Presentation of the IFPRI study on biofuels for the European Commission (March 2010) during a MTID, IFPRI, seminar on April the 3rd 2010.
Study downloadable from http://www.ifpri.org/publication/global-trade-and-environmental-impact-study-eu-biofuels-mandate
Land Use analysis of Biofuel Mandates: A CGE perspective with MIRAGE-Biof
Presented by David Laborde at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Climate Change and Agriculture: Change in Yields
in a global CGE MIRAGE-CC
Presented by David Laborde at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
This document summarizes a presentation on fertilizer marketing, distribution and pricing in Bangladesh. It discusses how chemical fertilizers have contributed to increased crop production but also led to soil health deterioration from imbalanced use. It outlines objectives to review the country's fertilizer production, import, distribution and pricing systems, as well as farmers' accessibility. The presentation covers fertilizer consumption trends, subsidies, distribution channels, pricing policies and identifies gaps such as distortion from public interventions and monopoly import control of urea. It recommends progressive liberalization of the fertilizer system and a shift to need-based, bottom-up assessment of annual fertilizer demand.
The document provides an overview of the fertilizer industry in India. It discusses that India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers globally. It notes the major fertilizers produced in India are urea, DAP, and ammonium phosphates. The document also summarizes India's fertilizer production, consumption trends, major companies, subsidies provided, and regulations governing the industry.
Demonstration and promotion of improved crop (breadandualem999
This document summarizes the demonstration and promotion of improved crop varieties in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed in Ethiopia. It introduced high-yielding varieties of bread wheat, food barley, and faba bean to farmers through on-farm demonstration plots. The improved varieties significantly outperformed traditional varieties, increasing yields by 29-47% on average. Farmers provided positive feedback and expressed interest in adopting the new varieties. The project concluded that participatory variety selection and strengthening partnerships between researchers, extension agents, and farmers are important for successful technology transfer and adoption.
Mario Herrero, Livestock and GHG emissions: mitigation options and trade-offs (presentation from Mitigation session at CCAFS Science Workshop, December 2010)
The document summarizes an initiative by an exciting startup company that deals with developing and marketing biotic fertilizer made from biochar. Biochar is a carbon-rich charcoal produced from plant waste through pyrolysis, a process of heating biomass in the absence of oxygen. The company plans to target farmers and agricultural corporations by providing a first-of-its-kind, natural fertilizer in India at affordable prices. It projects increasing sales and profits over three years through establishing production machines, acquiring biotic waste, and implementing marketing and distribution networks.
Presentation by Aracely Castro at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 1: How can sustainable intensification of livestock production through improved feeding practices help realize livelihood and environmental benefits? http://www.agricultureday.org
Land Use analysis of Biofuel Mandates: A CGE perspective with MIRAGE-Biof
Presented by David Laborde at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Climate Change and Agriculture: Change in Yields
in a global CGE MIRAGE-CC
Presented by David Laborde at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
This document summarizes a presentation on fertilizer marketing, distribution and pricing in Bangladesh. It discusses how chemical fertilizers have contributed to increased crop production but also led to soil health deterioration from imbalanced use. It outlines objectives to review the country's fertilizer production, import, distribution and pricing systems, as well as farmers' accessibility. The presentation covers fertilizer consumption trends, subsidies, distribution channels, pricing policies and identifies gaps such as distortion from public interventions and monopoly import control of urea. It recommends progressive liberalization of the fertilizer system and a shift to need-based, bottom-up assessment of annual fertilizer demand.
The document provides an overview of the fertilizer industry in India. It discusses that India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers globally. It notes the major fertilizers produced in India are urea, DAP, and ammonium phosphates. The document also summarizes India's fertilizer production, consumption trends, major companies, subsidies provided, and regulations governing the industry.
Demonstration and promotion of improved crop (breadandualem999
This document summarizes the demonstration and promotion of improved crop varieties in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed in Ethiopia. It introduced high-yielding varieties of bread wheat, food barley, and faba bean to farmers through on-farm demonstration plots. The improved varieties significantly outperformed traditional varieties, increasing yields by 29-47% on average. Farmers provided positive feedback and expressed interest in adopting the new varieties. The project concluded that participatory variety selection and strengthening partnerships between researchers, extension agents, and farmers are important for successful technology transfer and adoption.
Mario Herrero, Livestock and GHG emissions: mitigation options and trade-offs (presentation from Mitigation session at CCAFS Science Workshop, December 2010)
The document summarizes an initiative by an exciting startup company that deals with developing and marketing biotic fertilizer made from biochar. Biochar is a carbon-rich charcoal produced from plant waste through pyrolysis, a process of heating biomass in the absence of oxygen. The company plans to target farmers and agricultural corporations by providing a first-of-its-kind, natural fertilizer in India at affordable prices. It projects increasing sales and profits over three years through establishing production machines, acquiring biotic waste, and implementing marketing and distribution networks.
Presentation by Aracely Castro at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 1: How can sustainable intensification of livestock production through improved feeding practices help realize livelihood and environmental benefits? http://www.agricultureday.org
The document discusses the synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture sector. It finds that agriculture practices can both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help farmers adapt to climate impacts. Many common practices provide benefits for mitigation, adaptation, and income generation. However, Africa's potential for agricultural mitigation is currently not realized due to barriers like high transaction costs and lack of institutional support. The document calls for continued pilot programs and capacity building to better integrate adaptation and mitigation in Sub-Saharan African agriculture.
Day 1, Session 4: Stimulating and Meeting the Demand for Agricultural Inputs ...IFPRI-NSSP
This document discusses a study on the impact of fertilizer subsidies in Nigeria on private sector fertilizer markets. It finds that the majority of farmers source their fertilizer from either commercial or subsidized sources, with limited interaction between the two. This indicates some level of crowding out of private sector fertilizer suppliers by the subsidy program. The study aims to quantify the size of this crowding out effect and determine implications for fertilizer subsidy reforms being implemented in Nigeria. Regression analysis of household survey data is used to examine fertilizer sourcing patterns and the effect of subsidies on open market fertilizer prices.
This document discusses sustainability policies for biofuels in the Netherlands and moving towards a biobased economy. It outlines the EU's 2020 targets for renewable energy, including a minimum 10% renewable energy in transport. Concerns about biofuels include competition with food, land use change, and greenhouse gas emissions. The EU and Netherlands have implemented sustainability certification requirements and approved certification schemes. Looking ahead, indirect land use change is a key issue, and the Netherlands aims to facilitate the transition from first to second generation biofuels while ensuring sustainability remains a prerequisite for a biobased economy.
Agroforestry for food security and climate resiliencePatrick Worms
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 on less land, with less water, and more extreme weather can seem hopeless. But it is not so. Agroforestry, evergreen agriculture and using the findings of agrocecology to manage farms can all bring sizeable, durable gains in productivity - even on degraded lands. The debate needs to move on from the facile organic vs. intensive agriculture one - the future will mean combining the best of all technologies while taking the way that natural systems behave into account. Much of the science is in: it's feasible. Now we need to do it.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's fertilizer sector, including the types of fertilizers produced and consumed in Pakistan. It summarizes production and demand trends, describes the production processes for urea and DAP fertilizers, analyzes the supply and demand situation, and identifies opportunities and recommendations to address weaknesses in the sector.
Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change:What is the pot...Claudia Ringler
This presentation describes first how climate change compromises food security and then explains the role of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions. The crux is what
synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, with recommendations for implementation.
Integrated Forest Biorefinery - Biomass utilisation at the Follum millLasse Blom
By producing multiple products, a Integrated Forest Biorefinery (IFB) takes advantage of the various components in the biomass and their intermediates maximising the value derived from the biomass feedstock. These can be grouped into:
BioMaterials, BioChemicals, BioFuels and BioEnergy.
The document provides an industry analysis of industrial fertilizers in India. It discusses the types and classification of fertilizers, and traces the evolution and growth of the fertilizer industry in India from its beginnings in 1906. It outlines the major players in the industry including public sector undertakings, cooperative societies, and private sector companies. It also examines the market size and structure of the industry, production and sales trends, demand forecast, raw materials, and manufacturing processes used. The fertilizer industry in India is a vital industry for agricultural production.
The document provides a business strategy analysis for fertilizer companies in India. It begins with an introduction and description of the fertilizer industry and market in India. Key points include that India is the 3rd largest producer and consumer of fertilizers globally. The industry contributes significantly to agricultural productivity and the overall economy.
An analysis of the industry includes Porter's 5 Forces, which finds low threat of new entrants and rivalry due to high costs and government regulations. It also finds high bargaining power of suppliers due to limited suppliers and imported materials. The document then outlines the major players in the industry and provides a framework for a strategic factors analysis summary matrix to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats between companies.
Spending more money locally on food sourced from within 100 miles of a community can have economic benefits. If residents of North and South Linden, Ohio spent an additional 2% of their food dollars on local food, it could create 36 new jobs paying $30,000 per year. This is because more money would be spent on local food production, processing, and labor within the community rather than leaving the area. A curriculum is being developed to train residents in local food system jobs like food production, processing, business planning, and year-round agriculture techniques.
Mosnier - Impacts of improved transportation infrastructure on agricultural s...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofuels on Food PricesFGV Brazil
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofuels on Food Prices - November 2011
At the end of 2008, FGV Projects sponsored a survey to analyze the determining factors behind food prices. Among the main conclusions of the study, it was established that the expansion in the production of biofuels – more precisely ethanol from sugar cane – was not a relevant factor for the rise in food prices observed over the course of the year 2008. What really contributed decisively to the rise in food prices was speculation in the futures markets and an increase in demand at a time when world stockpiles were low.
This publication - specially developed for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and FGV Foundation’s seminar ‘Agribusiness in Brazil: Policies, Experiences and Perspectives” (Paris, November 2011) - updates the earlier work by investigating the causes of price increases.
See more at: http://fgvprojetos.fgv.br/en/publicacao/evaluation-impact-biofuels-food-prices
To request a proposal from FGV Projetos, please visit: http://fgvprojetos.fgv.br/en/contact-us
Knowledge as a first step towards less volatile marketsDavid Laborde
1) The document discusses how reducing price volatility in global food markets can be considered a global public good that benefits both consumers and producers.
2) It argues that providing this public good requires global governance and policies that are supported by scientific evidence. The role of knowledge is highlighted to help target market imperfections, guide policymakers, and enable fair international trade.
3) The author presents IFPRI as an organization well-positioned to act as a knowledge broker between Africa and other regions to help address issues of global food price volatility and food security.
Trade and Investment between Asia and Latin America: Lessons and opportunitiesDavid Laborde
Trade and investments policies by Asian and Latin America countries. Evolutions and potential gains from deeper integration between both regions.
Presentation done in Lima, Peru, 24th March 2010 during the “Fostering Growth and Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Asia And Latin America: Opportunities for Mutual Learning” Conference organized by IFPRI and Universtad del Pacifico
More information on the conference and additional materials on http://ifprilima09.wordpress.com/presentations/
Land Use Change and European Biofuel PoliciesDavid Laborde
This presentation gives a detailed overview of the 2011 report done by IFPRI (Laborde, 2011) for the European Commission on the land use consequences of EU biofuel mandates (available at http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/biofuelsreportec2011.pdf )
The report aims to compute iLUC (indirect land use change) factor for different feedstocks using the MIRAGE-Biof CGE model.
Biofuels trade in Latin America: Regional and Global PerspectivesDavid Laborde
Presentation on the role of biofuel production, consumption and trade for Latin America.
Presentation given at the ICTSD Symposium on trade and climate change in Cancun, December 2010.
The Potential Cost of a Failed Doha RoundDavid Laborde
This presentation (August 2010) is based on the IFPRI Discussion paper (2009), as well as the IFPRI Brief ( http://www.ifpri.org/publication/potential-cost-failed-doha-round-0 ) focusing on the potential cost of a failed Doha Round.
Based on a CGE Analysis of alternative scenarios, I discuss the cost of a failed Doha Round if it leads to non cooperative trade policies.
Additional materials to explain how tariff scenarios are built are included in the presentation.
Food and Agricultural Trade: Implications for Food SecurityDavid Laborde
Presentation given in Vienna, on April 6th 2010 during a World Bank Institute workshop for MENA experts.
I discuss the complex interactions between trade and food security.
This document summarizes key lessons from the US corn ethanol value chain that could inform the development of biofuel industries in other countries. It discusses the US ethanol industry structure, profit margins supported by corn byproducts, and factors influencing the location of biorefineries. The document also examines jatropha-based biodiesel value chains and compares different feedstock options. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of securing a stable biomass supply and implementing policies to reduce risks for farmers.
The document discusses the synergies between climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture sector. It finds that agriculture practices can both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help farmers adapt to climate impacts. Many common practices provide benefits for mitigation, adaptation, and income generation. However, Africa's potential for agricultural mitigation is currently not realized due to barriers like high transaction costs and lack of institutional support. The document calls for continued pilot programs and capacity building to better integrate adaptation and mitigation in Sub-Saharan African agriculture.
Day 1, Session 4: Stimulating and Meeting the Demand for Agricultural Inputs ...IFPRI-NSSP
This document discusses a study on the impact of fertilizer subsidies in Nigeria on private sector fertilizer markets. It finds that the majority of farmers source their fertilizer from either commercial or subsidized sources, with limited interaction between the two. This indicates some level of crowding out of private sector fertilizer suppliers by the subsidy program. The study aims to quantify the size of this crowding out effect and determine implications for fertilizer subsidy reforms being implemented in Nigeria. Regression analysis of household survey data is used to examine fertilizer sourcing patterns and the effect of subsidies on open market fertilizer prices.
This document discusses sustainability policies for biofuels in the Netherlands and moving towards a biobased economy. It outlines the EU's 2020 targets for renewable energy, including a minimum 10% renewable energy in transport. Concerns about biofuels include competition with food, land use change, and greenhouse gas emissions. The EU and Netherlands have implemented sustainability certification requirements and approved certification schemes. Looking ahead, indirect land use change is a key issue, and the Netherlands aims to facilitate the transition from first to second generation biofuels while ensuring sustainability remains a prerequisite for a biobased economy.
Agroforestry for food security and climate resiliencePatrick Worms
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 on less land, with less water, and more extreme weather can seem hopeless. But it is not so. Agroforestry, evergreen agriculture and using the findings of agrocecology to manage farms can all bring sizeable, durable gains in productivity - even on degraded lands. The debate needs to move on from the facile organic vs. intensive agriculture one - the future will mean combining the best of all technologies while taking the way that natural systems behave into account. Much of the science is in: it's feasible. Now we need to do it.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's fertilizer sector, including the types of fertilizers produced and consumed in Pakistan. It summarizes production and demand trends, describes the production processes for urea and DAP fertilizers, analyzes the supply and demand situation, and identifies opportunities and recommendations to address weaknesses in the sector.
Synergies Between Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change:What is the pot...Claudia Ringler
This presentation describes first how climate change compromises food security and then explains the role of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions. The crux is what
synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, with recommendations for implementation.
Integrated Forest Biorefinery - Biomass utilisation at the Follum millLasse Blom
By producing multiple products, a Integrated Forest Biorefinery (IFB) takes advantage of the various components in the biomass and their intermediates maximising the value derived from the biomass feedstock. These can be grouped into:
BioMaterials, BioChemicals, BioFuels and BioEnergy.
The document provides an industry analysis of industrial fertilizers in India. It discusses the types and classification of fertilizers, and traces the evolution and growth of the fertilizer industry in India from its beginnings in 1906. It outlines the major players in the industry including public sector undertakings, cooperative societies, and private sector companies. It also examines the market size and structure of the industry, production and sales trends, demand forecast, raw materials, and manufacturing processes used. The fertilizer industry in India is a vital industry for agricultural production.
The document provides a business strategy analysis for fertilizer companies in India. It begins with an introduction and description of the fertilizer industry and market in India. Key points include that India is the 3rd largest producer and consumer of fertilizers globally. The industry contributes significantly to agricultural productivity and the overall economy.
An analysis of the industry includes Porter's 5 Forces, which finds low threat of new entrants and rivalry due to high costs and government regulations. It also finds high bargaining power of suppliers due to limited suppliers and imported materials. The document then outlines the major players in the industry and provides a framework for a strategic factors analysis summary matrix to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats between companies.
Spending more money locally on food sourced from within 100 miles of a community can have economic benefits. If residents of North and South Linden, Ohio spent an additional 2% of their food dollars on local food, it could create 36 new jobs paying $30,000 per year. This is because more money would be spent on local food production, processing, and labor within the community rather than leaving the area. A curriculum is being developed to train residents in local food system jobs like food production, processing, business planning, and year-round agriculture techniques.
Mosnier - Impacts of improved transportation infrastructure on agricultural s...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofuels on Food PricesFGV Brazil
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofuels on Food Prices - November 2011
At the end of 2008, FGV Projects sponsored a survey to analyze the determining factors behind food prices. Among the main conclusions of the study, it was established that the expansion in the production of biofuels – more precisely ethanol from sugar cane – was not a relevant factor for the rise in food prices observed over the course of the year 2008. What really contributed decisively to the rise in food prices was speculation in the futures markets and an increase in demand at a time when world stockpiles were low.
This publication - specially developed for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and FGV Foundation’s seminar ‘Agribusiness in Brazil: Policies, Experiences and Perspectives” (Paris, November 2011) - updates the earlier work by investigating the causes of price increases.
See more at: http://fgvprojetos.fgv.br/en/publicacao/evaluation-impact-biofuels-food-prices
To request a proposal from FGV Projetos, please visit: http://fgvprojetos.fgv.br/en/contact-us
Knowledge as a first step towards less volatile marketsDavid Laborde
1) The document discusses how reducing price volatility in global food markets can be considered a global public good that benefits both consumers and producers.
2) It argues that providing this public good requires global governance and policies that are supported by scientific evidence. The role of knowledge is highlighted to help target market imperfections, guide policymakers, and enable fair international trade.
3) The author presents IFPRI as an organization well-positioned to act as a knowledge broker between Africa and other regions to help address issues of global food price volatility and food security.
Trade and Investment between Asia and Latin America: Lessons and opportunitiesDavid Laborde
Trade and investments policies by Asian and Latin America countries. Evolutions and potential gains from deeper integration between both regions.
Presentation done in Lima, Peru, 24th March 2010 during the “Fostering Growth and Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Asia And Latin America: Opportunities for Mutual Learning” Conference organized by IFPRI and Universtad del Pacifico
More information on the conference and additional materials on http://ifprilima09.wordpress.com/presentations/
Land Use Change and European Biofuel PoliciesDavid Laborde
This presentation gives a detailed overview of the 2011 report done by IFPRI (Laborde, 2011) for the European Commission on the land use consequences of EU biofuel mandates (available at http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/biofuelsreportec2011.pdf )
The report aims to compute iLUC (indirect land use change) factor for different feedstocks using the MIRAGE-Biof CGE model.
Biofuels trade in Latin America: Regional and Global PerspectivesDavid Laborde
Presentation on the role of biofuel production, consumption and trade for Latin America.
Presentation given at the ICTSD Symposium on trade and climate change in Cancun, December 2010.
The Potential Cost of a Failed Doha RoundDavid Laborde
This presentation (August 2010) is based on the IFPRI Discussion paper (2009), as well as the IFPRI Brief ( http://www.ifpri.org/publication/potential-cost-failed-doha-round-0 ) focusing on the potential cost of a failed Doha Round.
Based on a CGE Analysis of alternative scenarios, I discuss the cost of a failed Doha Round if it leads to non cooperative trade policies.
Additional materials to explain how tariff scenarios are built are included in the presentation.
Food and Agricultural Trade: Implications for Food SecurityDavid Laborde
Presentation given in Vienna, on April 6th 2010 during a World Bank Institute workshop for MENA experts.
I discuss the complex interactions between trade and food security.
This document summarizes key lessons from the US corn ethanol value chain that could inform the development of biofuel industries in other countries. It discusses the US ethanol industry structure, profit margins supported by corn byproducts, and factors influencing the location of biorefineries. The document also examines jatropha-based biodiesel value chains and compares different feedstock options. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of securing a stable biomass supply and implementing policies to reduce risks for farmers.
A Stochastic Analysis of Biofuel Policies
Presented by Michael Obersteiner at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
Crop residue utilisation by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IEEM 14fahadansari131
Crop residues include stalks, cobs, and other plant parts left after harvest which are important for protecting soil from erosion, improving soil structure, and sequestering carbon; however, crop residues can also be used as a biomass feedstock for biofuels or electricity though this must be done judiciously to maintain soil quality. There are competing uses for crop residues between returning them to fields or removing them for fuel, fiber, or feed, and it is debated whether short-term economics or long-term sustainability should determine the best use of crop residues.
India’s Unique Sources of Fuel for Electricity and Transportation adoniaanastas
This document summarizes a presentation on potential business models for using bio-oils from oil seeds like Pongamia and Jatropha for electricity generation and transportation fuels in India. Three potential business models are discussed: 1) rural electricity service cooperatives using small generators, 2) industrial scale power production, and 3) industrial biodiesel production. Challenges include high upfront costs, ensuring reliable seed supply, and competition for land. The document concludes certain models like rural power and backup industrial power show promise, and recommends policies to encourage large-scale cultivation through partnerships with farmers.
This document discusses biomass feedstock sustainability, supply, and competition issues. It provides an overview of forestry as a model system for bioenergy production, noting opportunities from forest residues, short rotation woody crops, and mill waste. Sustainability is discussed across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Challenges include engaging landowners, developing value propositions for sustainable biomass production, and ensuring sustainability is incorporated. Examples of sustainability criteria and frameworks are provided. Supply curves illustrate potential feedstock availability. Competition for feedstocks from multiple biorefinery projects is also noted. Sustainable biomass crops and use of waste materials that do not negatively impact resources are recommended.
Good practices assessment on agribusiness innovation and entrepreneurship along with focus on enhancing environment through allied programs and initiatives.
The European Starch Industry Association (AAF) represents 24 starch companies across Europe. In 2010, these companies:
- Processed 22 million tons of raw materials like cereals and potatoes into starch products.
- Produced 9.9 million tons of starch, generating €7.7 billion in annual turnover and employing over 14,000 people.
The AAF sees opportunities in the end of the EU sugar regime in 2015, growing bioeconomy initiatives, and recommendations from the High Level Forum on the food supply chain. However, compliance costs from EU regulations on food, feed, and the environment, as well as international competition pose threats to the industry. The AAF supports dialogue to address these challenges.
‘Scenarios for Policy: Transforming Farming, Landscape and Food Systems for the 21st Century’ was a side event held at the Hunger for Action Conference: 2nd Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change. This session, coordinated by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) considered future policy options for the major transformative changes needed in farming, landscapes and food systems to make climate-smart agriculture a reality.
From a local experience of minimum till to a strategy for no-til development ...Joanna Hicks
- CA adoption in France is less than 1% due to human and policy factors that have favored conventional tillage agriculture
- A study of the history of CA in France found that "min-till" systems from the 1970s-2000 focused on high production and inputs rather than soil health or cover crops, limiting adoption rates
- Since 2000 some pioneer farmers discovered no-till systems from Brazil and saw good results but neighbors did not adopt due to ignorance, dependence on conventional opinions, and lack of support
- To increase adoption, no-till farmers in France created an Institute to assess sustainability through indicators, communicate results, and advocate for policies supporting CA and sustainable agriculture
Presentation Delivered by Ruth Welters, University of East Anglia, as part of the Living with Environmental Change: Working in Partnership session at Communicate 2012: Breaking Boundaries
The global outlook series on the Agriculture Industry provides a collection of statistical anecdotes, market briefs, and concise summaries of research findings. Illustrated with 59 fact-rich market data tables, the report offers a rudimentary overview of the industry and highlights latest trends and demand drivers. Regional markets briefly abstracted and covered include United States, Canada, Europe (Germany, Spain, UK, Russia, and Turkey) Asia-Pacific (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Philippines among others) Latin America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile among others) and South Africa among others. The report offers a compilation of recent mergers, acquisitions, and strategic corporate developments. Also included is an indexed, easy-to-refer, fact-finder directory listing the addresses, and contact details of 352 companies worldwide.
The document discusses strategies for increasing nitrogen fixation through legumes to improve soil fertility for smallholder farmers in Africa. It outlines several potential solutions including legume green manures, grain legumes, legume forages, and legume tree fallows. The key strategies proposed to increase nitrogen inputs from fixation are to: 1) increase the area of land cropped with legumes by targeting appropriate technologies, 2) increase legume productivity through improved agronomy and use of phosphorus fertilizer, 3) select better legume varieties, 4) select better rhizobium strains and use inoculation, and 5) link legume crops to markets to increase demand. Case studies provide examples of successful legume varieties, inoculation trials
The document discusses strategies for increasing nitrogen fixation through legumes to improve soil fertility for smallholder farmers in Africa. It outlines several potential solutions including various types of legume crops that can be used as green manures, fallows, forages, or grain crops. The key strategies proposed to increase nitrogen inputs from legumes are: increasing the area of land planted to legumes; improving legume productivity through better agronomy and use of phosphorus fertilizer; selecting better adapted legume varieties; using improved rhizobium strains and inoculating legume seeds; and linking legume production to new markets to increase demand. The document emphasizes testing technologies on-farm and involving farmers in evaluating what legume options best fit their
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on seed policies and legislation in India. It discusses the various stakeholders in the seed industry, including public sector, private sector, farmers, and multinational companies. It also outlines India's seed progression from nucleus to certified seeds. National policies like the Seeds Act of 1966 and National Seeds Policy of 2002 are summarized. The Seeds Bill of 2004 regarding seed regulation and registration is covered. Issues around seed quality, pricing, and biotechnology are raised. Suggestions are provided regarding provisions for non-commercial seed exchange and regulation of seed imports.
Briefing Ukraine-Russia conflict & Global food security: focus "looking for ...David Laborde
Information briefing on the consequences of the Ukraine-Russia conflict on global food markets and food security.
Week of March 15th. Updates on wheat availability and country vulnerability
Impacts of the Russia-Ukraine crisis on global and regional markets. Focus on...David Laborde
Presentation on the impact of Russia and Ukraine on global and regional markets with a focus on Mena countries.
David Laborde and Joe Glauber. March 6th.
Please check https://www.slideshare.net/DLabordeD/impacts-of-russiaukraine-crisis-on-global-food-markets for a stronger emphasis on global markets and Ukraine situation.
Impacts of Russia-Ukraine crisis on global food marketsDavid Laborde
Information briefing on the Ukraine-Russia crisis and impacts on global food markets.
Joe Glauber and David Laborde
February 27 2022 version.
See blog at https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Disciplining Domestic Support in the context of WTO MC12David Laborde
The upcoming WTO Ministerial in late November will provide yet another opportunity to address and reform agricultural domestic support. The domestic support pillar has been at the heart of the agricultural negotiations since they began in 2000, but it has proven challenging to achieve consensus on how to advance reforms. In fact, domestic support levels remain high and have risen in recent years.
This presentation introduces a recent report by IFPRI researchers that suggests that new disciplines could both reduce distortions and provide significant protection in the event of a subsidy war by reducing "leakage" in domestic support disciplines.
Summary of the event: https://www.ifpri.org/event/disciplining-domestic-support
Access to the report: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/harmonizing-and-reducing-trade-distorting-domestic-support-analysis-impacts-new-domestic
More on the topic:
https://www.ifpri.org/publication/road-wto-twelfth-ministerial-conference-latin-american-and-caribbean-perspective
A globalized crisis or a crisis of the globalization?David Laborde
This document summarizes the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on global food security and poverty. It notes that social distancing measures have disrupted international transport and trade, lowering incomes and demand. Data shows increasing self-reported stress levels and reliance on savings in Ethiopia. Estimates indicate the pandemic could increase the global number of extremely poor people by over 100 million by 2022. Policies are needed to strengthen social safety nets, keep food supply chains open, and assess the crisis's effects on competition.
Covid-19 and Global Food Security (Briefing 15mn)David Laborde
This document discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on global food security. It finds that:
1) The global economic downturn caused by the pandemic is expected to increase the number of people living in extreme poverty by nearly 150 million people, with the largest increases in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South America.
2) Supply chain disruptions for labor-intensive and perishable foods like vegetables, meat, and dairy have occurred as a result of disease spread and labor shortages. Some countries have also imposed export restrictions on food, disrupting international trade.
3) To prevent a major global food crisis, policies are needed that stimulate economies, support developing nations, keep food trade
The document discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on global food security. It notes that the global economic downturn caused by the pandemic could increase the number of people living in extreme poverty by nearly 150 million. It also finds that a 5% recession would lead to declines in the consumption of nutritious foods like fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the document reports that 21 countries initially imposed export restrictions in response to the pandemic, affecting about 5% of global food trade, though only 2% remain in place currently.
Presentation sur les opportunites du commerce Africain pour l'Algerie et la zone de libre echange africaine a Alger, 07 Octobre 2019, CONFERENCE NATIONALE SUR LES ENJEUX DE LA ZONE DE LIBRE ECHANGE CONTINENTALE AFRICAINE (ZLECAF) ET LA STRATEGIE NATIONALE ADAPTEE.
Auteur: David Laborde, IFPRI-PIM en collaboration avec IDEP/CEA.
Presentation made at the Regional Trade Forum for West and Central Africa on the fiscal impact of the AfCFTA.
Work presented by David Laborde. IFPRI-IDEP-PIM collaboration.
Modelling the Effects of Border Tax Adjustments on Trade and Current Account ...David Laborde
Presentation done at the GTAP Conference 2017 on the US proposal of border tax adjustment. It shows the role of a Computable General Equilibrium in bringing transparency in the debate and have clear definitions and assumptions to measure a major policy change. Our conclusions show that trade impacts should be negligible but will involve major domestic redistribution between economic agents and generations.
(paper forthcoming as a book chapter)
International Agricultural Trade and Natural Resources: Global trends and ill...David Laborde
Presentation done on June 17th 2017 during the US-China Oilseeds and Grains Forum.
I discuss the role of agricultural international trade in terms of resources contents from the consumer and producer points of view, including in virtual water, land and fertilizers.
Implications of slowing growth in emerging market economies laborde riseDavid Laborde
Many developing countries seem likely to see a substantial downturn in economic growth over the 2015–2030 implementation period of the SDGs, compared with the recent years of strong growth. We explore the poverty implications of this revision in expectactions.
Supporting research available at:
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/implications-slowing-growth-emerging-market-economies-hunger-and-poverty-rural-areas
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/global-economic-slowdown-implications-rural-poor
Overview of the Multilateral Trade NegotiationsDavid Laborde
Presentation given in Vienna, on April 6th 2010 during a World Bank Institute workshop for MENA experts.
It provides an overview of the WTO/GATT negotiations and presents quantitative estimates.
Papers quoted in this presentation can be downloaded from http://www.ifpri.org/book-6308/ourwork/researcharea/doha-round
The document summarizes the status of negotiations in the Doha Development Round after eight years. It finds that while negotiations have evolved, the core issues remain difficult with an ongoing trade-off between ambition, fairness, and domestic political constraints. Economic modeling is used to analyze the impacts of potential agreements on trade, welfare, and development outcomes. Flexibilities are important for developing countries but come at the cost of reduced gains. An agreement could help secure existing liberalization but the economic and political context may be challenging.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
IFPRI study on Biofuels for the European Commission
1. Global Trade and Environmental
Impact Study of the EU Biofuels
Mandate
MTID Brown Bag Seminar, April 2nd 2010
by Perrihan Al-Riffai, Betina Dimaranan,
David Laborde Debucquet
with contributions from
Antoine Bouët and Hugo Valin
2. Overview
• Introduction and Background
• Modeling Choices
• Database
• The Baseline
• Results
• Concluding Remarks
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4. What is at stake?
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5. What is at stake?
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6. Goals of this study
• Effects of the EU mandate
• Focus on Indirect Land Use Change
• The core story
• Increase in yield
• Increase in area
Increased •Extension of crop
production land
•Reduction of other
crops
New
Reduced • Hunger?
Demand supply for
final
consumers • Substitution effects
for crops
Reduced • Feed
supply for • Other sectors
intermediate (agrifood, cosmetics)
consumers • Substitution effects
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7. Background
• Works on Biofuels with MIRAGE
• Initiated in 2007
• First study for the EC in 2008-2009
• This study initiated in Fall 2009
• More important than numbers, a pedagogical
process
• Strong interaction with EC work group on biofuels
• Intense discussions
• Clarification of several concepts
• The CGE raise issues, underline key mechanisms
and help to structure discussions
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9. Main Features
• Global CGE MIRAGE – assume perfect competition
• Improvement in demand system (food and energy) -
done in previous works
• Improved sector disaggregation
• New modeling of Ethanol sectors
• Land market and land extensions at the AEZ level
• Co-products (ethanols and vegetal oils)
• New modeling of fertilizers
• New modeling of livestocks
(extensification/intensification)
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10. Disaggregation (Sectors)
Sector Description Sector Description Sector Description
Rice Rice SoybnOil Soy Oil EthanolW Ethanol - Wheat
Wheat Wheat SunOil Sunflower Oil Biodiesel Biodiesel
Maize Maize OthFood Other Food sectors Manuf Other Manufacturing
activities
PalmFruit Palm Fruit MeatDairy Meat and Dairy WoodPaper Wood and Paper
products
Rapeseed Rapeseed Sugar Sugar Fuel Fuel
Soybeans Soybeans Forestry Forestry PetrNoFuel Petroleum products,
except fuel
Sunflower Sunflower Fishing Fishing Fertiliz Fertilizers
OthOilSds Other oilseeds Coal Coal ElecGas Electricity and Gas
VegFruits Vegetable & Oil Oil Construction Construction
Fruits
OthCrop Other crops Gas Gas PrivServ Private services
Sugar_cb Sugar beet or OthMin Other minerals RoadTrans Road Transportation
cane
Cattle Cattle Ethanol Ethanol - Main AirSeaTran Air & Sea
sector transportation
OthAnim Other animals EthanolC Ethanol - Sugar PubServ Public services
(inc. hogs and Cane
poultry)
PalmOil Palm Oil EthanolB Ethanol - Sugar Beet
RpSdOil Rapeseed Oil EthanolM Ethanol - Maize
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11. Disaggregation (Regions)
Region Description
Brazil Brazil
CAMCarib Central America and Caribbean countries
China China
CIS CIS countries (inc. Ukraine)
EU27 European Union (27 members)
IndoMalay Indonesia and Malaysia
LAC Other Latin America countries (inc. Argentina)
RoOECD Rest of OECD (inc. Canada & Australia)
RoW Rest of the World
SSA Sub Saharan Africa
USA United States of America
But: Land markets at the AEZ level
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12. Production Tree for an Ag. Sector
Changes
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13. Yield Changes in the Model
• Exogenous technology: TFP in agriculture
• Endogenous effects:
• Factor accumulation:
• More capital and labor by unit of land
• Fertilizers
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14. Fertilizers
• Price elasticities calibrated from the IMPACT
model
• Logistic approach for yield effects
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15. Livestock Sector and Intensification
Traditional approach Intensification approach
• Feedstock Intermediate • Like fertilizers
consumption • Ratio price of land/price of
• Intermediate consumption & feedstocks Producer choice
Value Added (including Land) • Increase in price of feedstock
complementary Substitution effect =
• Increase in feedstock prices Intensification + Overall price
Increase in production cost effect = reduction in production
Decrease in demand Overall, potential increase in
Decrease in production Land use
Decrease in Land Use
+ Limitations in the interactions between
pasture land and crop lands (P0/P1/P2)
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16. Biodiesel Production
Oil
Crops sector Biofuel
(+meals)
Sunflower Sunflower
seed oil
Soybean
Soybean
oil
Biodiesel
Rapeseed
Rapeseed
oil
Palm fruit
Palm oil
& Kernel
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17. Ethanol Production
Biofuels
Crops Blending
(+ DDG)
Ethanol
Wheat
W
Maize Ethanol M
Sugar
Ethanol B Ethanol
Beet
Sugar
Ethanol C
Cane
Imported Imported
Ethanol* Ethanol*
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18. Land Markets – at the AEZ Level
Wheat Corn Oilseeds
CET
Sugar Substitutable Vegetables Other
Livestock1 LivestockN
crops crops and fruits crops
CET CET
Cropland Pasture
CET
Agricultural Managed
land forest
CET
Land extension
Unmanaged land
Managed land
Natural forest - Grasslands
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20. Computing Marginal ILUC by Crop
EU Biofuel demand: x% mandate in 2020 Foreign
+ 106 GJ extra demand in feedstock 2 consumption
Exports
Domestic biofuel Foreign biofuel
production production
Feedstock Feedstock Feedstock Feedstock Feedstock Feedstock
1 2 3 1 2 3
Domestic land Foreign land
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21. Emissions
• Direct savings: Feedstock Set 1
• 1 MJ of fossile fuel: 25gCo2 eq Wheat (EU) -45%
• What about biofuels?
Wheat (Other) -32%
• Life cycle analysis (LCA)
Maize (EU) -56%
• Consumption vs Production
place Maize (USA)* -46%
• Kyoto vs RED? Maize (Other)** -29%
• Indirect emissions: Sugar Beet -61%
• Land use effects: Sugar Cane -71%
• Forest (Primary + Managed)
Soya -40%
• Other biotopes (Grassland…
Peatlands effects) Rapeseed -45%
• Direct savings (reductions) + Palm Oil -62%
ILUC effects/20years Sunflower -58%
(emissions) = Net effects
Role of certification ?
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23. Major Efforts on Data: from Values to Quantities
• Improvement from GTAP7
• Split for fertilizers and fossil fuels
• Disaggregation with specific procedure for Maize, Soybeans, Sunflower
seed, Palm fruit, Rapeseed + relevant Oils + Co-products
• Production targeting (FAO) for all relevant crops
• Creation of a “harmonized” price database for calibration
• Case of co-products
• Creation of Ethanol and Biodiesel (2008 trade and production structure).
• Correction of some I-O data (e.g. China)
• Land use (AEZ GTAP database 2001 2004, + consistency with
FAO and M3)
• Correction for Sugar cane AEZ in Brazil
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24. General Remarks
• CGE:
• A world of value and prices
• But rarely “real” prices
• Calibration issue X
• Here, physical linkages dX pY
are crucial
• Substitution effects
dY pX
• Transformation effects
• Limits of CES and CET
• Constraints on the choice of
elasticities
Y
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26. Defining a Relevant Baseline
• Macroeconomic targets
• Growth
• Oil prices
• EU fuel consumption for Road transportation
• Technology and yields
• Ludena and al.
• EU specific case
• Policies
• Trade policies
• Ag policies
• Biofuel policies
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27. EU AD/CD on US Biodiesel
2.00
1.80
1.60
EU imports, Mtoe
1.40
USA
1.20 RoOECD
1.00 LAC
0.80 IndoMalay
0.60 China
Brazil
0.40
0.20
0.00
2008 2020
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28. Other Policies in the Baseline
• Agricultural policies
• Sugar reform in the EU
• End of the land set-aside
• Biofuel policies
• Status quo in the EU (3.3%=10.13 Mtoe in 2020)
• Mandate of 5% in OECD countries, China, Indonesia
and Malaysia
• US mandate (51.64 Mtoe by 2020)
• Brazilian policy (14.05 Mtoe by 2020)
• World market: 88.79 Mtoe in 2020 (80% ethanol)
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30. Defining a Central Scenario
• Policy uncertainties
• Trade policies
• Status quo
• Full liberalization of biofuel (not feedstocks) in the EU
• Degree of ambition
• 5.6% ?
• 316 Mtoe in 2020: Total EU consumption for Road Transportation
• 31.6 Mtoe of renewable energies: 10% target
• 17.8 Mtoe of biofuels first generation by 2020
• Compared to the current situation: 9.23 Mtoe in baseline 2008 (3.3%)
• Ethanol/Biodiesel mix: 45%/55%
• Parameter uncertainties
• Weak estimations on many parameters
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31. Biofuels Production
REF Mandate 5.6% Mandate 5.6%+ Trade liberalization
Lev Lev Var Lev Var
Biodiesel Brazil 0.36 0.37 1.81% 0.37 2.92%
Biodiesel China 0.23 0.23 -0.72% 0.23 -0.76%
Biodiesel EU27 8.15 9.04 10.92% 9.07 11.27%
Biodiesel IndoMalay 3.58 3.65 2.06% 3.65 2.07%
Biodiesel LAC 0.45 0.48 5.91% 0.48 6.10%
Biodiesel RoOECD 3.24 3.24 -0.01% 3.24 0.12%
Biodiesel USA 3.46 3.45 -0.18% 3.46 -0.03%
Biodiesel World 19.46 20.45 5.08% 20.49 5.30%
Ethanol Brazil 28.51 32.78 14.97% 34.36 20.50%
Ethanol CAMCarib 7.25 7.45 2.64% 7.19 -0.89%
Ethanol China 10.81 10.83 0.18% 10.83 0.16%
Ethanol EU27 0.84 2.17 156.89% 0.44 -48.23%
Ethanol LAC 0.69 0.69 0.95% 0.70 2.21%
Ethanol RoOECD 5.66 5.78 2.03% 5.84 3.03%
Ethanol RoW 1.51 1.50 -0.54% 1.50 -0.49%
Ethanol USA 29.10 29.57 1.64% 29.72 2.14%
Ethanol World 84.38 90.77 7.58% 90.57 7.34%
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32. EU Imports (2020)
Mandate 5.6%+ Trade
REF Mandate 5.6% liberalization
Lev Lev Var Lev Var
Biodiesel Brazil 0.00 0.00 6.21% 0.00 5.49%
Biodiesel China 0.00 0.00 14.45% 0.00 14.59%
Biodiesel IndoMalay 0.44 0.51 15.29% 0.51 15.46%
Biodiesel LAC 0.19 0.22 15.69% 0.22 16.04%
Biodiesel RoOECD 0.00 0.00 12.92% 0.00 82.07%
Biodiesel USA 0.00 0.00 11.78% 0.00 12.10%
Biodiesel World 0.64 0.74 15.40% 0.74 15.79%
Ethanol Brazil 0.92 5.53 502.82% 7.56 724.32%
Ethanol CAMCarib 0.04 0.27 517.35% 0.01 -83.48%
Ethanol USA 0.00 0.01 546.96% 0.00 111.89%
Ethanol World 0.96 5.82 503.58% 7.57 685.98%
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33. EU Production by Feedstock – Biodiesel
2020
Biodiesel
100%
0.38 0.45 0.45
90%
Share of EU production (MToe) by feedstock
80% 2.58 2.96 2.98
70%
60%
Sunflower
50% Soybeans
Rapeseed
40%
4.33 4.58 4.60 PalmFruit
30%
20%
10%
0.86 1.04 1.04
0%
REF Mandate 5.6% Mandate 5.6%+ Trade liberalization
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34. EU Production by Feedstocks - Ethanol
2020
Ethanol
100%
90%
Share of EU production (Mtoe) by feestock
80%
0.99
0.43
0.24
70%
60%
Wheat
50%
Sugar_cb
40% Maize
30% 0.98
0.35 0.16
20%
10%
0.07 0.20 0.04
0%
REF Mandate 5.6% Mandate 5.6%+ Trade liberalization
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35. Agricultural Production (2020)
Crops Region REF Mandate 5.6% Mandate 5.6%+ Trade
liberalization
Lev Lev Var Lev Var
Sugar_cb Brazil 913385 1001556.15 9.65% 1045492.08 14.46%
Rapeseed CIS 571 583.00 2.06% 583.42 2.13%
PalmFruit Brazil 3117 3196.06 2.53% 3181.86 2.07%
Rapeseed Brazil 151 153.15 1.59% 152.85 1.39%
Rapeseed SSA 108 108.87 1.10% 108.89 1.12%
Sunflower Brazil 153 155.23 1.24% 154.91 1.03%
Rapeseed RoOECD 13848 13969.92 0.88% 13975.74 0.92%
Soybeans RoOECD 3999 4020.98 0.54% 4025.62 0.66%
Sunflower USA 2142 2155.86 0.64% 2156.20 0.65%
Soybeans CIS 1129 1134.41 0.46% 1135.71 0.58%
Soybeans LAC 77981 78349.47 0.47% 78428.70 0.57%
Sunflower LAC 5883 5916.54 0.57% 5916.34 0.57%
Rapeseed LAC 141 142.09 0.52% 142.10 0.53%
OthCrop Brazil 9090 9034.08 -0.61% 9002.90 -0.96%
Wheat IndoMalay 1 0.55 -5.92% 0.55 -6.81%
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36. Agricultural Value-Added (2020)
1.20%
Mandate 5.6%
1.00%
Mandate 5.6%+
Trade liberalization
0.80%
0.60%
0.40%
0.20%
0.00%
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37. Real Income Impacts (2020)
Mandate 5.6%+ Trade
REF Mandate 5.6% liberalization
Lev Lev Var Lev Var
Brazil 856 857 0.06% 857 0.08%
CAMCarib 444 444 -0.01% 444 -0.02%
China 4593 4592 0.00% 4592 -0.01%
CIS 1093 1091 -0.18% 1091 -0.17%
EU27 15182 15184 0.01% 15182 0.00%
IndoMalay 564 564 -0.02% 564 -0.03%
LAC 1605 1604 -0.05% 1604 -0.06%
RoOECD 8590 8589 -0.01% 8588 -0.01%
RoW 5639 5633 -0.11% 5633 -0.11%
SSA 912 911 -0.12% 911 -0.12%
USA 15219 15218 0.00% 15218 -0.01%
World 54697 54687 -0.02% 54684 -0.02%
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38. Livestock Value-Added (2020) – Scenario
without trade liberalization
0.10%
0.05%
0.00%
Brazil USA EU27 World Cattle
Other Animals
-0.05%
-0.10%
-0.15%
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39. Cropland Extension by 2020
Brazil CAMCarib China CIS EU27 IndoMalay LAC RoOECD RoW SSA USA
Mandate with trade liberalization
EU27: 460
Brazil 6,866
Mandate without trade
liberalization EU27: 780
Brazil: 4813
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
Km2
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40. Where the Land Extension Occurs?
Forest
managed
Brazil EU27
1% Grassland
Forest Pasture
0% 0%
primary
15%
Forest
managed
34%
Other
12%
Savanah
Grassland
58%
Forest
primary
Other
Pasture 66%
0%
14%
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42. Land Use Emissions – Mios tCO2eq – by 2020
5.6% EU Mandate 5.6% EU Mandate + Full trade
liberalization on biofuels
Forest Biomass Organic Carbon in Total land use Forest Biomass Organic Carbon in Total land use
change Mineral Soil emissions change Mineral Soil emissions
Brazil 23.97 33.33 57.30 28.50 46.02 74.52
CAMCarib 0.52 0.52 0.22 0.22
China 1.57 0.65 2.22 1.43 0.60 2.03
CIS 3.18 5.08 8.26 2.91 4.52 7.43
EU27 3.03 7.60 10.63 1.80 4.50 6.30
IndoMalay 3.39 1.53 4.92 3.38 1.53 4.90
LAC 2.63 3.58 6.21 2.71 3.70 6.41
RoOECD 1.08 2.47 3.55 0.87 2.34 3.22
RoW 1.20 0.94 2.14 0.88 0.71 1.59
SSA 1.49 4.50 5.99 1.36 4.04 5.41
USA 1.88 2.89 4.76 2.24 3.47 5.71
World 43.41 63.09 107.50 46.07 71.66 117.74
Additional MtCo2 emissions from peatlands IPCC method 0.17
Values are identical in both scenarios at 0.01 MtCO2eq Couwenberg(2009): 1.38
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 42
43. Carbon Balance Sheet (2020)
Mandate 5.6%+
Trade
REF Mandate 5.6% liberalization
Total carbon release from forest biomass (MtCO2eq) 43.41 46.07
Total carbon release from organic carbon in mineral
soil (MtCO2eq) 63.09 71.66
EU Consumption of biofuel in 2020 (million GJ) 443 743 746
Annual carbon release from forest biomass
(gCO2eq/MJ) 7.23 7.61
Annual carbon release from organic carbon in mineral
soil (gCO2eq/MJ) 10.50 11.84
Annual direct savings (gCO2/MJ) -60.55 -66.38
Total emission balance on a 20 years period
(gCO2/MJ) -42.82 -46.93
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 43
45. Net Emissions – Marginal, by Crop, in 2020
Mandate 5.6% Mandate 5.6%+ Trade liberalization
Without Peatland With Peatland Without Peatland With Peatland
effects effect effect effect
Ethanol -49.69 -49.68 -53.55 -53.53
Ethanol Sugar Beet -35.86 -35.85 21.84 21.83
Ethanol SugarCane -53.95 -53.95 -55.53 -55.53
Ethanol Maize 3.64 3.65 62.82 62.87
Ethanol Wheat -7.00 -6.99 -5.02 -4.95
Biodiesel 5.95 7.06 3.63 4.70
Palm Oil -21.98 -18.25 -22.43 -18.76
Rapeseed Oil 8.76 9.42 7.42 8.06
Soybean Oil 24.07 24.96 18.95 19.80
Sunflower Oil 8.73 9.38 7.74 8.37
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46. Non-linearity? (No Trade Liberalization)
4.60% 5.60% 6.60% 7.60% 8.60%
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
Annual carbon release (gCO2eq/MJ)
Annual direct savings (gCO2/MJ)
-80.00
Total emission balance on a 20 years period (gCO2/MJ)
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47. Why Non-linearity?
• Biofuel mix
• Share of biodiesel vs ethanol in the marginal increase
• Modeling framework
• CES & CET
• Land use
• Productivity of new land: small or equal to existing
average productivity
• To which extent the model reflects reality?
• Marginal productivity and utility
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 47
49. Conclusions
• Mechanisms more important than numbers
• A lot of research is needed to improve the quality of the
parameters and modeling can still evolve too
• Limited amount of biofuels = positive effects
• But all biofuels are not equal
• We simulate a mandate with a strong ethanol component
• In our simulations, clear superiority of sugarcane ethanol from
Brazil
• Limited environmental impacts
• Energy efficiency
• Cost efficiency
• No world wide effects on food prices
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50. Answering Comments
• Already a lot echoes in the news and more pedagogy is
needed
• “UNICA welcomed the Commission's efforts to engage independent experts in its assessments but
called for improvements in the current analysis. "The report currently contains a certain number of
inaccuracies, so once these are corrected, we anticipate even higher benefits resulting from the
use of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol. For example, the type of land for sugarcane expansion
highlighted in the report does not take into consideration the agro-ecological zoning for sugarcane
in Brazil, which prevents cane from expanding into any type of native vegetation," Desplechin
added.”
“A 2008 study published by The Netherlands' Wageningen University forecast that about 62% of
the expansion of sugarcane in South-Central Brazil, the heart of the country's sugarcane
harvesting region, would take place primarily on pasture land, while 37,8% would happen in lands
previously occupied by other crops. The projection covered the period from 2008 to 2018.
• We do model land extension at the AEZ level and it plays a strong role in
the reduction of emissions in our simulations.
• The fact that sugar cane will displace “pasture lands and other crops” is not
a good argument. This is exactly the problem of ILUC and potentially the
difficulty to implement good certification.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 50