce storage requirements while providing tenants flexibility to customize their data schema.
Applying supervised and un supervised learning approaches for movie recommend...IAEME Publication
This paper compares supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches for developing a movie recommender system. It applies classification and clustering techniques to movie rating data to classify movies as viewable or not and cluster users based on attributes. Experimental results show that classification accuracy is highest when 80% of data is used for training. Clustering identifies groups of similar movies and users. The authors conclude recommender systems built with machine learning can provide intelligent recommendations that approach or surpass human judgment.
The document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and application of novel Mn6+ doped ZnO nanocrystals as photocatalysts. Key findings include:
1) Mn6+:ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR and DLS. XRD showed the crystals had a hexagonal structure and FTIR confirmed the presence of Mn and Zn-O bonds.
2) The nanocrystals effectively degraded textile effluent under solar and UV light, with 30 mg of catalyst achieving 87.5% degradation within 5 hours as measured by COD reduction and increased light transmission.
3)
This document describes a system for image retrieval and annotation using both image content and tags. The system builds a unified graph fusing an image similarity graph based on visual features with an image-tag bipartite graph. It uses a combination of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) and text-based image retrieval (TBIR) with a fusion parameter to balance the influence of image contents and tags. The system is able to retrieve images related to a query as well as annotate the query image. It extracts color, shape, and texture features from images and combines these features for matching between database images and queries.
This document reviews recent developments in technologies used for industrial automation data acquisition and control systems. It discusses how Ethernet, wireless LAN, Wi-Fi, and GPRS have allowed for more advanced connectivity solutions in industrial systems. The paper surveys several studies that have designed data acquisition and control systems using technologies like ARM processors, embedded web servers, and wireless connectivity to monitor and control industrial sensors and devices remotely over IP networks. These systems allow for increased reliability, flexibility, and real-time interaction compared to traditional automation solutions.
1) The document discusses the effect of multipath channels on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols and the role of guard intervals in mitigating inter-symbol interference (ISI).
2) Guard intervals, such as cyclic prefixes and zero padding, are inserted between OFDM symbols to reduce ISI caused by multipath delays exceeding the symbol duration.
3) The paper analyzes the performance of OFDM using different guard interval techniques over additive white Gaussian noise and multipath fading channels at varying guard interval lengths.
Fuel emissions correlation assessment of indoor pollutants from different hou...IAEME Publication
This study measured indoor air pollutant levels in households using different fuels for cooking in Mysore, India. Higher levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide were found during cooking compared to WHO guidelines. Biomass fuel households had the highest pollutant levels, especially for particulate matter and respirable particulate matter. Coal fuel households also showed high levels of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide during cooking. Statistical analysis found many of the pollutants were strongly correlated with each other and with type of fuel, indicating fuel use impacts indoor air quality.
1. The document describes a simulation of floating resistors of different values that are used as feedback in an OTA band pass filter structure.
2. The simulated floating resistances show good agreement between theoretical and simulated circuit values.
3. A band pass response is observed in the tunable frequency range from the bias current, with a designed quality factor.
1. The document discusses an experimental study on the extrusion of copper rod using a commercial extrusion machine.
2. Microstructure analyses were conducted on copper samples before and after extrusion, showing more uniform and homogeneous grains after extrusion.
3. Tensile and hardness tests found that the tensile strength increased 6.8% and hardness increased 15.6% after extrusion, indicating improved material properties.
The document discusses optimization of investment casting parameters for an A443 aluminum alloy using the Taguchi method. It aims to reduce shrinkage defects by adding trace elements to the alloy. The key factors investigated are pouring temperature, preheat temperature, and preheat time. An L9 orthogonal array experiment is designed with these three factors, each at three levels. The goal is to determine the best processing conditions to improve dimensional accuracy and surface finish of cast parts made with this alloy.
1. The document describes the thrust fault tectonics in the Duhok region of northern Iraq.
2. Over 40 major thrust faults deform a 5km thick sequence of Mesozoic-Tertiary rocks, forming an imbricate fan and duplex structure.
3. A balanced cross-section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their associated folds, estimating a minimum accumulated transport of 23.17km.
1. The document analyzes embankments supported by stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement using finite element modeling.
2. Parameters like stone column diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, encasement stiffness, and undrained shear strength were varied to analyze their effects.
3. The results show that encasing stone columns with geosynthetics significantly reduces settlement and lateral displacement of the embankment compared to unencased stone columns. Increasing stone column diameter and undrained shear strength also reduces displacement.
The document describes research developing an artificial neural network model to predict construction costs for expressway projects in Iraq. Data on past expressway projects was collected from the Stat Commission for Roads and Bridges in Iraq. A neural network model was built and trained on this data. The model was able to predict total construction costs with 90% accuracy based on correlation and an average accuracy of 89% compared to actual costs. The model performance was found to be relatively insensitive to the number of hidden layers, momentum term, and learning rate.
1. The document proposes a new approach for detecting microaneurysms in retinal images that combines multiple preprocessing methods and candidate extraction techniques before classification.
2. An ensemble-based system is used that applies various preprocessing like contrast enhancement and candidate extractors like circular Hough transformation before detecting microaneurysms, to improve flexibility and detection results.
3. Experimental results show the proposed combining approach outperforms individual candidate extraction methods for microaneurysm detection.
1) The document proposes a new protocol called Farthest Node SEP to improve energy efficiency in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.
2) It divides nodes into normal, intermediate, and advanced categories based on their initial energy levels. Cluster heads farther from the base station consumed more energy previously.
3) The proposed protocol selects cluster heads based on remaining energy and uses multi-hop transmissions instead of direct transmission to prolong network lifetime by avoiding overuse of nodes farther from the base station. Simulations are run in MATLAB to evaluate performance.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the transient elasto-plastic response of bridge piers subjected to vehicle collision through finite element analysis. Six bridge pier designs with varying geometry and three different concrete grades were simulated when impacted by two types of vehicles. The results revealed how the pier's response depends on its geometry, concrete grade, vehicle speed and mass. The study aimed to investigate the effects of these parameters on the pier considering the material nonlinearity of concrete.
This document presents a study on simulating vessel collisions with bridge piers to determine dynamic amplification factors. Finite element models of solid wall and hollow circular concrete piers with varying geometries are subjected to impact forces from barges and ships. Impact forces are estimated based on vessel size and speed. Dynamic and static responses are calculated to determine amplification factors for different pier designs and collision scenarios. The amplification factors provide an equivalent static force that can be used for more efficient pier design while still accounting for dynamic effects of vessel collisions. Graphs of the amplification factors aid in pier design for various inland waterway conditions.
The document describes a tunable ultra-wideband terahertz antenna based on a graphene fractal artificial magnetic conductor. The antenna consists of a bowtie patch mounted above an array of 15x15 graphene patches in a fractal shape. The resonance frequency and bandwidth of the antenna can be tuned by varying the applied voltage, which changes the chemical potential of the graphene. Simulation results show that both the resonance frequency and bandwidth increase when the chemical potential is increased from 0.4 eV to 1 eV. The fractal shape of the graphene patches provides a multiband response with multiple resonance frequencies. The antenna achieves wide bandwidths between 1.8-2.2 THz and 2.75-5 THz when the chemical
Open source software vs proprietary softwareLavan1997
The document discusses and compares open source software and proprietary software. Open source software is software with source code that is available and may be redistributed and modified under an open source license. Proprietary software is licensed under exclusive legal rights that restrict uses like modification and redistribution. Some key differences discussed include open source software being collaboratively developed while proprietary software owners control exclusive rights over the software.
Presentation by Dr Frank Tietze (Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge). Delivered on 17 Oct 2017 as part of the CRASSH Faculty Research Group on Open Intellectual Property Models for Emerging Technologies
The document discusses open source software and how companies can generate revenue from open source business models without traditional licensing fees. It describes several common business models including support and services, loss leaders to promote other products, customization services, and brand licensing. The document also discusses other motives for companies beyond direct revenue, such as using the free infrastructure of open source development and indirect revenues from related products. It notes that programmers are motivated by technological and learning benefits from the feedback of large, open communities rather than direct economic benefits from companies.
The document discusses the benefits of adopting open source software in educational institutions. It outlines the history and development of open source software. Key benefits mentioned include cost savings, ability to modify code, and collaborative nature which allows sharing knowledge. The conclusion recommends the school system adopt open source software for academic and financial reasons.
This document summarizes an article about open source software. It discusses the history and concepts of open source software, including how Richard Stallman developed the GNU operating system using a copyleft license to ensure code remained open. Open source allows for customization, widespread bug fixing, and ongoing innovation as many programmers can contribute. The decentralized model of open source results in higher quality software. The future implications on software protection are discussed.
OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGY: AN EMERGING AND VITAL PARADIGM IN INSTITUTIONS OF LEA...ijcsit
Open Source Software is the major rival in the software market previously dominated by proprietary software products. Open Source Software(OSS) is available in various forms including web servers, Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs), Academic management systems and network management systems and the development and uptake of such software by both commercial and non-commercial companies and institutions is still on the rise. The availability of OSS applications for every common type of enterprise, minimal licensing issues and availability of source code as well as ease of access has made the technology even more attractive in learning and teaching of software based courses in institutions of learning. Through embracing this technology, institutions of learning have been able to minimize general operations cost that could have otherwise been incurred in procuring similar proprietary software. Students and teaching staff can nowadays interact and modify the readily available source code hence making learning and teaching more practical
This document discusses the use of open source technology in institutions of learning in Kenya. It finds that students and teaching staff widely use open source software and tools in learning and teaching due to factors like ease of access, lack of vendor dependency, and enhancement of the learning process. Open source allows students to access source codes and modify software, supporting the learning of software development skills. Institutions also benefit from the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of open source. The study concludes that open source has become an important part of learning and operations in Kenyan educational institutions.
This document discusses pattern-based software patents. It begins by introducing pattern-based software patents and how they can more easily draft patent claims by using existing pattern claims. It then provides details on software patents, their history, open source software, and software engineering patterns like design patterns. It concludes by discussing classifications of software patents and the mechanics of drafting a software patent specification and claims.
This document discusses pattern-based software patents. It begins by introducing pattern-based software patents and how they can more easily draft patent claims by building off existing pattern claims. It then provides details on software patents, their history, open source software, and software engineering patterns like design patterns. It concludes by discussing mechanics of drafting patent specifications, the claim drafting process, and aiding claim drafting.
This document provides an overview of free and open source software (FOSS). It discusses the history and definitions of free and open source, how FOSS licensing works, and three common FOSS licenses: the GNU General Public License v2, Modified BSD License, and Mozilla Public License v2. The document traces the origins of FOSS to the 1970s and the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation in the 1980s. It also discusses the founding of the Open Source Initiative in the late 1990s and key differences between free and open source perspectives.
The document discusses the benefits of open source software for education. Open source software addresses technological difficulties in online learning by enabling collaboration and sharing of source code. It allows for modifications, has no restrictions on distribution or application, and ensures source code integrity. Benefits include free access, compatibility with older hardware, cost savings, security from viewing source code, and enabling global sharing of educational resources. The widespread adoption of open source software in education has been facilitated by its low commercial barriers and minimal costs.
This document provides an overview of open source software and open development. It discusses the history of open source software and definitions of key terms. It also presents two case studies of successful open source projects: TexGen, a textile CAD modeler, and Apache Wookie, a widget server. Both projects benefited from collaboration, publicity, and new partnerships by being open source. The document also briefly covers legal aspects of open source like copyright.
The document discusses open source software and its impact on education. It provides definitions of open source from organizations like OSI and notes that open source promotes collaboration, peer review and rapid evolution. It outlines how open source has benefited education through open courseware from universities, online encyclopedias, open access journals and libraries, and open source software for operating systems, browsers, and more. Individuals and organizations around the world contribute to open education resources.
Commemorating 20 years of open source successes in building awareness and ado...OW2
The document summarizes lessons learned from the first 20 years of open source software. In the first decade (1998-2008), open source advocacy and standardization of licensing through the Open Source Initiative helped drive adoption. The second decade (2008-2018) saw broad enterprise adoption as open source powered cloud, web services, and became central to most new software. Key lessons included how open source licensing crystallized consensus, created safe development spaces, and isolation of business models from code. Future challenges include license compliance, attribution requirements, and integrating open source values with standards as different industries converge.
Fundamentals of Free and Open Source SoftwareRoss Gardler
Introduction to the OSS Watch Business
and Sustainability Models Around Free and Open Source Software. this presentation doesn't deal with the business models, it introduces FOSS and the key licence types.
Open Source Software (OSS) applications in libraries: Special Reference to Se...dbpublications
ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has transformed the libraries‟ working environment entirely. Today, most of the libraries have been performing their routine works with the assistance of computer technology and this technology has brought with it many benefits such as advancement; reduction in work timing, reduced man power, data preservation and security etc. In this era of technology, Internet is an indispensible phenomenon and has been providing so many technical supports especially in the field of library and information science in the form of
Open Sources Software (OSS). These days open sources softwares are becoming prevalent due to its immense significance. The Open Sources software provides free and easy accesses to the libraries as well as users can do changes and modification in it as well as they can run, copy, share, and improve the software with the desired requirements.
1) Open source software has grown significantly in popularity and adoption in recent years, with 87% of companies now using some form of open source software.
2) Open source refers to software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. This contrasts with proprietary software, where the source code is usually hidden from users.
3) India has actively promoted open source software adoption through various government policies and initiatives aimed at reducing costs and encouraging local development and innovation.
Intellectual Property Open Source Software Movementaliraza786
This document discusses open source software and its history, benefits, and examples. It describes how the GNU project and Linux combined open source components to create successful operating systems. While open source provides access and opportunities for collaboration, it also poses legal risks and lack of warranties. Critiques include that open source projects may lack developers and have weak graphical interfaces. Overall, the document provides an overview of the open source movement and perspectives on its opportunities and disadvantages.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
2. Prof. Abhinav V. Deshpande
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCET/index.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
(technically defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open-content
movements.
The open-source model, or collaborative competition development from multiple
independent sources, generates an increasingly diverse scope of design perspective
than one company development alone can sustain long term. And a report by the
Standish Group (from 2008) states that adoption of open-source software models has
resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.
2. HISTORY BEHIND THE EVOLUTION OF OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE
In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar, a reflective analysis
of the hacker community and free software principles. The paper received significant
attention in early 1998, and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications
Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as free
software. This source code subsequently became the basis behind Mozilla Firefox,
Thunderbird and KompoZer[1].
Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free
Software Foundation's free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial
software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to
companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software
movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on
software source code. The new name they chose was "open source", and quickly
Bruce Perens, publisher Tim O'Reilly Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the
rebranding. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage
use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles.
While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and
evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found
themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and
universal access to an application's source code. A Microsoft executive publicly stated
in 2001 that "open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine
something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-
property business." This view perfectly summarizes the initial response to FOSS by
some software corporations. However, while FOSS has historically played a role
outside of the mainstream of private software development, companies as large as
Microsoft have begun to develop official open-source presences on the Internet. IBM,
Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public
stake in today's competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in
the corporate philosophy concerning the development of free and open-source
software (FOSS)[2].
The free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of
individuals advocated that the term free software should be replaced by open-source
software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for
the corporate world. Software developers may want to publish their software with an
open-source license, so that anybody may also develop the same software or
understand its internal functioning. With open-source software, generally anyone is
allowed to create modifications of it, port it to new operating systems and processor
architectures, share it with others or, in some cases, market it. Scholars Casson and
Ryan have pointed out several policy-based reasons for adoption of open source – in
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particular, the heightened value proposition from open source (when compared to
most proprietary formats) in the following categories:
Security
Affordability
Transparency
Perpetuity
Interoperability
Flexibility
Localization—particularly in the context of local governments (who make software
decisions). Casson and Ryan argue that "governments have an inherent responsibility
and fiduciary duty to taxpayers" which includes the careful analysis of these factors
when deciding to purchase proprietary software or implement an open-source option.
The Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and
further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source
software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved
by copyright law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have
qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent
and popular example is the GNU General Public License (GPL), which "allows free
distribution under the condition that further developments and applications are put
under the same licence", thus also free. While open-source distribution presents a way
to make the source code of a product publicly accessible, the open-source licenses
allow the authors to fine tune such access.
The open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7, 1998 in Palo
Alto in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release
for Navigator (as Mozilla). A group of individuals at the session included Tim
O'Reilly, Linus Torvalds, Tom Paquin, Jamie Zawinski, Larry Wall, Brian
Behlendorf, Sameer Parekh, Eric Allman, Greg Olson, Paul Vixie, John Ousterhout,
Guido van Rossum, Philip Zimmermann, John Gilmore and Eric S. Raymond. They
used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a
potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in English[3][1].
Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open
source movement, while others do not distinguish between open-source and free
software movements.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word "free" to
mean freedom to distribute (or "free as in free speech") and not freedom from cost (or
"free as in free beer"). Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free
of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-
commercial [4].
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S.
Raymond and Bruce Perens. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of
closed software development versus open development already provided by the
Internet developer community, the OSI presented the "open source" case to
commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label
"open source", a term suggested by Peterson of the Foresight Institute at the strategy
session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free
software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical
benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software
businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to
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register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical
by trademark standards. Meanwhile, due to the presentation of Raymond's paper to
the upper management at Netscape—Raymond only discovered when he read the
Press Release, and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day—
Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favourable results.
3. DEFINITIONS OF AN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
The Open Source Initiative's (OSI) definition is recognized as the standard or de facto
definition. Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens formed the organization in February
1998. With about 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed and open
development already provided by the Internet, OSI continued to present the "open
source" case to commercial businesses. They sought to bring a higher profile to the
practical benefits of freely available source code, and wanted to bring major software
businesses and other high-tech industries into open source[1][2].
OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a
software license open source. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software
Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Perens. Perens did not base his writing
on the "four freedoms" of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF),
which were only widely available later[1][3].
Under Perens' definition, open source describes a broad general type of software
license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-
existent copyright restrictions. The principles, as stated, say absolutely nothing about
trademark or patent use and require absolutely no cooperation to ensure that any
common audit or release regime applies to any derived works. It is an explicit
"feature" of open source that it may put no restrictions on the use or distribution by
any organization or user. It forbids this, in principle, to guarantee continued access to
derived works even by the major original contributors [2].
Despite initially accepting it. Richard Stallman of the FSF now flatly opposes the
term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although it
is clear that legally free software does qualify as open source, Stallman considers that
the category is abusive. Critics also oppose the professed pragmatism of the Open
Source Initiative, as they fear that the free software ideals of freedom and community
are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software
freedom. The FSF considers free software to be a subset of open source software, and
Richard Stallman carefully elaborated that DRM software, for example, can be
developed as open source, despite that it does not give its users freedom (it restricts
them), and thus doesn't qualify as free software.
4. OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE LICENSING
A license defines the rights and obligations that a licensor grants to a licensee. Open-
source licenses grant licensees the right to copy, modify and redistribute source code
(or content). These licenses may also impose obligations (e.g., modifications to the
code that are distributed must be made available in source code form, an author
attribution must be placed in a program/ documentation using that open source).
Authors initially derive a right to grant a license to their work based on the legal
theory that upon creation of a work the author owns the copyright in that work. What
the author/licensor is granting when they grant a license to copy, modify and
redistribute their work is the right to use the author's copyrights. The author still
retains ownership of those copyrights, the licensee simply is allowed to use those
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rights, as granted in the license, so long as they maintain the obligations of the license.
The author does have the option to sell/assign, versus license, their exclusive right to
the copyrights to their work; whereupon the new owner/assignee controls the
copyrights. The ownership of the copyright (the "rights") is separate and distinct from
the ownership of the work (the "thing") – a person can own a copy of a piece of code
(or a copy of a book) without the rights to copy, modify or redistribute copies of it.
When an author contributes code to an open-source project (e.g., Apache.org) they
do so under an explicit license (e.g., the Apache Contributor License Agreement) or
an implicit license (e.g. the open-source license under which the project is already
licensing code). Some open-source projects do not take contributed code under a
license, but actually require (joint) assignment of the author's copyright in order to
accept code contributions into the project (e.g., OpenOffice.org and its Joint
Copyright Assignment agreement).
Placing code (or content) in the public domain is a way of waiving an author's (or
owner's) copyrights in that work. No license is granted, and none is needed, to copy,
modify or redistribute a work in the public domain.
Examples of free software license / open-source licenses include Apache License,
BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License,
MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License[3][5].
The proliferation of open-source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the
open-source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal
implications of the differences between licenses. With more than 180,000 open-source
projects available and its more than 1400 unique licenses, the complexity of deciding
how to manage open-source usage within "closed-source" commercial enterprises
have dramatically increased. Some are home-grown while others are modelled after
mainstream FOSS licenses such as Berkeley Software Distribution ("BSD"), Apache,
MIT-style (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), or GNU General Public License
("GPL"). In view of this, open-source practitioners are starting to use classification
schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped (typically based on the existence and
obligations imposed by the copy left provision; the strength of the copy left
provision)[1].
An important legal milestone for the open source / free software movement was
passed in 2008, when the US federal appeals court ruled that free software licences
definitely do set legally binding conditions on the use of copyrighted work, and they
are therefore enforceable under existing copyright law. As a result, if end-users do
violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing
copyright.
4.1. Certifications
Certification can help to build higher user confidence. Certification could be applied
to the simplest component that can be used by developers to build the simplest
module to a whole software system. There have been numerous institutions evolving
in this area of open source software including The International Institute of Software
Technology / United Nations University. UNU/IIST is a non-profit research and
education institution of The United Nations. It is currently involved in a project
known as "The Global Desktop Project". This project aims to build a desktop
interface that every end-user is able to understand and interact with, thus crossing the
language and cultural barriers. It is drawing huge attention from parties involved in
areas ranging from application development to localization. Furthermore, this project
6. Prof. Abhinav V. Deshpande
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will improve developing nations' access to information systems. UNU/IIST aims to
achieve this without any compromise in the quality of the software. It believes a
global standard can be maintained by introducing certifications and is currently
organizing conferences in order to explore frontiers in the field[5][6].
Alternatively, assurance models (such as DO178B) have already solved the
"certification" approach for software. This approach is tailorable and can be applied to
OSS, but only if the requisite planning and execution, design, test and traceability
artefacts are generated.
5. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS
5.1. Development Model
In his 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar open-source evangelist Eric S.
Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the bazaar model.
Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building
a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working
in splendid isolation". He suggests that all software should be developed using the
bazaar style, which he described as "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and
approaches”.
In the traditional model of development, which he called the cathedral model
development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include
people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the
project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering
follows the cathedral model. Fred P. Brooks in his book The Mythical Man-Month
advocates this model. He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural
integrity of a system the system design should be done by as few architects as
possible[2][3].
The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly
defined. Gregorio Robles suggests that software developed using the bazaar model
should exhibit the following patterns.
5.2. Advantages and Disadvantages
Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several
advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is
a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that
offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain
competitive advantage. It has also helped to build developer loyalty as developers feel
empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product[4][6].
Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS.
OSS also helps companies keep abreast of technology developments. It is a good tool
to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. The OSS
development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and
inexpensively.
The term "open source" was originally intended to be trade markable; however,
the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists. Besides, it offers the
potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more
reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and
fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers
to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open
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source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different
programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal
goals speeds up innovation [3].
Moreover, free software can be developed in accord with purely technical
requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often
degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software
developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security
requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer [2] [6].
It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well
defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and
documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single
programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some
rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible. In the most complex projects
these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent
developers.
Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example Source Xchange and
Eazel. Software experts and researchers who are not convinced by open source's
ability to produce quality systems identify the unclear process, the late defect
discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems
(collected data concerning productivity and quality). It is also difficult to design a
commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently,
only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market. In terms
of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or
loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software. It depends on
control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents
who participate in virtual organizations [3].
5.3. Development tools
In OSS development, the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed
among different geographic regions, so there is need for tools to aid participants to
collaborate in source code development. Often, these tools are also available as OSS
[1] [2].
Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later
Subversion (SVN) and Git, and the GNU Compiler Collection are examples of tools
that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a
software project. These tools are themselves OSS.
Utilities that automate testing, compiling, and bug reporting help preserve stability
and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers,
quality controller, or technical support. Building systems that report compilation
errors among different platforms include Tinderbox. Commonly used bug trackers
include Bugzilla and GNATS [3] [4].
Tools such as mailing lists, IRC, and instant messaging provide means of Internet
communication between developers. The Web is also a core feature of all of the above
systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a software
development management system, including GNU Savannah, Source Forge, and
Bounty Source.
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5.4. Projects and organization
Some of the "more prominent organizations" involved in OSS development include
the Apache Software Foundation, creators of the Apache web server; the Linux
Foundation, a non profit which as of 2012 employed Linus Torvalds, the creator of
the Linux operating system kernel; the Eclipse Foundation, home of the Eclipse
software development platform; the Debian Project, creators of the influential Debian
GNU/Linux distribution; the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser;
and OW2, European-born community developing open source middleware. New
organizations tend to have a more sophisticated governance model and their
membership is often formed by legal entity members [5] [3].
Several open source programs have become defining entries in their space,
including the GIMP image editing system; Sun's Java programming language and
environment; the My SQL database system; the FreeBSD Unix operating system;
Libre Office productivity suite; and the Wire shark network packet sniffer and
protocol analyser.
Open Source development is often performed "live and in public", using services
provided for free on the Internet, such as the Launch pad and Git Hub web sites.
Open Source Software Institute is a membership-based, non-profit (501 (c)(6))
organization established in 2001 that promotes the development and implementation
of open source software solutions within US Federal, state and local government
agencies. OSSI's efforts have focused on promoting adoption of open source software
programs and policies within Federal Government and Defence and Homeland
Security communities.
Open Source for America is a group created to raise awareness in the U.S. Federal
Government about the benefits of open source software. Their stated goals are to
encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open source
software projects, and incorporation of open source community dynamics to increase
government transparency.
Mil-OSS is a group dedicated to the advancement of OSS use and creation in the
military [3] [6].
5.5. Funding
A commonly employed business strategy of commercial open-source software firms
is the dual-license strategy, as demonstrated by Ingres, MySQL, eXo Platform,
Alfresco, Sleepy cat and others.
Another business strategy could be adapted from existing Internet micro-payments
systems including flattr and paypal [3] [4] [6].
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the importance and application of using an open source software in
different branches of Science and Engineering like Medicine, Technology, Defence
and Military purposes, Aviation, Construction of huge buildings and Monuments,
Signal and Image Processing Applications, Education and even in our day to day life
is presented. The paper highlights the important aspects of using an open source
software in many commercial and practical applications and also in our day to day
life. The paper puts the theme of using an open source software regarding the
development of an open source model, the history behind the origin of an open source
software system and the different advantages and disadvantages of using the open
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source software thereby facilitating and recognizing the usage of such software. I
think this research paper will open a new horizon in the field of Science and
Engineering and will persuade the researchers to think about the different offshoots
which are lying beneath the plethora of such an efficient and wonderful software
system that may contribute to the development of an technology enriched nation so
that the future of our country may seem to grow in a novel and different way.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work was undertaken as a part of Improvement and Development of
Technical Education and Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP-2) which was
sponsored by Maharashtra Human Resource Development (MHRD) in order to
develop and acquire new and the latest skills in the field of Software Engineering. I
hope that this research work will try to upgrade the necessary and requisite amount of
technical knowledge and will impart new skills which will be useful for the
development of a stronger and self-sufficient nation thereby trying to innovate new
paradigms in the field of Computer Science and Software Engineering so that the
future generation of software engineers will get a benefit of the proposed system and
will work to improve the lacunas which are present in the current and existing
technology. I am thankful to all the staff members and faculties which took great
efforts for the successful execution of the programme. I am also thankful to the HOD,
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Prof. Ram Meghe
Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera, Amravati-444701.
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