IGCSE Geography Marine Processes
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Marine processes shape coastlines through erosion and deposition. Destructive waves have high energy and erode the land, while constructive waves have low energy and help build the coastline by transporting and depositing material. The action of swash and backwash breaks rocks down through hydraulic action and abrasion, further eroding them into sand, gravel or pebbles through attrition. Beaches form as eroded material is transported and deposited along the coast, appearing as berms that can trap water and form lagoons. Cliffs at headlands are eroded by destructive waves, retreating inland over time and leaving behind wave-cut platforms.
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Waves are the primary force causing erosion along coastlines. Constructive waves build beaches up while destructive waves erode beaches. Coastal landforms like cliffs, caves, arches and stacks are formed through erosion processes. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast, potentially building up spits or bars. The coast at Holderness, East Yorkshire is eroding rapidly, retreating over 1 meter per year due to its soft cliff material and destructive North Sea waves. Several villages have been lost and infrastructure like roads and gas facilities are threatened. Various coastal defenses have been installed with mixed success.
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Chapter 13 – oceans and beaches
The document summarizes how oceans shape our lives by discussing the distribution of water on Earth, properties of ocean water, ocean motions, shoreline formations, and the barrier islands of North Carolina's Outer Banks. It explains that barrier islands formed due to rising sea levels, a large sand supply, a gently sloping coast, and wave energy. Humans are increasing the rate of barrier island migration through armoring and development, which reduces available sand and increases erosion risks. Ultimately, one cannot have buildings and beaches in the long run due to the dynamic coastal environment.
S3 GE Notes - Coasts
This document discusses factors that affect coastal environments. Coasts are dynamic and constantly changing due to natural factors like waves, tides, currents, geology and ecosystems, as well as human activities such as building ports, marinas, and tourism. Waves are generated by wind and their size depends on wind speed, duration and fetch. As waves approach shore, they slow down, grow taller and change shape, eventually breaking on the beach and releasing energy that erodes the coastline.
Field assignment part 2
The San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of California and is classified as a strike-slip fault, causing side-to-side movement between tectonic plates that has resulted in many earthquakes. Chemical and physical weathering change and break down rocks through chemical reactions and plant growth, respectively. Mass wasting such as rockslides transport loose rock and soil downslope due to gravity. Erosion by water widens creeks and rivers over time by carrying away eroded material. Marine, transitional, and continental sedimentary environments deposit sediments from moving water in oceans, shorelines, and streams/rivers. Geology informs practical applications like bridges, canals, and oil extraction.
Coastal land-form evoltion
Formation of different land-forms along the coast due to wave action and other processes are explained here
Erosion, weathering and mass movement
The document discusses various types of coastal erosion and mass movement processes, as well as different techniques for managing coastal erosion, including both hard and soft engineering approaches. Hard engineering techniques use man-made structures like seawalls to defend the coast, while soft techniques work with natural processes like beach nourishment. The document provides examples of techniques like groynes, gabions, revetments, rock armor, and beach replenishment.
Erosion, Weathering And Mass Movement
The document discusses various types of coastal erosion and mass movement processes, as well as different techniques for managing coastal erosion, including both hard and soft engineering approaches. Hard engineering techniques use man-made structures like seawalls to defend the coast, while soft techniques work with natural processes like beach nourishment. The document provides examples of techniques like groynes, gabions, revetments, rock armor, and beach replenishment.
3E 4E Coasts
Coastal environments are dynamic due to various factors such as waves, tides, currents, geology, ecosystems, and human activities. Coasts experience erosion, transportation, and deposition from coastal processes driven by these factors. This forms various landforms along the coast like cliffs, shore platforms, headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, spits, and tombolos. Coastal ecosystems provide important services to people like provisioning of food and materials, regulating of floods, and cultural benefits from recreation. Human activities at the coast include fisheries, tourism, harbors, and industries.
Coastal erosion and engineering aspect
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, currents, and drainage. Natural forces like wind, waves and currents shape coastal regions by moving land materials. Coastal erosion is the landward displacement of the shoreline caused by these forces. Factors influencing erosion include waves, currents, tides, wind, sand sources and sinks, sea level changes, coastal geomorphology, and human activities like construction and dredging. Coastal erosion can cause loss of land and property damage from landslides. Rates of erosion vary in different locations based on slope, wave intensity, wind, and shoreline characteristics.
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IGCSE Geography Marine Processes
- 2. Marine Processes 1,Wave Action it is shape of coastline , some erode the land, other help build by transporting & depositing , 2, Destructive waves have high – energy wave responsible for eroding the coast. 3, Constructive wave are low energy wave depositing material along and up the coastline
- 3. #,The action between two wave is called as 1 . Swash 2 . Backwash 1 ,A large rock break down into small pieces by water wave is called Hydraulic Action 2 , The forces of this breaks up the rock a process is called Abrasion. Eroding them into smaller pieces of sand and gravel or into rounded pebbles through process called Attrition.
- 4. 1. Beaches are found when material eroded from the land is transported by the sea and deposited along the coastline this material is known as the beach store 2. Rise from the sea in a series of ridges called Berms 3.Water trappes between the coast and these features is called a lagoon
- 5. 1, Cliffs are found on headlands are founded by destructive waves eroding the headland 2, Over time cliff will be eroded and will retread inland , leaving behind a rocky platform called a wave-cut platform 3, These all are have there tide depend upon speed and gravitinalpul of moon .
- 6. Done By ; Mohammed Adnan IGCSE Student from Abhyasa Thank Q