This document summarizes a study that analyzed the transient elasto-plastic response of bridge piers subjected to vehicle collision through finite element analysis. Six bridge pier designs with varying geometry and three different concrete grades were simulated when impacted by two types of vehicles. The results revealed how the pier's response depends on its geometry, concrete grade, vehicle speed and mass. The study aimed to investigate the effects of these parameters on the pier considering the material nonlinearity of concrete.
This document describes a study that uses finite element analysis to develop an alternative method for analyzing rigid pavements. The study uses the commercial FEM software LUSAS to model a two-layer pavement system under single-wheel loading conditions. Results for flexural stresses are compared between plane strain and axisymmetric models, as well as with results from the Portland Cement Association design method. An example problem is presented to illustrate how FEM can be used for rigid pavement analysis and design.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes gear design concepts including spur gear tooth force analysis, tooth stresses, and equations for calculating tooth bending stress. It discusses Lewis and AGMA equations for bending stress that consider factors like pitch line velocity, manufacturing accuracy, and stress concentration. It also presents Buckingham's dynamic load equation that models impact loads due to machining errors. Permissible stresses are defined based on material endurance limits. Design of spur gears involves ensuring dynamic loads do not exceed permissible stresses calculated using provided equations and factors.
A novel method for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear to...Alexander Decker
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear tooth with asymmetric profiles. It develops typical dynamic load factor equations for symmetric and asymmetric tooth gear in single and double tooth contact. A nonlinear time-varying mesh stiffness model is presented based on bending, shear, Hertzian, and foundation deflections. The effect of pressure angle asymmetry and static transmitted load on transmission error and dynamic load factor are studied. The results indicate that asymmetric tooth profiles can enhance transmission error and dynamic load factor compared to symmetric profiles.
Effect of skew angle on uplift and deflection of rcc skew slabeSAT Journals
Abstract The study deals with the finite element modeling of simply supported skew slab with varying skew angles using ANSYS software. The behavior of the simply supported skew slab under point load applied at the centre depends on the ratio of short diagonal to its span. Skew slabs with ratio of short diagonal to span less than unity show lifting of acute corners whereas slabs with ratio of short diagonal to span greater than unity do not. Skew slab specimen with ratio of short diagonal to span less than unity is considered here for studying the effect of skew angle on the behavior of skew slab. The dimensions of skew slab were taken from available experimental data. In this paper skew angles varying from 0º to 30º were taken for the study. After the nonlinear finite element analysis of all skew slabs it is revealed that when skew angle increases the uplift at both the acute corners also increases. The result also suggests that the load carrying capacity increases with increase in skew angle. Keywords: Reinforced concrete, Finite element analysis, Skew slab, Uplift
Modelling of Permanent Deformation on Flexible Pavement Using Accelerated Pav...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The two major distresses encountered on flexible pavement under Indian conditions are fracture
(cracking) and longitudinal permanent deformation (rutting) which affects the serviceability of pavement.
Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility (APTF) is a tool which is a vital link for testing and measuring full-scale
field behaviour of cracking and rutting of pavement at in-situ conditions. Recently, CSIR-Central Road
Research Institute (CRRI) in India has procured a linear Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) type of APTF which is
presently being used for finding out the cracking and rutting behaviour of a flexible pavement consisting Dense
Bituminous Concrete (DBC) as wearing course and Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) as binder course apart
from the conventional granular layers above sub-grade.
The present paper deals with the development of a statistical model and its approach for pavement
rutting under numerous passes (bi-directional) for the layer specifications which are (i) 40 mm DBC (ii) 120
mm DBM (iii) 250 mm Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) and (iv) 300 mm Granular Sub-base (GSB) above the Subgrade,
which is an Indian Specification widely used for 30 Million Standard Axles (MSA) at 5% CBR. The
statistical model has been developed by observing / recording pavement surface profile using Laser
Profilometer (off board) for every 5,000 passes upto 50,000 passes, thereafter at every 10,000 passes upto
175,000 passes and then at every 25,000 passes upto 275,000 passes. The details of methodology adopted, load
applied, temperature and material properties have also been given in the paper.
Keywords: Flexible pavement, Rutting, Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility,Modelling,Profilometer
This document provides an overview of spur gear design, including surface durability concepts, common failure modes, and equations for calculating contact stress. It discusses Buckingham's contact stress equation and modifications made by AGMA to account for factors like velocity, overload, and load distribution. Methods for determining the surface fatigue strength of gear materials are presented. Finally, common materials used for gears like cast iron, steel, and bronze are described.
This document describes a study that uses finite element analysis to develop an alternative method for analyzing rigid pavements. The study uses the commercial FEM software LUSAS to model a two-layer pavement system under single-wheel loading conditions. Results for flexural stresses are compared between plane strain and axisymmetric models, as well as with results from the Portland Cement Association design method. An example problem is presented to illustrate how FEM can be used for rigid pavement analysis and design.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes gear design concepts including spur gear tooth force analysis, tooth stresses, and equations for calculating tooth bending stress. It discusses Lewis and AGMA equations for bending stress that consider factors like pitch line velocity, manufacturing accuracy, and stress concentration. It also presents Buckingham's dynamic load equation that models impact loads due to machining errors. Permissible stresses are defined based on material endurance limits. Design of spur gears involves ensuring dynamic loads do not exceed permissible stresses calculated using provided equations and factors.
A novel method for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear to...Alexander Decker
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating the dynamic load factor of an involute gear tooth with asymmetric profiles. It develops typical dynamic load factor equations for symmetric and asymmetric tooth gear in single and double tooth contact. A nonlinear time-varying mesh stiffness model is presented based on bending, shear, Hertzian, and foundation deflections. The effect of pressure angle asymmetry and static transmitted load on transmission error and dynamic load factor are studied. The results indicate that asymmetric tooth profiles can enhance transmission error and dynamic load factor compared to symmetric profiles.
Effect of skew angle on uplift and deflection of rcc skew slabeSAT Journals
Abstract The study deals with the finite element modeling of simply supported skew slab with varying skew angles using ANSYS software. The behavior of the simply supported skew slab under point load applied at the centre depends on the ratio of short diagonal to its span. Skew slabs with ratio of short diagonal to span less than unity show lifting of acute corners whereas slabs with ratio of short diagonal to span greater than unity do not. Skew slab specimen with ratio of short diagonal to span less than unity is considered here for studying the effect of skew angle on the behavior of skew slab. The dimensions of skew slab were taken from available experimental data. In this paper skew angles varying from 0º to 30º were taken for the study. After the nonlinear finite element analysis of all skew slabs it is revealed that when skew angle increases the uplift at both the acute corners also increases. The result also suggests that the load carrying capacity increases with increase in skew angle. Keywords: Reinforced concrete, Finite element analysis, Skew slab, Uplift
Modelling of Permanent Deformation on Flexible Pavement Using Accelerated Pav...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The two major distresses encountered on flexible pavement under Indian conditions are fracture
(cracking) and longitudinal permanent deformation (rutting) which affects the serviceability of pavement.
Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility (APTF) is a tool which is a vital link for testing and measuring full-scale
field behaviour of cracking and rutting of pavement at in-situ conditions. Recently, CSIR-Central Road
Research Institute (CRRI) in India has procured a linear Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) type of APTF which is
presently being used for finding out the cracking and rutting behaviour of a flexible pavement consisting Dense
Bituminous Concrete (DBC) as wearing course and Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) as binder course apart
from the conventional granular layers above sub-grade.
The present paper deals with the development of a statistical model and its approach for pavement
rutting under numerous passes (bi-directional) for the layer specifications which are (i) 40 mm DBC (ii) 120
mm DBM (iii) 250 mm Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) and (iv) 300 mm Granular Sub-base (GSB) above the Subgrade,
which is an Indian Specification widely used for 30 Million Standard Axles (MSA) at 5% CBR. The
statistical model has been developed by observing / recording pavement surface profile using Laser
Profilometer (off board) for every 5,000 passes upto 50,000 passes, thereafter at every 10,000 passes upto
175,000 passes and then at every 25,000 passes upto 275,000 passes. The details of methodology adopted, load
applied, temperature and material properties have also been given in the paper.
Keywords: Flexible pavement, Rutting, Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility,Modelling,Profilometer
This document provides an overview of spur gear design, including surface durability concepts, common failure modes, and equations for calculating contact stress. It discusses Buckingham's contact stress equation and modifications made by AGMA to account for factors like velocity, overload, and load distribution. Methods for determining the surface fatigue strength of gear materials are presented. Finally, common materials used for gears like cast iron, steel, and bronze are described.
IRJET- Study of Static Analysis on Conventional and Oblique Prestressed C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing the static analysis of conventional and oblique prestressed concrete bridge superstructures. The study models and analyzes both types of bridge designs using CSi Bridge software. Conventional prestressing uses tendons running longitudinally along the girders, while oblique prestressing orients the tendons at a 45 degree angle to apply prestress transversely. The analysis found that oblique prestressing can eliminate the need for transverse joints and reduce slab thickness compared to conventional methods. Increasing the spacing of oblique tendons was also analyzed to study its effects.
EFFECT OF IMPACTOR FOR STRUCTURE WITH FOAM UNDER AXIAL LOADSIAEME Publication
The impactor effects were determined for foam filled structures under axial impact loading with parameters such as specific energy absorption, mean and peak crushing force. Crashworthiness behaviors for instance, mode of deformation and structures performance were studied using numerical solution after it validated to relevant experiment. The velocity has more significant influence than mass of impactor as outcomes of this paper. In addition, the correlation of crashworthiness indicators when kinetic energy constant in the various of im pactor mass and velocity
Seismic vulnerability of flat plate column joint with out slab shear reinforc...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the seismic vulnerability of flat plate column joints without slab shear reinforcement. A finite element model was developed and calibrated based on an experimental test. The model was then used to analyze flat plate column joints without slab shear reinforcement subjected to combined gravity and cyclic lateral loads. The results showed that joints without slab shear reinforcement are vulnerable to brittle punching shear failure and have low ductility. Inclusion of slab shear reinforcement can improve behavior in terms of ductility, energy dissipation, and resisting punching failure.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
This document analyzes the effect of skew on stress resultants in T-beam bridges under various Indian Road Congress (IRC) loading conditions. T-beam bridge models with spans of 14m and varying skew angles from 0-45 degrees were modeled and analyzed using CSi Bridge software. The results show that bending moment, shear force, and torsion increase with higher skew angles and heavier loadings. Specifically, IRC AA tracked loading produces 10-15% higher bending moments than IRC 70R loading. IRC AA tracked and wheeled loadings also produce significantly different stress responses, with up to 40% variation. The analysis provides guidance on the behavior of skewed T-beam bridges under IRC standard loadings.
Comparative study on normal and skew bridge of psc box girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays the demand for high skew bridges has increased, and many bridge decks are built with some form of skew. The behavior of bridge is effected considerably with the presence of skew angle in bridge decks. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the skew bridge comparing with the normal bridge for skew angle 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. The finite element analysis is carried out for single span, two span and three span deck for dead load and moving load (IRC class 70R) loading using software SAP2000 ver.14. The results are presented in terms of displacement, bending moment and shear force. Keywords: Skew bridges, skew angle, PSC box girder, span length
Pushover analysis of rc frame structure with floating column and soft story i...eSAT Journals
Abstract Open first story and Floating column are typical features in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically active areas; this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during the past earthquakes like Bhuj 2001. In this study an attempt is made to reveal the effects of floating column & soft story in different earthquake zones by seismic analysis. For this purpose Push over analysis is adopted because this analysis will yield performance level of building for design capacity (displacement) carried out up to failure, it helps determination of collapse load and ductility capacity of the structure. To achieve this objective, three RC bare frame structures with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories respectively will be analysed and compared the base force and displacement of RC bare frame structure with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories in different earthquake zones like Rajkot, Jamnagar and Bhuj using SAP 2000 14 analysis package. Keywords: - floating column, soft story, pushover analysis, earthquake resistant structure
The effect of varying span on Design of Medium span Reinforced Concrete T-bea...theijes
Bridge is a structure providing passageway over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. T-beam Bridge is mainly used by designer for small and medium span bridge. Reinforced Concrete is mostly used for highway bridge construction because of its durability, rigidity, economy, ease of construction and ease with pleasing appearance. This paper describes the design of 4-lane Reinforced Concrete T-beam Bridge deck considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading with span varying from 25 to 40m. After computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it is observed that dead load bending moment with increasing span increases almost square of span
IRJET- Parametric Study of RC Deck Slab Bridge with Varying Thickness: A Conc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research by various authors on the parametric study and analysis of reinforced concrete deck slab bridges with varying thickness. It discusses research analyzing the behavior of T-beam bridges under different loadings and spans. The document reviews studies on integral bridges, box girder bridges, and the effects of parameters like skew angle, span length, and number of girders on bridge behavior. It identifies gaps in existing research and the need for further studies on the economic and safe design of bridges.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Composite Column Subjected to Non-Linear Time History Method in Compar...IRJET Journal
The document compares the seismic performance of a 15-story building with a composite steel-concrete frame to a conventional reinforced concrete (RC) frame using time history analysis. The building models have column spacings of either 5m or 10m and are subjected to seismic zone IV ground motions. Parameters such as displacements, drifts, accelerations, forces, stiffness, and base shear are compared between the composite and RC frame models. The results found that the composite structure performed better in terms of lower displacements and drifts. The composite structure was also found to be more economical.
This document discusses stresses on composite girder bridges with square and skewed spans. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study objectives, which are to analyze stresses on solid slab and composite deck arrangements under a 1t/m^2 load and investigate skew effects. The introduction provides background on composite construction using reinforced concrete slabs on steel girders. Key points made include that composite bridges experience less stress than solid slabs and that analysis will be done using STAAD-Pro software. The document then discusses the behavior and characteristics of skewed bridge decks compared to straight decks, noting increased stresses at obtuse corners and possible uplift at acute corners with higher skew angles.
IRJET- Capacity Analysis of Post-Tensioned Steel Structure in Column RemovalIRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the capacity of post-tensioned steel frames when subjected to gradual vertical displacement from the removal of a column.
2) Various methods for improving stability when a column is removed are studied using finite element analysis, including increasing beam depth, adding corrugations, and different bracing systems.
3) Circular bracing is found to be the most effective method, distributing loads without excessive stress or strain, and increasing the structure's load carrying capacity after column removal.
IRJET- Study of Response of Wall Type Pier for Varying Width of Superstru...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of wall-type bridge piers with varying superstructure widths. Finite element models of piers were developed in MIDAS Civil for superstructure widths of 8m, 10m, 12.5m, and 16m. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to obtain bending stresses, natural periods, and modal mass participation. Results showed natural periods decreased for the first two modes as width increased. Stresses also decreased with increasing width. Modal mass participation saw little change with varying width. In conclusion, wider superstructures led to improved seismic performance of wall-type piers.
IRJET- Developing of an Equivalent Rectanuglar Column for an L-Shaped RC Colu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing an equivalent rectangular column for an L-shaped reinforced concrete column with similar ultimate load and moment characteristics. It describes analyzing the behavior of L-shaped columns through interaction diagrams. Values of ultimate load and moment resisting capacity are calculated for varying neutral axis positions within and outside the section of both L-shaped and equivalent rectangular columns. Interaction curves are generated and compared for the L-shaped column and rectangular columns of different breadth-to-depth ratios, keeping the area of steel and concrete the same. The study aims to obtain an equivalent rectangular section for the L-shaped column with matching load-moment behavior.
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes audience research conducted by Rachel Beck. The research found that her target audience is 18-29 year olds who typically watch music videos a few times a week. Based on this, she plans to create a music video that her target audience will want to watch multiple times. She also intends to include multiple artists in a performance video. Additionally, the research found successful music video covers to be memorable, so Rachel will look to them for inspiration for her own covers.
The document discusses definitions for an asthma cohort in research. It will define persistent asthma as a physician-diagnosed asthma using ICD-9 codes from AHRQ, plus either over 1 prescriptions for asthma medications in the past year or over 2 asthma-related healthcare visits without medications. The AHRQ codes may not apply to an outpatient setting, so it considers HEDIS and study definitions using EHR data that define persistent asthma based on medication dispensing events and asthma-related visits over time periods. Exclusions like smokers and chronic lung diseases are also discussed.
Sills MR. Inpatient capacity margin at children's hospitals during the fall 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Presentation to the Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center. 14 June 2010.
Vestidos de Novia- Colección 2017
ManuAlvarez aporta este 2017 diseños muy actuales para las novias que buscan destacar por su diseño y elegancia.
Esta temporada las mangas abullonadas, los cuerpos ablusados, los volúmenes en las faldas y el efecto peplum también es una de las características de los diseños de Novia de ManuAlvarez.
Vestidos livianos, juveniles y de tejidos delicados enamorarán a las novias más exigentes que quieren sorprender en el día de su boda.
1. The document compares typing speeds on touchscreen keyboards under different conditions, including with and without auditory or home row positioning feedback.
2. An experiment was conducted with 24 participants typing sentences on an iPad under 4 conditions: with both feedbacks, with only one feedback, with only positioning, and with neither.
3. Response times were measured to determine if feedback and positioning affected typing speed. It was hypothesized that feedback and positioning would reduce scanning time and increase speed.
IRJET- Study of Static Analysis on Conventional and Oblique Prestressed C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing the static analysis of conventional and oblique prestressed concrete bridge superstructures. The study models and analyzes both types of bridge designs using CSi Bridge software. Conventional prestressing uses tendons running longitudinally along the girders, while oblique prestressing orients the tendons at a 45 degree angle to apply prestress transversely. The analysis found that oblique prestressing can eliminate the need for transverse joints and reduce slab thickness compared to conventional methods. Increasing the spacing of oblique tendons was also analyzed to study its effects.
EFFECT OF IMPACTOR FOR STRUCTURE WITH FOAM UNDER AXIAL LOADSIAEME Publication
The impactor effects were determined for foam filled structures under axial impact loading with parameters such as specific energy absorption, mean and peak crushing force. Crashworthiness behaviors for instance, mode of deformation and structures performance were studied using numerical solution after it validated to relevant experiment. The velocity has more significant influence than mass of impactor as outcomes of this paper. In addition, the correlation of crashworthiness indicators when kinetic energy constant in the various of im pactor mass and velocity
Seismic vulnerability of flat plate column joint with out slab shear reinforc...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the seismic vulnerability of flat plate column joints without slab shear reinforcement. A finite element model was developed and calibrated based on an experimental test. The model was then used to analyze flat plate column joints without slab shear reinforcement subjected to combined gravity and cyclic lateral loads. The results showed that joints without slab shear reinforcement are vulnerable to brittle punching shear failure and have low ductility. Inclusion of slab shear reinforcement can improve behavior in terms of ductility, energy dissipation, and resisting punching failure.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
This document analyzes the effect of skew on stress resultants in T-beam bridges under various Indian Road Congress (IRC) loading conditions. T-beam bridge models with spans of 14m and varying skew angles from 0-45 degrees were modeled and analyzed using CSi Bridge software. The results show that bending moment, shear force, and torsion increase with higher skew angles and heavier loadings. Specifically, IRC AA tracked loading produces 10-15% higher bending moments than IRC 70R loading. IRC AA tracked and wheeled loadings also produce significantly different stress responses, with up to 40% variation. The analysis provides guidance on the behavior of skewed T-beam bridges under IRC standard loadings.
Comparative study on normal and skew bridge of psc box girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays the demand for high skew bridges has increased, and many bridge decks are built with some form of skew. The behavior of bridge is effected considerably with the presence of skew angle in bridge decks. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the skew bridge comparing with the normal bridge for skew angle 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. The finite element analysis is carried out for single span, two span and three span deck for dead load and moving load (IRC class 70R) loading using software SAP2000 ver.14. The results are presented in terms of displacement, bending moment and shear force. Keywords: Skew bridges, skew angle, PSC box girder, span length
Pushover analysis of rc frame structure with floating column and soft story i...eSAT Journals
Abstract Open first story and Floating column are typical features in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically active areas; this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during the past earthquakes like Bhuj 2001. In this study an attempt is made to reveal the effects of floating column & soft story in different earthquake zones by seismic analysis. For this purpose Push over analysis is adopted because this analysis will yield performance level of building for design capacity (displacement) carried out up to failure, it helps determination of collapse load and ductility capacity of the structure. To achieve this objective, three RC bare frame structures with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories respectively will be analysed and compared the base force and displacement of RC bare frame structure with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories in different earthquake zones like Rajkot, Jamnagar and Bhuj using SAP 2000 14 analysis package. Keywords: - floating column, soft story, pushover analysis, earthquake resistant structure
The effect of varying span on Design of Medium span Reinforced Concrete T-bea...theijes
Bridge is a structure providing passageway over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. T-beam Bridge is mainly used by designer for small and medium span bridge. Reinforced Concrete is mostly used for highway bridge construction because of its durability, rigidity, economy, ease of construction and ease with pleasing appearance. This paper describes the design of 4-lane Reinforced Concrete T-beam Bridge deck considering IRC Class-AA tracked loading with span varying from 25 to 40m. After computing manually and STAAD Pro analysis software, it is observed that dead load bending moment with increasing span increases almost square of span
IRJET- Parametric Study of RC Deck Slab Bridge with Varying Thickness: A Conc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research by various authors on the parametric study and analysis of reinforced concrete deck slab bridges with varying thickness. It discusses research analyzing the behavior of T-beam bridges under different loadings and spans. The document reviews studies on integral bridges, box girder bridges, and the effects of parameters like skew angle, span length, and number of girders on bridge behavior. It identifies gaps in existing research and the need for further studies on the economic and safe design of bridges.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Composite Column Subjected to Non-Linear Time History Method in Compar...IRJET Journal
The document compares the seismic performance of a 15-story building with a composite steel-concrete frame to a conventional reinforced concrete (RC) frame using time history analysis. The building models have column spacings of either 5m or 10m and are subjected to seismic zone IV ground motions. Parameters such as displacements, drifts, accelerations, forces, stiffness, and base shear are compared between the composite and RC frame models. The results found that the composite structure performed better in terms of lower displacements and drifts. The composite structure was also found to be more economical.
This document discusses stresses on composite girder bridges with square and skewed spans. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study objectives, which are to analyze stresses on solid slab and composite deck arrangements under a 1t/m^2 load and investigate skew effects. The introduction provides background on composite construction using reinforced concrete slabs on steel girders. Key points made include that composite bridges experience less stress than solid slabs and that analysis will be done using STAAD-Pro software. The document then discusses the behavior and characteristics of skewed bridge decks compared to straight decks, noting increased stresses at obtuse corners and possible uplift at acute corners with higher skew angles.
IRJET- Capacity Analysis of Post-Tensioned Steel Structure in Column RemovalIRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the capacity of post-tensioned steel frames when subjected to gradual vertical displacement from the removal of a column.
2) Various methods for improving stability when a column is removed are studied using finite element analysis, including increasing beam depth, adding corrugations, and different bracing systems.
3) Circular bracing is found to be the most effective method, distributing loads without excessive stress or strain, and increasing the structure's load carrying capacity after column removal.
IRJET- Study of Response of Wall Type Pier for Varying Width of Superstru...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic response of wall-type bridge piers with varying superstructure widths. Finite element models of piers were developed in MIDAS Civil for superstructure widths of 8m, 10m, 12.5m, and 16m. Response spectrum analysis was conducted according to Indian codes to obtain bending stresses, natural periods, and modal mass participation. Results showed natural periods decreased for the first two modes as width increased. Stresses also decreased with increasing width. Modal mass participation saw little change with varying width. In conclusion, wider superstructures led to improved seismic performance of wall-type piers.
IRJET- Developing of an Equivalent Rectanuglar Column for an L-Shaped RC Colu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses developing an equivalent rectangular column for an L-shaped reinforced concrete column with similar ultimate load and moment characteristics. It describes analyzing the behavior of L-shaped columns through interaction diagrams. Values of ultimate load and moment resisting capacity are calculated for varying neutral axis positions within and outside the section of both L-shaped and equivalent rectangular columns. Interaction curves are generated and compared for the L-shaped column and rectangular columns of different breadth-to-depth ratios, keeping the area of steel and concrete the same. The study aims to obtain an equivalent rectangular section for the L-shaped column with matching load-moment behavior.
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes audience research conducted by Rachel Beck. The research found that her target audience is 18-29 year olds who typically watch music videos a few times a week. Based on this, she plans to create a music video that her target audience will want to watch multiple times. She also intends to include multiple artists in a performance video. Additionally, the research found successful music video covers to be memorable, so Rachel will look to them for inspiration for her own covers.
The document discusses definitions for an asthma cohort in research. It will define persistent asthma as a physician-diagnosed asthma using ICD-9 codes from AHRQ, plus either over 1 prescriptions for asthma medications in the past year or over 2 asthma-related healthcare visits without medications. The AHRQ codes may not apply to an outpatient setting, so it considers HEDIS and study definitions using EHR data that define persistent asthma based on medication dispensing events and asthma-related visits over time periods. Exclusions like smokers and chronic lung diseases are also discussed.
Sills MR. Inpatient capacity margin at children's hospitals during the fall 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Presentation to the Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center. 14 June 2010.
Vestidos de Novia- Colección 2017
ManuAlvarez aporta este 2017 diseños muy actuales para las novias que buscan destacar por su diseño y elegancia.
Esta temporada las mangas abullonadas, los cuerpos ablusados, los volúmenes en las faldas y el efecto peplum también es una de las características de los diseños de Novia de ManuAlvarez.
Vestidos livianos, juveniles y de tejidos delicados enamorarán a las novias más exigentes que quieren sorprender en el día de su boda.
1. The document compares typing speeds on touchscreen keyboards under different conditions, including with and without auditory or home row positioning feedback.
2. An experiment was conducted with 24 participants typing sentences on an iPad under 4 conditions: with both feedbacks, with only one feedback, with only positioning, and with neither.
3. Response times were measured to determine if feedback and positioning affected typing speed. It was hypothesized that feedback and positioning would reduce scanning time and increase speed.
This document is a guide for business owners on IT support services and fees. It discusses the main types of technical support: hourly/break-fix, fixed-rate managed services, and software vendor support. Hourly support charges per hour for fixes, while fixed-rate offers ongoing maintenance and support for a monthly fee. The guide recommends fixed-rate support as a more cost-effective prevention-focused approach than break-fix which only addresses problems reactively. It aims to help business owners understand their options and make informed choices about IT support.
The document provides details of a lesson plan for an 8th standard physics class on the topic of mass. It includes the objectives to enable students to develop factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge of mass through various activities and examples. The plan outlines pre-requisites, teaching-learning resources, introduction, discussion points, activities, review questions and a follow up activity to assess students' understanding of mass and its relationship to the amount of matter.
1. The document discusses numerical combustion analysis and ignition timing optimization of a 4-stroke SI engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization.
2. The researchers modeled the 2D combustion chamber geometry of a single cylinder 4-stroke SI engine in ANSYS. They conducted CFD analysis at different ignition timings and identified the optimal timing using GA.
3. The results showed that maximum brake torque, or timing (MBT), occurred at a spark advance angle of 39° before top dead center (TDC), which corresponds to 681° crank angle. This optimal timing was identified as producing the greatest gas pressure and torque.
Sills MR. Cardiovascular Cohorts PROM Measures Updates and Action Items. Slides for teleconference to facilitate discussion of Cardiovascular PRO Measure Selection by SAFTINet Stakeholder Community. 21 March 2012.
This document discusses fatigue among Indian seafarers and its management. It analyzes factors that contribute to seafarer fatigue like long working hours, irregular sleep patterns, and environmental hardships. The study surveyed 150 Indian seafarers to understand the extent, causes, and effects of their fatigue. It found that most seafarers experience mental strain, physical stress, lack of rewards, and responsibility. The study aims to identify solutions to reduce fatigue and improve seafarer health, safety, and performance. Its findings can help shipping companies better implement fatigue management plans.
The document discusses the past continuous passive voice. It provides the structure using "was/were being" or "was/were getting" followed by the past participle. Examples are given for each person and exercises provided for changing sentences from active to passive voice. Key points covered include questioning structures in the passive voice and changing negative sentences into the passive.
1. The document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a heat exchanger to maximize heat transfer efficiency. It describes the Taguchi method process, including designing experiments using orthogonal arrays and analyzing data using signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA.
2. An experiment was conducted using a heat exchanger with varied inlet temperatures, outlet temperatures, and flow rates as control factors. ANOVA results identified inlet temperature and LMTD as highly influential on heat transfer rate.
3. The optimal parameter combination for maximum heat transfer was determined using S/N ratio analysis.
Ceph Day Melbourne - Scale and performance: Servicing the Fabric and the Work...Ceph Community
The document discusses scale and performance challenges in providing storage infrastructure for research computing. It describes Monash University's implementation of the Ceph distributed storage system across multiple clusters to provide a "fabric" for researchers' storage needs in a flexible, scalable way. Key points include:
- Ceph provides software-defined storage that is scalable and can integrate with other systems like OpenStack.
- Multiple Ceph clusters have been implemented at Monash of varying sizes and purposes, including dedicated clusters for research data storage.
- The infrastructure provides different "tiers" of storage with varying performance and cost characteristics to meet different research needs.
- Ongoing work involves expanding capacity and upgrading hardware to improve performance
1. The oil and gas industry is a major source of air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane, and hazardous air pollutants like benzene. Emissions come from extraction, processing, transportation, and equipment leaks.
2. Key sources of emissions include venting and leaks from pipelines, tanks, valves, and pneumatic devices. Intentional venting also occurs during equipment maintenance and liquid removal. These emissions include methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as well as VOCs and toxins.
3. The EPA estimates the oil and gas industry accounts for 30% of US methane emissions and has proposed rules to cut methane by 40-45% by 2025 through requirements on new wells
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare by stating it provides inspiration and allows users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations.
This document provides troubleshooting guidance for issues with Ceph. It begins by suggesting identifying the problem domain as either performance, hang, crash, or unexpected behavior. For each problem, it recommends tools and techniques for further investigation such as debugging logs, profiling tools, and source code analysis. Debugging steps include establishing baselines, identifying implicated hosts or subsystems, increasing log verbosity, and tracing transactions through logs. The document emphasizes starting at the user end and working back towards Ceph to isolate issues.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE GIRDER BRIDGES UNDER STRONG EARTHQUAKES: THE EFF...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the dynamic analysis of concrete girder bridges taking into account the effect of collision on parapet wall. In addition, adopting of seismic isolation rubber on pier structure and wing wall on parapet were analyzed. Two spans concrete girder bridges with variation of gap were examined in theoretically by 3D FEM model of ABAQUS. The abutment was simplified by parapet wall which was modeled by 3D reinforced concrete structure. In order to examine the seismic behavior of bridge, six different inputs of seismic ground accelerations were applied at footing of pier structure.
Comparison of the lateral deflection at midpoint of long & short side columnIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to compare the lateral deflection of long and short side reinforced concrete columns subjected to blast loading. The analysis used ANSYS to model 8 columns with different transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. It found that the long side columns experienced significantly higher maximum lateral deformations than the short side columns. Ratios of short to long side column deformation ranged from 0.24 to 0.38 depending on the column. The study concluded that column length and orientation affects deformation under blast loading, with long side columns experiencing greater impacts.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE UNDER TRAFFIC INDUCED VIBRATIONIAEME Publication
Many research studies have been carried out based on the ambient vibration test on different types of bridge. In present study, an ambient excitation is used to find the fundamental frequency of vibration of a concrete box girder bridge. Dynamics characteristics of the bridge are identified through traffic induced vibration. The bridge vibration can be recorded for 24 hours using an accelerometer installed on the bridge. The acceleration time histories are recorded using data acquisition system (National Instruments) and recorded signal data were processed using modal analysis performed by using Stochastic Subspace Identification (Time Domain method). The vibration parameters such as modal frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratio were identified for tested bridge.
1) An experimental study was conducted to compare the compression behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) intermediate columns.
2) Six column specimens with a cross-section of 125x125mm and a height of 1.5m were tested under axial loading. The columns varied in concrete type (NSC and SCC) and longitudinal reinforcement ratio (2.09%, 2.89%, 5.15%).
3) The results showed that as the reinforcement ratio increased, the ultimate load capacity increased and axial deformation decreased for both NSC and SCC columns. However, SCC columns exhibited higher ultimate loads and deformations than NSC columns for the same reinforcement ratio.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS OF NSC AND SC...IAEME Publication
A total of six intermediate columns with same cross sectional area of 125mm X 125mm were cast and tested. Experimental study was conducted to know the behavior of intermediate columns under axial load made out of Normal strength concrete (NSC) and Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Main objective of this study was to compare the behavior of NSC intermediate columns and SCC intermediate columns for various percentage of steel. Axial load ratio, stiffness ratio were the main parameters which increased as the axial load increased. However in this study, special attention was given on stiffness degradation, energy absorption, ultimate load carrying capacity, shortening index of each intermediate column. The results showed that shortening index, axial load ratio, stiffness ratio and stiffness degradation increased with increase in axial load.
Application of Elastic Layered System in the Design of RoadIJERA Editor
This document discusses the application of elastic layered system theory in road design. It can be used to calculate asphalt pavement thickness, analyze stress in cement concrete pavements, and calculate load stress in porous concrete bases. The elastic layered system assumes layers are made of homogeneous, isotropic materials and loads are applied as uniform circles. It provides a simple model that generally reflects actual stress conditions despite differences from reality. The document provides examples of using the theory to calculate pavement thickness and analyze deflection and stress at different points in the pavement structure.
The document summarizes a study on partially replacing cement with unprocessed steel slag in concrete. Three key points:
1) Concrete samples were created with 0-35% replacement of cement with steel slag, keeping all other parameters constant. Compressive and flexural strength were tested at 14 and 28 days.
2) The highest compressive strength was obtained with 20% replacement, showing a 21% increase over the control. Flexural strength peaked at 10% replacement, with a 12% increase over the control.
3) The study concluded that 20% cement replacement with steel slag provides desirable compressive strength, while 10% replacement is suitable for flexural strength in construction applications. Using steel slag partially replaces
As catastrophic bridge collapse accidents not only cause significant loss of property, but also have a severe social impact. Therefore, the structural health monitoring of bridges for damage detection by vibration analysis gets more attention. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common and extended structures present in the worldwide. These structures are often characterized by Piers, Abutments, deck slabs. This paper looks on the work of modelling and analysis of bridge in STAAD.Pro software, and the specific bridge model is taken of a particular span. It is subjected to vary Young’s modulus (E) in the mid span of bridge deck slab to induce damage in order to obtain maximum bending moment, as the structural strength reduces. From the analysis Mu/bd2 values from SP 16 code is used to identify the damage on the bridge deck slab, then natural frequency of the bridge, mode shapes, variation of the deflection and node displacements of bridge deck slab under the action of static and dynamic load at different aspect ratios with original design parameters and at failure is carried out in this project.
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF STEEL TRUSSES BY COMPARATIVE STUDYIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses analyzing the structural efficiency of different types of steel trusses (Warren, Patt and Howe) through modeling in STAAD Pro software.
2) A Warren truss bridge model is analyzed under dead load, live load, and seismic load conditions. Displacement over time is highest for the Warren truss.
3) Natural frequencies are calculated, with Warren and Patt trusses having higher frequencies than the Howe truss.
4) The Warren truss experiences the greatest displacement under seismic loads, while the Patt and Howe trusses displace less.
This document presents a study on simulating vessel collisions with bridge piers to determine dynamic amplification factors. Finite element models of solid wall and hollow circular concrete piers with varying geometries are subjected to impact forces from barges and ships. Impact forces are estimated based on vessel size and speed. Dynamic and static responses are calculated to determine amplification factors for different pier designs and collision scenarios. The amplification factors provide an equivalent static force that can be used for more efficient pier design while still accounting for dynamic effects of vessel collisions. Graphs of the amplification factors aid in pier design for various inland waterway conditions.
Upgradation of non ductile reinforced concrete beamcolumn connections using f...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on upgrading non-ductile reinforced concrete beam-column connections using polyester fiber. Specimens of beam-column connections with varying amounts of polyester fiber (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume) were subjected to cyclic loading. Test results showed that the addition of polyester fiber increased the ultimate strength, energy dissipation, and stiffness of the connections compared to the non-ductile control specimen. The polyester fiber improved the ductility of the connections and led to more uniform cracking and higher deformability. Increasing the polyester fiber content resulted in higher strength, stiffness degradation resistance, and energy absorption of the beam-column connections.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the comparison of the effect of different standard loadings on a set of reinforced concrete bridge decks using the
finite-element method. The parameters investigated include the aspect ratio (span/width) and type of loading. The investigations are
conducted on two lane slab bridge decks of span 5m to 9.5m and two lane T beam bridge decks of span 7.5m to 20m. A total of 36
bridge models were analyzed. The variation of different critical structural response parameters such as deflection, longitudinal
bending moment, transverse moment, shear force and torsional moments are evaluated for IRC loading (IRC Class A and 70R
loadings), AASHTO loading (HL93) and Euro standard loading (LM1). The results shows that the maximum difference in deflection
and longitudinal bending moment for the two IRC standard loading ranges from 5 to 15%. While the difference between
corresponding values for the AASHTO loading in the range of 5 to 17%. The maximum axle load of euro standard loading is found to
be 2.2 times higher than IRC class A loading maximum axle load hence the values of structural response parameters are increased by
1.7 to 1.8 times. Therefore there is a need for adopting simplified and more realistic standard loads in the future.
Keywords: Bridges, Concrete deck slabs; Finite element method; T-beam bridge decks; Aspect ratio; Live load, IRC code,
AASHTO code and Euro code.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national a nd internationalstandard ...eSAT Journals
The document analyzes the effects of different national and international standard loadings on reinforced concrete bridge decks using finite element modeling. 36 bridge deck models of slab bridges and T-beam bridges were analyzed under loadings from IRC, AASHTO, and Eurocode standards. The results show maximum differences of 5-15% in deflection and bending moment between IRC loadings, and 5-17% difference for AASHTO loading compared to IRC. Eurocode loading causes increases of 1.7-1.8 times for slab bridges and 1.3-2.2 times for T-beam bridges over IRC due to higher load magnitudes. Transverse and torsional responses also vary significantly between standards.
Analysis of rc bridge decks for selected national and internationalstandard l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COIR FIBRE REINFORCED FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: By using the fly residue as option substance to bond in concrete it reduces the usage of normal Portland cement in usual concrete which results in the development of Geopolymer concrete furthermore in the lessening of CO2 levels which thusly reduces the Global Warming. Methods/Statistical analysis: This paper presents the trial examination done on the execution of coir fibre reinforced fly residue based geopolymer concrete subjected to severe ecological conditions. The mixes were considered for molarity of 10M. The basic arrangement utilized for present revise is the blend of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide arrangement with the proportion of 1:2.5. Coir fibre with the varying percentages of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 are used as fibre reinforcement. The test specimens of 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes, 150mmx300mm cylinders, 1000mmx150mmx150mm beams are cast and cured under encompassing temperature conditions. Findings: The geopolymer solid examples are tried for their compressive quality, flexural and split tractable tests at 7days, 14days and 28days.The test grades demonstrate that the blend of fly ash and coir fibre can be used for the improvement of geopolymer concrete. Applications: It possesses superior distinctiveness such as high strength, very little drying shrinkage , low creep, durable nature, eco-friendly, fire proof ,better compressive strength etc to be used as an alternative of OPC
A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre Stressed Deck B...ijtsrd
A Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. K is the portion of a bridge that acts as the roadway in the support of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. While deck parts like trusses, girders, rails, arches, posts and cantilevers assume a number of forms and types, there are relatively few bridge deck types given the utilitarian nature of the component. Rudresh Meena | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre-Stressed Deck Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57385.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/57385/a-review-paper-on-analysis-of-t-beam-deck-type-and-t-beam-prestressed-deck-bridge/rudresh-meena
This document discusses a study on the effect of liquid additives on the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete model beams. Six model beams were tested with different proportions of high-range water reducing admixtures by weight of cement ranging from 0% to 2%. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, modulus of volume change, Poisson's ratio, deflection, and cracking were measured and calculated at 28 days. The best results were achieved using an admixture ratio of 1.6%, which improved compressive strength and modulus of elasticity but had no effect on cracking behavior. Control cube specimens were also tested to determine compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The experimental results are presented in tables.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
2. Dr. Avinash S. Joshi, Dr. Namdeo A.Hedaoo and Dr. Laxmikant M. Gupta
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 190 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Heavy trucks have become important in local and national freight transport with the
rapid improvement of road networks and highways, especially in developing
countries. The vehicle capacities have also increased. Thus the function and the safety
of conventional transport are subjected to a risk of an errant vehicle colliding with a
bridge structure, especially bridge piers. Although heavy goods vehicle (HGV)
collision with bridge piers is a relatively rare type of loading it could have severe
consequences such as loss of life, repair costs and enormous losses due to disruption
of traffic. The forces involved are of enormous magnitude. The problem has worsened
with traffic density increasing and severe space crunch in major cities. The minimum
offset distances are very often encroached, increasing the risk of a collision. This
paper addresses the effects of a dynamic force generated due to a vehicle (truck)
collision on a bridge pier. The force-time history is one of the inputs to the program.
Several geometries of piers with different grades of concrete are analyzed using finite
element analysis capable of handling material nonlinearity that may be introduced in
the pier due to a collision. This is to identify the effect on the response of the pier due
to shape and grade of concrete. An idealized collision scene is shown in Fig.1
2. DIMENTIONAL DETAILS OF PIERS
The types of piers selected are as given in Table 1. Broadly three types of piers were
selected viz., wall type, solid circular and hollow circular piers. The sizes selected are
in accordance with the present specifications and the sizes obtained as a result of
customary design of bridges so as to represent a significant number of bridge support
systems.
Figure 1 Simplified Sketch of a Collision Scene
Table 1 Dimensional details of Pier
Sr.No. Referencing Description Dimensions in (m)*
(Fig.2)
1 W1 Wall pier - 1 1.00 x 5.00 x 7.50 (ht.)
2 W2 Wall pier - 2 1.50 x 5.00 x 7.50 (ht.)
3 SC1 Solid circular pier - 1 1.50ϕ x 7.50 (ht.)
4 SC2 Solid circular pier - 2 2.00ϕ x 7.50 (ht.)
5 HC1 Hollow circular pier - 1 2.00ϕouter (1.00 ϕinner) x 7.50 (ht.)
6 HC2
Hollow circular pier - 2 2.50ϕouter (1.50 ϕinner) x 7.50 (ht.)
Tapering to 2.00ϕouter (1.00 ϕinner)
at top
Sketches of piers are shown in Fig.2 along with the axis orientation. The collision
force is considered to act in the ‘x’ direction i.e. the traffic direction. Bridge piers
have caisson or pile foundations. These are generally buried and hence offer a great
3. Transient Elasto-Plastic Response of Bridge Piers Subjected To Vehicle Collision
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 191 editor@iaeme.com
deal of fixity to the pier. The superstructure and its inertia effect are considered in the
dynamic analysis and are suitably considered in the algorithm. The partial fixity
offered by the resistance of bearings is accommodated by applying lateral spring
elements capable of resisting displacement at the top, limited to the frictional
resistance offered by bearings. Wall piers have considerable length (5 m and 6 m).
The impact force is applied eccentrically. For the Finite element analysis a 3D-8
Noded, isoparametric brick element is employed. This is used for both, the wall piers
as well as circular pier. Hollow piers generally have thick walls, (0.5 meters in this
case), and hence the use of a thin shell element is not found to be suitable. Fig.3 and 4
show the discretization of the pier. The aspect ratio of each element is nearly equal to
one. Three grades of concrete are considered for each pier i.e. Grade 40, 50 and 60
MPa. The intention in varying the grade of concrete is to quantify the effect on the
response of piers (Details as per Table 1). An idealized stress-strain curve for
concrete is adopted and identical behavior is assumed in tension and compression.
3. FORCE-TIME HISTORIES AND VEHICLE
CHARACTERISTICS
This study considers two types of Force-time histories. They are briefly described
here along with some notable points. Commercial truck classification is determined
based on the vehicle's gross weight rating (GVWR). Force-time histories of class 6
and class 8 are considered from the above mentioned rating.
1.5m
7.50m
6.0m
6.0m
PLAN
PIER-W2
Y
Z
Z
X
1.0m
5.0m
5.0m
7.50m
SIDEELEVATION
PIER-W1
7.50m
1.5Øm
Y
X
X
Z
1.5m
PIER-SC1
2.0m
2.0Øm
7.50m
PIER-SC2 PIER-HC2PIER-HC1
Ø1.0m
Ø1.5m
Ø2.0m
Ø2.5m
1.0m
2.0m
1.5m
2.5m
Ø1.0m
1.0Øm
Ø2.0m
7.50m
2.0Øm
ELEVATION
PLAN
Figure 2 Orientation and Dimensional Details of Piers
4. Dr. Avinash S. Joshi, Dr. Namdeo A.Hedaoo and Dr. Laxmikant M. Gupta
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 192 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 Discretization of Wall Type Pier Figure 4 Discretization of Circular Pier
3.1 Type-1
Force-time history for a Medium Truck (MT) with Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) as
11900 kgs (Cabin Load = 4590 kgs) and having wheel base 3600 x 4200mm. The
force-time history was obtained with simulation techniques using LS-DYNA. The
deceleration curve is obtained for a full frontal impact of 48 kph (kilometers per hour)
on a rigid barrier. As crash tests are carried on rigid barriers, the dynamic force
generated is maximum taking into consideration the plastic deformation of the
vehicle, while neglecting the flexibility of the barrier. Although flexibility of the
barrier matters, several studies note its significance to be less in collision analysis
[1,2].
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
DECELERATION(G)
TIME IN MILISECONDS
DECELERATION
FULL FRONTAL CRASH TEST RESULT FOR MEDIUM TRUCK
WITH RIGID BARRIER
G = a/g, therefore a=G*g
g=9.81m/sec^2
Figure 5 Deceleration Curve (MT)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
VELOCITY CURVE FROM ACCELERATION CURVE
Velocityinm/s
Time in miliseconds
VELOCITY IN m/sec
Recoil of vehicle
at 0.075 seconds
Figure.6 Velocity Curve
Fig.5 shows the deceleration curve obtained. Y axis is a dimensionless quantity
‘G’ i.e. ratio of (a/g). The actual acceleration or deceleration of the colliding vehicle is
the product of value on the Y-axis and Gravitation acceleration i.e. 9.81m/sec2. X
axis is time in millisecond (10-3
seconds). The Velocity curve is shown in Fig.6.
Recoil of the vehicle is marked at time t= 0.075 seconds from the start of collision.
The Force-Time history is shown in Fig.7 and considering the force till recoil of the
vehicle commences.
Impact force at different speeds (i.e. 40, 50 and 60kph) is derived from the force-
time history (Fig.7). To cater to the variation in force due to variation in the speed of
vehicle, the force is increased proportional to the speed. For this, the force-time
history is considered as base. This is derived from the DOT-Texas report where in a
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direct correlation between the force and the speed of the vehicle which is
approximately linear is concluded.
3.2 Type-2
Force-time history for a 30 ton, Large and Single Unit Truck (SUT) is identified [3].
A complex finite element model of the vehicle, closely representing the actual vehicle
is adopted. The Force-time history due to Impact of a SUT (65000 lb = 29545kgs say
30000kgs) with a rigid cargo on a 1.0 m diameter pier has been used in the present
work. This is reproduced in Fig.8.
Based on the findings of the report [3] some of the salient points used in the present
study are enumerated.
The results of the analyses indicate that the diameter of pier does not have significant
effect on the impact force exerted by a given truck and speed.
Three different speeds were simulated and all the analyses showed a direct correlation
(approximately linear) between the impact force (maximum and the second peak) and
the impact speed.
Using above conclusions of the report under reference, force-time histories which
are employed in this part of the study are built.
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
FORCE-TIME HISTORY FOR MEDIUM SIZED TRUCK
Collisionforceint
Time in seconds
Force (t)
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
FORCEint
TIME in seconds
Foce due to SUT
Mass = 30000 kgs
Velocity= 50mph
FORCE-TIME HISTORY FOR A LARGE, SUT-RIGID BALLAST
ON 1m DIA. PIER, 50 mph
Fig.7. Force-Time History for Large Truck Fig.8. Impact Force-Time Curve for
Medium Truck
4. REFERENCING OF INDENTIFICATION
In all 234 cases were analyzed. Thus the data generated after analysis required a
robust identification nomenclature. The same is illustrated below with an example.
W1G50MTV60 : Denotes Wall pier type 1 with Grade 50, Impacted by Medium
Truck with Velocity 60 kph
SC1G40LTV40: Denotes Solid Circular pier type 1 with Grade 40, Impacted by
Large Truck with Velocity 40 kph
HC2G60LTV50: Denotes Hollow Circular pier type 2 with Grade 60, Impacted by
Large Truck with Velocity 50 kph
5. MESH SIZE AND CRITICAL TIME STEPPING
It is well known that, finer the meshing of the structure, more accurate is the result
obtained. This is truer for non-linear problems. A separate study is conducted on a
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representative sample and the results compared in the light of coarse and fine
meshing. Employing a finer mesh increases the running time of the program to a great
extent. The meshing size is adopted without sacrificing much on accuracy of the
results and at the same time giving due importance to the computational time required
to get the desired results. Similarly, different time stepping is adopted for the dynamic
force due to Medium and Large Truck collisions so as to yield stable results. A few
small, yet significant trials were conducted adopting different time intervals.
Observing the stability of the results a time stepping of 0.0005 second is adopted for
analyzing the pier for the force time history due to Medium Truck (MT) collision. The
Force-time history for Large Trucks (LT) records steep variation. This compelled the
use of a smaller time interval i.e. 0.00025 seconds.
6. TRANSIENT MATERIAL NONLINEARITY AND OTHER
RELATED
INFORMATION
Several subroutines interconnected are developed in MATLAB including automatic
meshing. Explanation of the general assumptions and the theory used is enumerated
below. Dynamic loading of structures may create stresses well into the inelastic range.
Therefore, although under ideal conditions, the nonlinear effects are investigated. For
structural materials with limited ductility, such as concrete or rock-like materials, the
rate of straining can completely change the material response. However, in attempting
to perform an analysis of a dynamically-loaded engineering structure, the material
model is considered to be idealized. The Iterative Newton-Raphson (N-R) solution
method, an incremental-iterative solution technique, is used [4]. This technique is
carried out by applying the external load as a sequence of sufficiently small
increments so that the structure can be assumed to respond linearly within each
increment [5]. The Drucker-Prager yield criterion is adopted. The Drucker-Prager
Yield constitutive law is expressed as
(1)
where, J1 is the first stress invariant, J2 is the second invariant of the Deviatoric
stresses, α and k’ are material parameters. The yield surface has the form of a circular
cone. In order to make the Drucker-Prager circle coincide with the outer apices of the
Mohr-Coulomb hexagon at any section the equations are.
(2)
And
(3)
Here the parameters ‘c’ is cohesion in concrete and angle of internal friction. The
relation between these material parameters in terms of the compressive and the tensile
strength of concrete [6] are given as:-
(4)
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(5)
where, fc is compressive strength of concrete and ft is the tensile strength. The
tensile strength is assumed to one tenth of the compressive strength. As the yield
criterion records plasticity at a gauss point the contribution to stiffness is suitably
reduced. This reduction is done through a flow rule [4]. For an elasto-plastic solution
the material stiffness is continually varying. The element stiffness is recomputed for
second iteration for each load step except the first. This reduced the computing time
considerably without any adverse effect on the accuracy of the results. For numerical
computations it is convenient to re-write the yield function in terms of alternative
stress invariant [7]. Its main advantage is that it facilitates the computer coding of the
yield function and the flow rule in a general form and necessitates only the
specifications of three constants for any criterion.
For the Drucker-Prager criterion the flow vector is expressed as,
(6)
where the vectors a1, a2 and a3 are derivatives of the stress invariants J1 and J2’
with respect to stress [7].
(7)
(8)
And
(9)
Calculating a3 using equation (9) is not required as for Drucker-Prager the
multiplying constant C3 is 0 [7]. The multiplying constants for the Drucker-Prager
yield criterion are given as
C1 = 3α, for α refer eq. (2)
C2=1.0 and C3=0.
C1, C2, C3 are constants defining the yield surface in the form suitable for
numerical analysis.
For a transient analysis, the Newmark method is adopted to iterate to a solution. The
algorithm adopts a step-by-step integration method [8]. The iterative equations in
dynamic non-linear analysis use implicit time integration. It is observed that since the
inertia of the system renders its dynamic response we get a “more smooth” response
as compared to static analysis. Convergence for dynamic non-linear analysis is rapid
as compared to a static non-linear analysis [9]. The algorithm or step-by-step
integration, i.e. the Newmark scheme for Non-linear analysis is given below [8].
8. Dr. Avinash S. Joshi, Dr. Namdeo A.Hedaoo and Dr. Laxmikant M. Gupta
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Initial calculations-
1. Form the linear stiffnesss matrix K, mass matrix M and damping matrix C; initialize 0
u,
0
ů, 0
ü
2. Calculate the following constants for Newmark method
θ = 1.0 δ ≥ 0.50 α ≥ 0.25(0.5+δ)2
a0 = 1/ (αΔt2
) a1 = δ / αΔt a2 = 1 / αΔt a3 = 1/(2α) – 1
a4 = δ / α – 1 a5 = Δt (δ/α -2) / 2 a6 = a0 a7 = -a2
a8 = -a3 a9 = Δt(1 - δ) a10 = δΔt
3. Form Effective linear stiffness matrix:
K*
= K + a0 M + a1 C
4. For each time step
(A) In linear Analysis
(i)Form Effective load vector
(ii)Solve for displacement increments
(iii)Go to C.
(B) In Nonlinear Analysis
(i) If a new stiffness matrix is to be formed, update K*
for nonlinear
stiffness effects to obtain K*t
(ii) Form effective load vector
(iii) Solve for displacement increments using latest K*t
(iv) If required, iterate for dynamic equilibrium; then initialize
u(0)
= u, i=0
a) i = i+1
b) Calculate (i-1) approximation to accelerations, velocities, and
displacements
;
;
c) Calculate (i-1) effective out-of-balance loads:
d) Solve for ith
correction to displacement increments:
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e) Calculate new displacement increments:
f) Check for iteration convergence , if
If convergence u = ui
and go to C
If no convergence and i < nitem : go to (a); otherwise restart using
new stiffness matrix and / or smaller time step size.
C. Calculate new Accelerations, Velocities and Displacements
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the several trials are presented here.
7.1 Effect of Grade of concrete on performance
Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11 and Fig.12 show displacement of selected node within the
patch of the collision for various impact velocities and shapes of pier. Each graph
includes the response of a particular pier impacted by a particular vehicle at selected
velocity for all three grades. The effect of grade on the response of the pier in terms of
displacement is evident. The figures also show a forced elastic response along with
the elasto-plastic response of piers. Fig.13 shows the percentage reduction in the
displacement of the piers as grade is increased.
For large truck collisions a few analyses show unstable or non-converging
solutions. The non-converging solution is due to the enormous accumulation of
stresses resulting in increased plasticity and subsequent reduction in stiffness. A
reduction in stiffness means increased displacements for next iteration. This snowball
effect leads to an unstable solution. A distinct reduction in response can be seen as the
grade and size of pier increases. Thus it is inferred that an unstable solution in a
particular case indicates extreme damage to the pier.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
x 10
-3
TIME STEP (t=0.00025secs)
Displacement(m)ofselectednode
Pier: W1 ,Impact of LTV40
Grade 40-Elasto-Plastic
Grade 50-EP
Grade 60-EP
Grade 40-Elastic
Grade 50-E
Grade 60-E
Unstable solution
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x 10
-3
TIME STEP (t=0.0005secs)
Displacement(m)ofselectednode
Pier: W1 ,Impact of MTV40
Grade 40-Elasto-Plastic
Grade 50-EP
Grade 60-EP
Grade 40-Elastic
Grade 50-E
Grade 60-E
Fig.9. Pier W-1, LT at 40 kph Fig.10. Pier W-1, MT at 40 kph
10. Dr. Avinash S. Joshi, Dr. Namdeo A.Hedaoo and Dr. Laxmikant M. Gupta
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
66
x 10
-3
TIME STEP (t=0.0005secs)
Defelection(m)ofselectednode
Pier: SC1 ,Impact of MTV40
Grade 40-Elasto-Plastic
Grade 50-EP
Grade 60-EP
Grade 40-Elastic
Grade 50-E
Grade 60-E
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
2020
x 10
-4
TIME STEP (t=0.0005secs)
Defelection(m)ofselectednode
Pier: HC1 ,Impact of MTV40
Grade 40-Elasto-Plastic
Grade 50-EP
Grade 60-EP
Grade 40-Elastic
Grade 50-E
Grade 60-E
Fig.11. Pier SC-1,MT at 40 kph Fig.12. Pier HC-1, MT at 40 kph
W-1 W-2 SC-1 SC-2 HC-1 HC-2
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
PercentageReductioninDisplacement
overGrade40
Type of pier
Grade 50 : Impact from Medium trucks
Grade 60 : Impact from Medium trucks
Grade 50 : Impact from Large trucks
Grade 60 : Impact from Large trucks
Fig.13. Graph Showing Reduction in Displacement Over Increasing Grade
7.2. Effect of collision on the time period of the pier
Fig. 14, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 show the increase in the time period due to induced
plasticity in the pier. Each graph gives the velocity (speed) of the vehicle, e.g. MTV40
indicates Medium Truck with velocity of 40 kph striking the pier. The first value
indicates the time period of the pier before collision i.e. when the pier is completely in
the elastic domain. The mass of the superstructure is unchanged at 5x105 kgs (500
tones). The effect of change of grade can be judged.
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Elastic MTV 40 MTV 50 MTV 60 LTV 40 LTV 50 LTV 60
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Effect on Time period - post collision : Wall piers
Mass contribution from superstructure=500 t
Timeperiodinseconds
Type of vehicle and speed
W1-Grade 40
W1-Grade 50
W1-Grade 60
W2-Grade 40
W2-Grade 50
W2-Grade 60
Elastic MTV 40 MTV 50 MTV 60 LTV 40 LTV 50 LTV 60
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Effect on Time period - post collision : Solid Circular piers
Mass contribution from superstructure=500 t
Timeperiodinseconds
Type of vehicle and speed
SC1-Grade 40
SC1-Grade 50
SC1-Grade 60
SC2-Grade 40
SC2-Grade 50
SC2-Grade 60
Fig.14. Effect on Time Period for Wall
Piers
Fig.15. Effect on Time Period for Solid
Circular Piers
Elastic MTV 40 MTV 50 MTV 60 LTV 40 LTV 50 LTV 60
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Effect on Time period - post collision : Hollow Circular piers
Mass contribution from superstructure=500 t
Timeperiodinseconds
Type of vehicle and speed
HC1-Grade 40
HC1-Grade 50
HC1-Grade 60
HC2-Grade 40
HC2-Grade 50
HC2-Grade 60
Fig.16. Effect on Time Period for Hollow Circular Piers
7.3. Effect of mass of the superstructure
Results are obtained to quantify the effect of mass of the superstructure on the natural
frequency (fn). These are tabulated in Table 2. The change in the natural frequency for
both pre and post collision is given. Also a percentage reduction indicates that for
wall piers the influence of mass is negligible. For solid circular piers this effect is less
pronounced than for hollow piers which show a maximum effect of mass of the
superstructure on the natural frequency after collision. For this study, only the
Medium Truck is considered with a speed of 50 kph. The piers considered are of type
W-1, SC-1 and HC-1.
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Table 2: Effect of mass from superstructure on the natural frequency
Type of
piers
Mass of
superstructure
fn (pre-collision) fn (post-collision) Percentage
reduction in fn
cycles per second cycles per second
Wall piers
500 t 2.422 2.198 9.246
1000 t 1.731 1.567 9.446
1500 t 1.418 1.291 8.954
2000 t 1.231 1.113 9.589
Solid
circular
piers
500 t 1.739 1.256 27.783
1000 t 1.235 0.924 25.195
1500 t 1.010 0.779 22.859
2000 t 0.875 0.671 23.369
Hollow
circular
piers
500 t 2.909 2.394 17.693
1000 t 2.070 1.803 12.900
1500 t 1.693 1.509 10.866
2000 t 1.468 1.322 9.945
Fig.17, Fig.18, Fig.19 indicate the effect of mass of superstructure on
displacement. The elastic displacements are plotted along with the transient elasto-
plastic displacements. Displacement trajectory for a node within the patch of the
loading is plotted. The dynamic effects of the mass of superstructure on the time
period are also reflected in these displacement graphs. The letters ‘EP’ in the graphs
denote “Elasto-Plastic” response.
0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
Displacementofselected,impactednode
Time step , dt = 0.0005 seconds
Mass from superstructure=500t
Elasto-Plastic reponse
1000 t - Elasto-Plastic
1500 t - Elasto-Plastic
2000 t - Elasto-Plastic
500 t -Elastic
1000 t -Elastic 2000 t- Elastic
1500 t- Elastic
Wall pier : Effect of mass of superstructure on the response
Elasto-Plastic and Elastic, Node within the area of impact
Fig.17. Effect on Displacement w.r.t Mass of Superstructure for Wall Piers
13. Transient Elasto-Plastic Response of Bridge Piers Subjected To Vehicle Collision
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0 200 400 600 800 1000
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
Solid Circular pier : Effect of mass of superstructure on the response
Elasto-Plastic and Elastic, Node within the area of impact
Displacementofselected,impactednode
Time step , dt = 0.0005 seconds
Mass from superstructure=500t
Elasto-Plastic reponse 1000 t - Elasto-Plastic
1500 t - Elasto-Plastic
2000 t - Elasto-Plastic
500 t -Elastic 1000 t -Elastic
1500 t- Elastic
2000 t- Elastic
Fig.18. Effect on Displacement w.r.t Mass of Superstructure for SC Piers
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Hollow Circular pier : Effect of mass of superstructure on the response
Elasto-Plastic and Elastic, Node within the area of impact
Displacementofselected,impactednode
Time step , dt = 0.0005 seconds
Mass from superstructure=500t
Elasto-Plastic reponse
1000 t - Elasto-Plastic
1500 t - Elasto-Plastic
2000 t - Elasto-Plastic
500 t -Elastic
1000 t -Elastic
1500 t- Elastic
2000 t- Elastic
Fig.19. Effect on Displacement w.r.t Mass of Superstructure for HC Piers
8. PROGRESSION OF PLASTICITY
A history of induction of plasticity at every gauss point at all time intervals is stored.
This made it possible to extract the progression of plasticity as the dynamic analysis
progresses with the given forcing function. The progression of plasticity is calculated
as a percentage of the total gauss points recording plasticity. Although plasticity is not
a direct measure of damage it can be considered as an indicator for initialization of
damage. Hence a rough estimate of quantification of damage can be perceived. Fig.
20 shows wall type pier -1, with grade 60 subjected to collision from Medium truck at
velocity of 60kph. The darker elements indicate plasticity. Fig. 21 shows the same
pier with axis rotated to show the plasticity on the other face of the pier. Similarly
Fig.22 shows solid circular pier. Fig. 23 shows a hollow pier and Fig. 24 shows the
same pier with axis rotated. Only a few are presented here. Fig. 25 and Fig. 26 show
the progression of plasticity. Although the overall shape of the graphs remains same
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for all the types of piers the maximum plasticity induced differs with grade and
dimensions. This is shown in Fig. 27 and Fig. 28 for Medium Truck and Large Truck
respectively. Reduction in plasticity due to change in grade and dimensions can be
judged on observing these figures. It can also be seen that collisions from large truck
proves to be severe for most of the piers selected for the study.
-2-1012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Z-axis
Collision area is
encircled nodes
Darker elements
indicate plasticity
Load step-1000
W1-G60-MTV50
X-axis-Impact dirn
Height(y-axis)
-2-1012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Load step-1000
Darker elements
indicate plasticity
Collision area is
encircled nodes
X-axis-Impact dirn
W1-G60-MTV50
Z-axis
Height(y-axis)
-2-1012 -2-1012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Z-axis
Collision area is
encircled nodes
Darker elements
indicate plasticity
LOAD STEP-500
SC1-G50-MTV50
X-axis(Impact dirn)
Height(y-axis)
Fig.20. W1-G60-MTV60 Fig.1.W1-G60-MTV60(axis
rotated)
Fig. 22.SC1-G50-MTV60
-2-1012 -2-1012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Z-axis
Collision area is
encircled nodes
Darker elements
indicate plasticity
LOAD STEP-1000
HC1-G60-MTV50
X-axis(Impact dirn)
Height(y-axis)
-2
-10
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Collision area is
encircled nodes
Darker elements
indicate plasticity
LOAD STEP-1000
X-axis(Impact dirn)
HC1-G60-MTV50
Z-axis
Height(y-axis)
Fig.23. HC1-G60-MTV60 Fig.24. HC1-G60-MTV60 (axis rotated)
15. Transient Elasto-Plastic Response of Bridge Piers Subjected To Vehicle Collision
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0 20 40 60 80 100
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
W2-MTV40
W2-MTV50
W2-MTV60
W1-MTV40
W1-MTV50
PercentageofGausspointsrecordingplasticity
Time Step , dt = 0.0005 seconds
W1-MTV60
WALL PIER - GRADE 40, Impact from Medium Truck
0 100 200 300 400 500
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
WALL PIER - GRADE 40, Impact from Large Truck
W2-LTV40
W2-LTV50
W2-LTV60
W1-LTV40
W1-LTV50
PercentageofGausspointsrecordingplasticity
Time Step , dt = 0.00025 seconds
W1-LTV60
Fig.25. Gauss Points Recording
Plasticity, Wall Piers, Grade-40,
Medium Trucks
Fig.26. Gauss Points Recording
Plasticity, Wall Piers, Grade-40, Large
Trucks
SPD
40,G
R
40
SPD
40,G
R
50
SPD
40,G
R
60
SPD
50,G
R
40
SPD
50,G
R
50
SPD
50,G
R
60
SPD
60,G
R
40
SPD
60,G
R
50
SPD
60,G
R
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PercentageofGuasspointsrecordingplasticity
A
W-1
W-2
SC-1
SC-2
HC-1
HC-2
SPD:SPEED kph
GR: GRADE Mpa
Impact from Mediun Truck
SPD
40,G
R
40SPD
40,G
R
50SPD
40,G
R
60SPD
50,G
R
40SPD
50,G
R
50SPD
50,G
R
60SPD
60,G
R
40SPD
60,G
R
50SPD
60,G
R
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Impact from Large Truck
SPD:SPEED kph
GR: GRADE Mpa
PercentageofGuasspointsrecordingplasticity
A
W-1
W-2
SC-1
SC-2
HC-1
HC-2
Fig.27. Maximum Plasticity for Fig.28. Maximum Plasticity for
Medium Truck Collision Large Truck Collision
9. CONCLUSION
The transient elasto-plastic response of concrete piers of several shapes, sizes and
grades subjected to two force-time histories are presented.
For the selected piers it can be observed that increasing the grade of concrete has a
significant influence on the response of the pier to such high dynamic force especially
in the elasto-plastic range. The response reduces by in a range of 12% to 15% and
20% to 24% as grade is increased from M40 to M50 and from M40 to M60
respectively for medium truck collisions. Similarly, response reduces by in a range of
16% to 20% and 25% to 30% as grade is increased from M40 to M50 and from M40
to M60 respectively for large truck collisions (Ref.Fig.13).
16. Dr. Avinash S. Joshi, Dr. Namdeo A.Hedaoo and Dr. Laxmikant M. Gupta
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The time period shows significant reduction as the velocity and mass of the vehicle
increases (Refer Fig 14,15 and 16).
The effect of mass of the superstructure too is investigated and the reduction in the
displacement and the time period is evident. Its pronounced effect in the elasto-plastic
analysis is brought forward with the results being presented alongside the results
obtained by an elastic analysis. Referring to Table 2, it can be seen that the
percentage reduction in the natural frequency of the pier remains at 9% irrespective of
the mass increase. For solid circular piers it drops from 27% to 23% with increasing
mass but for a hollow pier the effect is more pronounced as it records values from
17% to 9% (nearly half) for increasing mass.
For a few analyses, as noted earlier, the solution was non-converging. On
observation it is due to large strains and subsequent reduction in stiffness of the
element leading to a non-converging solution. This may be interpreted as an
indication of severe damage to the pier.
An upsurge in the trajectory of progression of plasticity can be seen for Large Truck
collisions (ref. Fig 26). This is due to that part of the force-time history recording the
impact of the cargo. Referring to Fig 27 and 28 it can be concluded that plasticity
induced is significantly less for Medium Truck collisions while collision from a
Large Truck proves to be very severe for most of the selected piers.
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