Specialization for export diversification a case for greater intraregional ...cgrowth
This document analyzes economic growth and sectoral contributions to GDP for several Caribbean nations from 1990-2009. It finds that services now make up the largest portion of GDP across the nations, with tourism playing a key role. However, tourism growth has been volatile and constrained by factors like hurricanes. The document argues regional cooperation could help overcome constraints and promote export diversification through strategies like specializing in similar products and pooling resources to achieve economies of scale. It maps the relatedness of current exports and identifies opportunities for neighboring nations to cooperatively develop new competitive products.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries, giving rise to a world economy where prices are affected globally. It differs from internal trade within a country in factors of mobility, product movement, economic environments, and monetary units used. International trade is driven by natural resources, climate, labor forces, and specialization between countries. Theories of international trade include mercantilism, liberalism, and comparative advantage.
This document discusses a business, government, and globalization course on the topic of globalization and competition policy at Mogadishu University. It covers several aspects of economic globalization including its technological, cultural, political, and military dimensions. It also discusses early capitalist ideas, the impacts of economic globalization on reducing poverty, and challenges faced in Africa from globalization. Competition and competition policy are defined, and different models of competition are outlined. The benefits of competition policy for consumers and efficient producers are also summarized.
International trade between countries is regulated through a system of bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties. The key objectives of modern multilateral trade regulation include expanding export and import opportunities while resolving trade disputes. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor the World Trade Organization (WTO) established fundamental principles like non-discrimination between countries and transparency in trade rules. The Most Favored Nation (MFN) rule and National Treatment (NT) rule prohibit discrimination against imports through tariffs or internal taxes compared to domestic goods or those from other countries.
The document discusses issues related to international trade, including the theory of comparative advantage, limitations of trade models, barriers to trade such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and the impact of trade policies on developing countries. It notes that while free trade can expand global output, it also risks trapping countries in low-value production and limits opportunities for industrialization. Trade liberalization in agriculture has slowed due to policies in rich nations that affect world prices and new non-tariff barriers introduced.
This document provides an overview of international trade regimes and the rationale for governments opening their markets to trade. It discusses the basic economic arguments for why trade benefits both importing and exporting countries. It also covers key aspects of the global trading system including the World Trade Organization (WTO) and concepts such as comparative advantage, tariff reductions, rules of origin, and internal taxes. The document is intended to help understand international trade, importing, exporting, and supply chain management.
Role of World Trade Organization in fisheriesANIKETGIRI7
The document discusses the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in regulating international fisheries trade. It covers several key topics:
1) The functions of the WTO in facilitating trade agreements and dispute resolution between member countries.
2) How fisheries subsidies impact overfishing and the environment. WTO negotiations aim to set rules limiting subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.
3) Issues in international seafood trade such as food safety standards and anti-dumping measures are governed by WTO agreements on sanitary measures, subsidies, and anti-dumping.
Specialization for export diversification a case for greater intraregional ...cgrowth
This document analyzes economic growth and sectoral contributions to GDP for several Caribbean nations from 1990-2009. It finds that services now make up the largest portion of GDP across the nations, with tourism playing a key role. However, tourism growth has been volatile and constrained by factors like hurricanes. The document argues regional cooperation could help overcome constraints and promote export diversification through strategies like specializing in similar products and pooling resources to achieve economies of scale. It maps the relatedness of current exports and identifies opportunities for neighboring nations to cooperatively develop new competitive products.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries, giving rise to a world economy where prices are affected globally. It differs from internal trade within a country in factors of mobility, product movement, economic environments, and monetary units used. International trade is driven by natural resources, climate, labor forces, and specialization between countries. Theories of international trade include mercantilism, liberalism, and comparative advantage.
This document discusses a business, government, and globalization course on the topic of globalization and competition policy at Mogadishu University. It covers several aspects of economic globalization including its technological, cultural, political, and military dimensions. It also discusses early capitalist ideas, the impacts of economic globalization on reducing poverty, and challenges faced in Africa from globalization. Competition and competition policy are defined, and different models of competition are outlined. The benefits of competition policy for consumers and efficient producers are also summarized.
International trade between countries is regulated through a system of bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties. The key objectives of modern multilateral trade regulation include expanding export and import opportunities while resolving trade disputes. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor the World Trade Organization (WTO) established fundamental principles like non-discrimination between countries and transparency in trade rules. The Most Favored Nation (MFN) rule and National Treatment (NT) rule prohibit discrimination against imports through tariffs or internal taxes compared to domestic goods or those from other countries.
The document discusses issues related to international trade, including the theory of comparative advantage, limitations of trade models, barriers to trade such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and the impact of trade policies on developing countries. It notes that while free trade can expand global output, it also risks trapping countries in low-value production and limits opportunities for industrialization. Trade liberalization in agriculture has slowed due to policies in rich nations that affect world prices and new non-tariff barriers introduced.
This document provides an overview of international trade regimes and the rationale for governments opening their markets to trade. It discusses the basic economic arguments for why trade benefits both importing and exporting countries. It also covers key aspects of the global trading system including the World Trade Organization (WTO) and concepts such as comparative advantage, tariff reductions, rules of origin, and internal taxes. The document is intended to help understand international trade, importing, exporting, and supply chain management.
Role of World Trade Organization in fisheriesANIKETGIRI7
The document discusses the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in regulating international fisheries trade. It covers several key topics:
1) The functions of the WTO in facilitating trade agreements and dispute resolution between member countries.
2) How fisheries subsidies impact overfishing and the environment. WTO negotiations aim to set rules limiting subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.
3) Issues in international seafood trade such as food safety standards and anti-dumping measures are governed by WTO agreements on sanitary measures, subsidies, and anti-dumping.
Richard Andréss Robalino Quito is studying electronics and telecommunications. His English homework discusses the advantages and disadvantages of free trade. [1] Free trade occurs without barriers between countries and leads to lower prices and more choices for consumers. However, it can also result in job losses and economic dependence as local industries struggle against international competition. [2] While free trade may benefit large, developed countries, it poses more risks for poorer nations that are less able to compete globally or make up job losses. [3] Overall, the document analyzes the complex impacts of free trade on both rich and poor countries.
This document discusses protectionism between developed and developing countries. It notes that while developed countries have lowered tariffs, they increasingly rely on non-tariff barriers like technical standards to protect strategic industries and jobs. Developing countries face pressure to open their markets more than developed countries. The document argues that current international trade rules are not equally applied and developed countries have more autonomy in decision making compared to developing nations.
This document provides an overview of theories of international trade and barriers to trade. It discusses traditional trade theories like mercantilism, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage. It also covers modern theories including factor proportions theory, product cycle theory, and strategic trade theory. The document then examines different types of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas, technical barriers, and restrictions. Finally, it defines trade blocs and discusses how they can reduce barriers between member countries.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It can occur at both national and international levels. Historically, trade developed from simple barter systems and long distance trade routes like the Silk Road. In modern times, international trade is the basis of the world's economic organization and is driven by factors like comparative advantage and differences in national resources. Major global organizations like the WTO and GATT work to facilitate and regulate international trade between nations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international trade including:
- The principles of absolute and comparative advantage which form the basis for beneficial trade between countries.
- Arguments for free trade and reasons countries engage in protectionism such as tariffs or quotas.
- Different levels of economic integration like free trade areas or customs unions.
- How terms of trade measure the exchange rate between a country's exports and imports.
Free trade involves the exchange of goods between countries without restrictions like tariffs or quotas. Early economic theories like mercantilism supported government control over trade to accumulate wealth, while later theorists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo argued that free trade allows countries to specialize and benefit from comparative advantage. While classical theories supported free trade, many countries adopted protectionist policies due to arguments around infant industries, national defense, and unemployment. Since WWII, organizations like GATT and the WTO have worked to gradually reduce trade barriers, but free trade remains a controversial issue.
This document provides an overview of protectionism and its effects on international trade. It defines protectionism as government policies that restrict free trade to protect local industries from foreign competition, through measures like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. It then discusses different types of protectionist policies and their impacts. While protectionism aims to protect domestic jobs in the short-term, it ultimately makes countries less competitive and can strain foreign relations. The document also notes arguments for and against protectionism, and that while protection may help infant industries, it discourages innovation and leads to lower quality, more expensive domestic goods over time.
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Trade has played a major role in India’s history. It is very well said that the countries that are open to trade and investment are more prosperous than countries that restrict individual’s freedom to decide how to spend and invest your money.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It has increased globally to include services like transportation, banking, and communication. International trade occurs when countries specialize in producing goods they have a comparative advantage in and trade for goods they have a comparative disadvantage in. Reasons for international trade include uneven distribution of natural resources between countries, differences in economic growth rates, and allowing for division of labor and specialization. The main benefits of international trade are optimal use of resources, availability of all types of goods, and economic growth and development.
Unit 4 lesson - protectionism - power point- dukemsladuke
This document discusses different types of trade barriers such as tariffs, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and embargoes. It provides examples of current tariff rates on various goods and lists countries that are currently subject to US embargoes. The main arguments for and against protectionism are outlined, such as protecting domestic jobs and industries but hindering efficiency and competition. While protectionism aims to shelter local economies, it often does more harm than good in the long run by raising prices and reducing overall purchasing power.
Unit 4 lesson - protectionism - power point- dukemsladuke
Protectionism refers to the use of trade barriers like tariffs, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and embargoes to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Tariffs are taxes on imported goods, quotas limit imports of certain goods, and voluntary export restraints and embargoes restrict trade with certain countries. While protectionism aims to protect jobs and developing industries, it often has negative effects like raising prices for consumers and reducing incentives for industries to improve efficiency. Overall, most economists argue that protectionism is bad for the economy.
World trade agreements related with food businessunnatikshetriya1
The document discusses several key World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements related to international food trade, including:
1. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) which aims to reform agricultural trade and subsidies.
2. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) which concerns food safety and animal and plant health regulations.
3. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) which covers technical regulations and standards that could act as barriers to trade.
4. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which establishes minimum standards for various forms of intellectual property regulation.
This document discusses various social, cultural, economic, political, and legal differences between countries that can act as barriers to international trade. It identifies potential problems with language barriers, differing cultural values and religious practices. It also outlines economic differences such as infrastructure, currency fluctuations, and varying political environments including stability, legal systems, and corruption. The document then shifts to describing specific barriers like tariffs, quotas, embargoes and exchange controls. It concludes by examining international organizations that promote free trade such as the WTO, NAFTA, EU, IMF, and World Bank.
This document summarizes the key topics in international trade policy, including arguments for and against free trade. It discusses how free trade maximizes welfare but can have distributional effects. Arguments for free trade include efficiency gains and economies of scale. Arguments against include terms-of-trade gains from tariffs and addressing domestic market failures. Trade policy is also influenced by income distribution and political pressures. International trade agreements aim to liberalize trade through negotiation while balancing these various interests.
International trade has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. Nearly every person on Earth has benefited from international trade through improved quality of life. International trade involves the buying and selling of goods and services between countries. It allows countries to obtain products that are better quality, less expensive, or different than what is produced domestically. While international trade provides advantages like increased sales and market access, it also involves risks and disadvantages such as additional costs and delays in payments. Specialization and trade allow countries to focus on producing goods they have a comparative advantage in.
Free trade & protectionism part 1-international economicsPaolaReyesR
This document discusses free trade and protectionism. It defines free trade as occurring when there are no barriers to trade between countries, allowing goods to move freely. Protectionism refers to measures that give local producers an advantage over foreign competitors. The document then examines arguments for and against protectionism, such as protecting domestic industries and employment versus higher consumer prices and reduced competition.
International commodity agreement - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
After the establishment of UN and its specialized agencies certain other financial institutions like IMF, IBRD and GATT were also set up. Along with them, the_ FAO, WHO and UNICEF were also established. In addition to these, certain other agreements also took place regarding exports of developing countries. Such agreements are given the name of International Commodity Agreements
This document provides lecture notes on international economics. It begins with an introduction that defines the scope of international economics and discusses its main concepts and themes, including the gains from trade, patterns of trade, protectionism, balance of payments, exchange rates, policy coordination, and international capital markets. It then covers the historical development of international trade theories from mercantilism to the current new trade theories. The next sections will analyze the theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the standard models of international trade.
"Knowledge as a First Step Towards Less Volatile Markets" presentation by David Laborde at Launch of IFPRI Office for West and Central Africa on 17 May 2011
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and economic organizations. It defines free trade and globalization, and explains how free trade is based on the theory of comparative advantage. Several international organizations that influence global trade and economic policy are described, including the WTO, IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, G7/G8 and G20. Criticisms of some organizations and their policies are also mentioned.
Richard Andréss Robalino Quito is studying electronics and telecommunications. His English homework discusses the advantages and disadvantages of free trade. [1] Free trade occurs without barriers between countries and leads to lower prices and more choices for consumers. However, it can also result in job losses and economic dependence as local industries struggle against international competition. [2] While free trade may benefit large, developed countries, it poses more risks for poorer nations that are less able to compete globally or make up job losses. [3] Overall, the document analyzes the complex impacts of free trade on both rich and poor countries.
This document discusses protectionism between developed and developing countries. It notes that while developed countries have lowered tariffs, they increasingly rely on non-tariff barriers like technical standards to protect strategic industries and jobs. Developing countries face pressure to open their markets more than developed countries. The document argues that current international trade rules are not equally applied and developed countries have more autonomy in decision making compared to developing nations.
This document provides an overview of theories of international trade and barriers to trade. It discusses traditional trade theories like mercantilism, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage. It also covers modern theories including factor proportions theory, product cycle theory, and strategic trade theory. The document then examines different types of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas, technical barriers, and restrictions. Finally, it defines trade blocs and discusses how they can reduce barriers between member countries.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It can occur at both national and international levels. Historically, trade developed from simple barter systems and long distance trade routes like the Silk Road. In modern times, international trade is the basis of the world's economic organization and is driven by factors like comparative advantage and differences in national resources. Major global organizations like the WTO and GATT work to facilitate and regulate international trade between nations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international trade including:
- The principles of absolute and comparative advantage which form the basis for beneficial trade between countries.
- Arguments for free trade and reasons countries engage in protectionism such as tariffs or quotas.
- Different levels of economic integration like free trade areas or customs unions.
- How terms of trade measure the exchange rate between a country's exports and imports.
Free trade involves the exchange of goods between countries without restrictions like tariffs or quotas. Early economic theories like mercantilism supported government control over trade to accumulate wealth, while later theorists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo argued that free trade allows countries to specialize and benefit from comparative advantage. While classical theories supported free trade, many countries adopted protectionist policies due to arguments around infant industries, national defense, and unemployment. Since WWII, organizations like GATT and the WTO have worked to gradually reduce trade barriers, but free trade remains a controversial issue.
This document provides an overview of protectionism and its effects on international trade. It defines protectionism as government policies that restrict free trade to protect local industries from foreign competition, through measures like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. It then discusses different types of protectionist policies and their impacts. While protectionism aims to protect domestic jobs in the short-term, it ultimately makes countries less competitive and can strain foreign relations. The document also notes arguments for and against protectionism, and that while protection may help infant industries, it discourages innovation and leads to lower quality, more expensive domestic goods over time.
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
The document discusses protectionism and trade liberalization. Protectionism refers to restricting trade between countries through tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs increase import prices while quotas restrict quantities. Non-tariff barriers make trade costly through regulations and standards. Countries adopt protectionism to shield domestic industries and jobs and for strategic or political reasons. Trade liberalization aims to reduce these barriers by promoting specialization, efficient resource allocation, and market access through agreements like GATT and the WTO. However, fully liberalizing world trade faces challenges in removing barriers like agricultural subsidies.
Trade has played a major role in India’s history. It is very well said that the countries that are open to trade and investment are more prosperous than countries that restrict individual’s freedom to decide how to spend and invest your money.
International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. It has increased globally to include services like transportation, banking, and communication. International trade occurs when countries specialize in producing goods they have a comparative advantage in and trade for goods they have a comparative disadvantage in. Reasons for international trade include uneven distribution of natural resources between countries, differences in economic growth rates, and allowing for division of labor and specialization. The main benefits of international trade are optimal use of resources, availability of all types of goods, and economic growth and development.
Unit 4 lesson - protectionism - power point- dukemsladuke
This document discusses different types of trade barriers such as tariffs, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and embargoes. It provides examples of current tariff rates on various goods and lists countries that are currently subject to US embargoes. The main arguments for and against protectionism are outlined, such as protecting domestic jobs and industries but hindering efficiency and competition. While protectionism aims to shelter local economies, it often does more harm than good in the long run by raising prices and reducing overall purchasing power.
Unit 4 lesson - protectionism - power point- dukemsladuke
Protectionism refers to the use of trade barriers like tariffs, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and embargoes to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Tariffs are taxes on imported goods, quotas limit imports of certain goods, and voluntary export restraints and embargoes restrict trade with certain countries. While protectionism aims to protect jobs and developing industries, it often has negative effects like raising prices for consumers and reducing incentives for industries to improve efficiency. Overall, most economists argue that protectionism is bad for the economy.
World trade agreements related with food businessunnatikshetriya1
The document discusses several key World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements related to international food trade, including:
1. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) which aims to reform agricultural trade and subsidies.
2. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) which concerns food safety and animal and plant health regulations.
3. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) which covers technical regulations and standards that could act as barriers to trade.
4. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which establishes minimum standards for various forms of intellectual property regulation.
This document discusses various social, cultural, economic, political, and legal differences between countries that can act as barriers to international trade. It identifies potential problems with language barriers, differing cultural values and religious practices. It also outlines economic differences such as infrastructure, currency fluctuations, and varying political environments including stability, legal systems, and corruption. The document then shifts to describing specific barriers like tariffs, quotas, embargoes and exchange controls. It concludes by examining international organizations that promote free trade such as the WTO, NAFTA, EU, IMF, and World Bank.
This document summarizes the key topics in international trade policy, including arguments for and against free trade. It discusses how free trade maximizes welfare but can have distributional effects. Arguments for free trade include efficiency gains and economies of scale. Arguments against include terms-of-trade gains from tariffs and addressing domestic market failures. Trade policy is also influenced by income distribution and political pressures. International trade agreements aim to liberalize trade through negotiation while balancing these various interests.
International trade has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. Nearly every person on Earth has benefited from international trade through improved quality of life. International trade involves the buying and selling of goods and services between countries. It allows countries to obtain products that are better quality, less expensive, or different than what is produced domestically. While international trade provides advantages like increased sales and market access, it also involves risks and disadvantages such as additional costs and delays in payments. Specialization and trade allow countries to focus on producing goods they have a comparative advantage in.
Free trade & protectionism part 1-international economicsPaolaReyesR
This document discusses free trade and protectionism. It defines free trade as occurring when there are no barriers to trade between countries, allowing goods to move freely. Protectionism refers to measures that give local producers an advantage over foreign competitors. The document then examines arguments for and against protectionism, such as protecting domestic industries and employment versus higher consumer prices and reduced competition.
International commodity agreement - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
After the establishment of UN and its specialized agencies certain other financial institutions like IMF, IBRD and GATT were also set up. Along with them, the_ FAO, WHO and UNICEF were also established. In addition to these, certain other agreements also took place regarding exports of developing countries. Such agreements are given the name of International Commodity Agreements
This document provides lecture notes on international economics. It begins with an introduction that defines the scope of international economics and discusses its main concepts and themes, including the gains from trade, patterns of trade, protectionism, balance of payments, exchange rates, policy coordination, and international capital markets. It then covers the historical development of international trade theories from mercantilism to the current new trade theories. The next sections will analyze the theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and the standard models of international trade.
"Knowledge as a First Step Towards Less Volatile Markets" presentation by David Laborde at Launch of IFPRI Office for West and Central Africa on 17 May 2011
The document discusses various topics related to international trade and economic organizations. It defines free trade and globalization, and explains how free trade is based on the theory of comparative advantage. Several international organizations that influence global trade and economic policy are described, including the WTO, IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, G7/G8 and G20. Criticisms of some organizations and their policies are also mentioned.
Sustainable trade aims to promote economic growth without harming social conditions or the environment. The World Trade Organization oversees global trade and settles disputes between countries. However, there is conflict between supporters of free trade and fair trade. Free trade promotes economic growth through competition and globalization but can negatively impact workers and widen wealth gaps. Fair trade aims to provide farmers and artisans a living wage through equitable partnerships between producers and consumers. Achieving a balance of sustainable free and fair trade requires agreement between parties and individual support of responsible companies.
IMPACT OF WTO ON HORTICULTURAL SECTOR OF INDIAthekireeti
This document discusses the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on India's horticultural sector. Some key points:
1) The WTO and Agreement on Agriculture provide new export opportunities for agricultural products that India has yet to fully capitalize on, particularly for fruits and vegetables where India is a major global producer.
2) Horticulture is an important sector for India's economy, contributing to food security, employment, and GDP. However, India's share of global horticultural exports is only about 1%.
3) For India to better utilize opportunities under WTO agreements, infrastructure and post-harvest technologies need strengthening to overcome impediments to large-scale investment and value addition in the agricultural
The document discusses the relationship between international trade and the environment. It explains how unequal distribution of resources between nations encourages specialization and trade based on comparative advantage. Trade allows countries to consume goods even if they are not the most efficient producer. However, trade can also negatively impact the environment if countries overexploit their resources. The document outlines some policy options like pricing resources properly, improving efficiency, and assisting developing countries in environmental preservation and adaptation to climate change.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 57 on “Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security and nutrition” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid and the ACP Secretariat was held on Wednesday 11th September 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C. The Briefing discussed smallholder agriculture and its key role in delivering food security/nutrition, and sustainable food systems, as recognised in SDG 2.
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 44 on “Promoting responsible and sustainable sourcing through Fair Trade” took place on 22 June 2016 from 9:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium.
This Briefings was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Fair Trade Advocacy Office.
The document discusses globalization and its impacts. It begins by defining globalization as the closer integration of countries through reduced trade barriers and costs of transportation and communication. It then outlines some of the major international institutions involved in governing globalization, including the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document also discusses some of the opportunities and threats presented by globalization, such as increased inequality, environmental impacts, and threats to cultural diversity. It raises issues about the appropriate level of global regulation and discusses Joseph Stiglitz's critique of how international institutions have pursued globalization.
20081113 wto official document report on conference on food crisis csend and ...Lichia Saner-Yiu
The document summarizes a conference held by the LDC Group in the WTO on the food crisis in LDCs and its relationship to WTO rules. It provides details on the conference including its objectives to discuss policy responses to the crisis and how WTO rules could help or hinder solutions. It describes the various presentations and panels that addressed topics like how trade rules impact food security, the food crisis from an LDC perspective, and future scenarios regarding free trade and food security. The conference brought together representatives from LDCs, other WTO members, international organizations, NGOs and academics to discuss existing mechanisms and potential national, regional and multilateral actions to address the food crisis within the WTO framework.
This document discusses a study that uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to evaluate the impact of tariff reduction in Pakistan. The study finds that Pakistan significantly liberalized its external trade sector in the late 1990s, lowering average tariffs to under 17% by 2002. The CGE model is used to analyze the macroeconomic and welfare effects of further slashing tariff rates. The findings suggest an overall positive impact of reduced tariffs on economic growth and welfare indicators in Pakistan.
This document provides notes on international trade concepts. It begins with reasons why nations trade, such as lower prices, greater choice, and differences in resources. It then discusses absolute and comparative advantage using an example of an industrialized country trading with a developing country. Key terms like imports, exports, tariffs, and protectionism are defined. Arguments for and against protectionism are outlined. The document concludes with an overview of the history and functions of the World Trade Organization.
GLOBALISATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTviditgrover3
THIS IS PPT CONTAINS INDEPTH ABOUT GLOBALIATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
HERE IS LINK FOR THE BESTT BOOK FOR ADVANCED
GLOBALISATION.
FOR US CITIZENS-
https://amzn.to/3BdHagh
FOR INDIAN CITIZENS-
https://amzn.to/34i2eGc
Knowledge as a first step towards less volatile marketsDavid Laborde
1) The document discusses how reducing price volatility in global food markets can be considered a global public good that benefits both consumers and producers.
2) It argues that providing this public good requires global governance and policies that are supported by scientific evidence. The role of knowledge is highlighted to help target market imperfections, guide policymakers, and enable fair international trade.
3) The author presents IFPRI as an organization well-positioned to act as a knowledge broker between Africa and other regions to help address issues of global food price volatility and food security.
The document discusses buyer power in agricultural supply chains and how competition policy could address related issues. It defines buyer power and explains how large retailers and processors can leverage their size to obtain favorable terms from suppliers. This power can be transmitted down supply chains, negatively impacting vulnerable commodity producers. While competition policy aims to promote fair competition, its ability to tackle buyer power is limited by factors like its consumer focus, lack of tools to assess buyer dominance, and the global nature of trade. The paper evaluates opportunities and limitations of competition policy in this area and provides case studies of efforts to use it to address retailer and processor power imbalances.
This document discusses international trade and balance of payments. It provides arguments for and against trade liberalization. Supporters argue that trade increases specialization and economies of scale, bringing innovation and competition. Studies show countries that liberalized trade grew faster. However, critics argue that trade can displace domestic workers and increase inequality. The document also examines the Ricardian model of comparative advantage and its limitations in making unrealistic predictions. It defines key concepts like terms of trade, protectionism, and balance of payments accounting.
1. The document discusses several economic models and arguments related to international trade policy, including the cases for and against free trade, political models of trade policy determination, and the role of international trade negotiations and organizations like the WTO.
2. It describes how preferential trading agreements like NAFTA and the EU can create trade but also potentially divert existing trade away from more efficient non-member nations.
3. The median voter theorem and interest group theory are presented as political models to explain how trade policies are determined in democratic systems.
Similar to From self-sufficiency to food security: changing minds, changing market access policies (20)
Briefing Ukraine-Russia conflict & Global food security: focus "looking for ...David Laborde
Information briefing on the consequences of the Ukraine-Russia conflict on global food markets and food security.
Week of March 15th. Updates on wheat availability and country vulnerability
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Presentation on the impact of Russia and Ukraine on global and regional markets with a focus on Mena countries.
David Laborde and Joe Glauber. March 6th.
Please check https://www.slideshare.net/DLabordeD/impacts-of-russiaukraine-crisis-on-global-food-markets for a stronger emphasis on global markets and Ukraine situation.
Impacts of Russia-Ukraine crisis on global food marketsDavid Laborde
Information briefing on the Ukraine-Russia crisis and impacts on global food markets.
Joe Glauber and David Laborde
February 27 2022 version.
See blog at https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-will-russias-invasion-ukraine-affect-global-food-security
Disciplining Domestic Support in the context of WTO MC12David Laborde
The upcoming WTO Ministerial in late November will provide yet another opportunity to address and reform agricultural domestic support. The domestic support pillar has been at the heart of the agricultural negotiations since they began in 2000, but it has proven challenging to achieve consensus on how to advance reforms. In fact, domestic support levels remain high and have risen in recent years.
This presentation introduces a recent report by IFPRI researchers that suggests that new disciplines could both reduce distortions and provide significant protection in the event of a subsidy war by reducing "leakage" in domestic support disciplines.
Summary of the event: https://www.ifpri.org/event/disciplining-domestic-support
Access to the report: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/harmonizing-and-reducing-trade-distorting-domestic-support-analysis-impacts-new-domestic
More on the topic:
https://www.ifpri.org/publication/road-wto-twelfth-ministerial-conference-latin-american-and-caribbean-perspective
A globalized crisis or a crisis of the globalization?David Laborde
This document summarizes the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on global food security and poverty. It notes that social distancing measures have disrupted international transport and trade, lowering incomes and demand. Data shows increasing self-reported stress levels and reliance on savings in Ethiopia. Estimates indicate the pandemic could increase the global number of extremely poor people by over 100 million by 2022. Policies are needed to strengthen social safety nets, keep food supply chains open, and assess the crisis's effects on competition.
Covid-19 and Global Food Security (Briefing 15mn)David Laborde
This document discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on global food security. It finds that:
1) The global economic downturn caused by the pandemic is expected to increase the number of people living in extreme poverty by nearly 150 million people, with the largest increases in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South America.
2) Supply chain disruptions for labor-intensive and perishable foods like vegetables, meat, and dairy have occurred as a result of disease spread and labor shortages. Some countries have also imposed export restrictions on food, disrupting international trade.
3) To prevent a major global food crisis, policies are needed that stimulate economies, support developing nations, keep food trade
The document discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on global food security. It notes that the global economic downturn caused by the pandemic could increase the number of people living in extreme poverty by nearly 150 million. It also finds that a 5% recession would lead to declines in the consumption of nutritious foods like fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the document reports that 21 countries initially imposed export restrictions in response to the pandemic, affecting about 5% of global food trade, though only 2% remain in place currently.
Presentation sur les opportunites du commerce Africain pour l'Algerie et la zone de libre echange africaine a Alger, 07 Octobre 2019, CONFERENCE NATIONALE SUR LES ENJEUX DE LA ZONE DE LIBRE ECHANGE CONTINENTALE AFRICAINE (ZLECAF) ET LA STRATEGIE NATIONALE ADAPTEE.
Auteur: David Laborde, IFPRI-PIM en collaboration avec IDEP/CEA.
Presentation made at the Regional Trade Forum for West and Central Africa on the fiscal impact of the AfCFTA.
Work presented by David Laborde. IFPRI-IDEP-PIM collaboration.
Modelling the Effects of Border Tax Adjustments on Trade and Current Account ...David Laborde
Presentation done at the GTAP Conference 2017 on the US proposal of border tax adjustment. It shows the role of a Computable General Equilibrium in bringing transparency in the debate and have clear definitions and assumptions to measure a major policy change. Our conclusions show that trade impacts should be negligible but will involve major domestic redistribution between economic agents and generations.
(paper forthcoming as a book chapter)
International Agricultural Trade and Natural Resources: Global trends and ill...David Laborde
Presentation done on June 17th 2017 during the US-China Oilseeds and Grains Forum.
I discuss the role of agricultural international trade in terms of resources contents from the consumer and producer points of view, including in virtual water, land and fertilizers.
Implications of slowing growth in emerging market economies laborde riseDavid Laborde
Many developing countries seem likely to see a substantial downturn in economic growth over the 2015–2030 implementation period of the SDGs, compared with the recent years of strong growth. We explore the poverty implications of this revision in expectactions.
Supporting research available at:
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/implications-slowing-growth-emerging-market-economies-hunger-and-poverty-rural-areas
http://www.ifpri.org/publication/global-economic-slowdown-implications-rural-poor
Land Use Change and European Biofuel PoliciesDavid Laborde
This presentation gives a detailed overview of the 2011 report done by IFPRI (Laborde, 2011) for the European Commission on the land use consequences of EU biofuel mandates (available at http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/biofuelsreportec2011.pdf )
The report aims to compute iLUC (indirect land use change) factor for different feedstocks using the MIRAGE-Biof CGE model.
Biofuels trade in Latin America: Regional and Global PerspectivesDavid Laborde
Presentation on the role of biofuel production, consumption and trade for Latin America.
Presentation given at the ICTSD Symposium on trade and climate change in Cancun, December 2010.
The Potential Cost of a Failed Doha RoundDavid Laborde
This presentation (August 2010) is based on the IFPRI Discussion paper (2009), as well as the IFPRI Brief ( http://www.ifpri.org/publication/potential-cost-failed-doha-round-0 ) focusing on the potential cost of a failed Doha Round.
Based on a CGE Analysis of alternative scenarios, I discuss the cost of a failed Doha Round if it leads to non cooperative trade policies.
Additional materials to explain how tariff scenarios are built are included in the presentation.
Trade and Investment between Asia and Latin America: Lessons and opportunitiesDavid Laborde
Trade and investments policies by Asian and Latin America countries. Evolutions and potential gains from deeper integration between both regions.
Presentation done in Lima, Peru, 24th March 2010 during the “Fostering Growth and Reducing Poverty and Hunger in Asia And Latin America: Opportunities for Mutual Learning” Conference organized by IFPRI and Universtad del Pacifico
More information on the conference and additional materials on http://ifprilima09.wordpress.com/presentations/
IFPRI study on Biofuels for the European CommissionDavid Laborde
Presentation of the IFPRI study on biofuels for the European Commission (March 2010) during a MTID, IFPRI, seminar on April the 3rd 2010.
Study downloadable from http://www.ifpri.org/publication/global-trade-and-environmental-impact-study-eu-biofuels-mandate
Food and Agricultural Trade: Implications for Food SecurityDavid Laborde
Presentation given in Vienna, on April 6th 2010 during a World Bank Institute workshop for MENA experts.
I discuss the complex interactions between trade and food security.
Overview of the Multilateral Trade NegotiationsDavid Laborde
Presentation given in Vienna, on April 6th 2010 during a World Bank Institute workshop for MENA experts.
It provides an overview of the WTO/GATT negotiations and presents quantitative estimates.
Papers quoted in this presentation can be downloaded from http://www.ifpri.org/book-6308/ourwork/researcharea/doha-round
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. Two Simple Ideas “An empty stomach is not a good political adviser.” Albert Einstein Food Security is a public good at the country and at the global level « et le libre échange lui-même la condition absolue de la paix. » (to establish absolute free trade, and by this very fact to ensure universal peace.) Leon Walras Global and free trade is a public good at the global level that is intrinsically tied to Food Security
4. A Public Goods Story As any public goods: Who will suffer the most without them? The weakest entities in the system How to provide it? Who will pay for it? Challenge of Cooperation Challenge of Free Riders A clear role for WTO, even an extended role Which role for IFPRI? “Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influence, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. ” John Maynard Keynes IFPRI as a knowledge broker
5. Trade and Food Security: the links Food security: availability, affordability and quality Self Sufficiency is not Food Security International Trade as the bridge between needs and resources: an history as long as History International Trade beyond Agriculture: Source of Income growth International Trade: Source of cheap food International Trade: Source of stable food supply International Trade: Source of productivity gains Food quality and International trade Comparative Advantages and Specialization: fears and realities But limits: unfair competition, and twisted specialization, exposure to other policies
7. Trade Policies: Let’s tax the hungry ? Average World Tariffs Breakdown by nutritional contents and level of developments Based on Boumelassa, Laborde and Mitaritonna, 2009; Bouet and Laborde 2009. More at http://gatt.ifpri.info/
8. Volatility of food supply: Trade brings stability From Deason & Laborde, 2011 based on FAOSTAT
9. Self Sufficiency vs Trade:a sustainable way to achieve food security FAOSTAT Quick depletion of the fossil water 21 km3 a year for desert irrigation, 340 km3 of total accessible resources… USE=940% of renewable resource FAOSTAT, Aquastat
13. Import duties and the Doha round For more on IFPRI works on the Doha Round and Import restrictions: http://www.ifpri.org/book-6308/ourwork/researcharea/doha-round http://gatt.ifpri.info/dda0/ http://www.ifpri.org/publication/eight-years-doha-trade-talks http://www.ifpri.org/publication/potential-cost-failed-doha-round http://www.ifpri.org/publication/why-doha-development-agenda-failing-and-what-can-be-done
15. Visible and Invisible gains of the Doha Round Effects of finalizing the DDA negotiations: + $68 Bnannually of Agricultural Trade Total cost the DDA failure Potential effects of not reaching an agreement and tariff increase to last 10 years maximum: - $116 Bnannually of Agricultural Trade Bouet and Laborde, 2009
16. Consequences Tariffs in Agriculture remain high: Doha Round will provide significant market access in developed countries (1/3 reduction in applied tariffs even with flexibilities) and reduce binding overhang in developing countries. Developing countries have a lot of flexibilities. The Food Security argument is used but also misused (delicate issues surrounding the SSM) Concluding the Doha Round will be beneficial for Food Security By removing distortions and increasing farm profitability where it is needed (to attract investments) By removing uncertainties in applied trade policy, it will promote trade (Laborde and Roy, 2009: cutting binding overhang raises agricultural trade through extensive margins) and investments Aid for Trade, and trade facilitation, will help to link markets and eliminate waste. Productivity improvements need to be associated to market access to support income growth. Least Developed countries situation still deserve specific attention
17. Export Restrictions and Uncooperative Policies For more on IFPRI works on export taxes: http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/agricultural-trade-policies-and-food-crisis-will-they-help-or-hurt http://www.ifpri.org/publication/economics-export-taxation-context-food-crisis Bouet, A., D. Laborde, 2010, « The economics of export taxes in a context of food security », in OECD, The Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw Materials, Paris, OECD Trade Policy Studies, Trade and Agriculture Division, 59-78. and Bouet and Laborde 2012: Food Crisis and Export Taxation: the Cost of Non-Cooperative Trade Policies. Review of World Economics. no 1, 2012
18. An illustration with the wheat market: Effects on world prices of trade policy reactions for selected countries Source: Bouet and Laborde, 2009. MIRAGE simulations
19. An illustration with the wheat market: Effects on real income of trade policy reactions for selected countries “Natural” Shock “Natural” Shock
20. Consequences Strong incentives to not “unilaterally” disarm and dismantle protection: No discipline on export restrictions imply limitations to improve agricultural liberalization But still they also hurt incentives for long term investments in agriculture in countries using them Self enforcing mechanisms to enforce cooperation? Not a legal framework to retaliate: most export restrictions are WTO compatible And in practice, no real capacity to retaliate Asymmetry of market power Limited tools (import duties have limited interests)
21. Looking for a solution Elimination of export restrictions may be a first best but domestic political economy will make unrealistic such outcome What can be done? Monitoring and notifications Protection for the vulnerable countries Punishing “bad” behaviors (if we can not ban them) Potential solutions: Reversed “Quota” for SVE importers: amount of imports (on historical basis) that should be allowed for SVE, free of restrictions in all situations Permits to restrict exports, like permits to pollute, countries using export restrictions have to pay for this deviation from the set of good trade practices, creating negative externalities. The collected money help affected SVE to pay increased import bills on world markets
22. Conclusions Food security will need a secure trading system to be achieve, and trade liberalization needs to deliver food security to be sustainable. Providing such public goods need international cooperation But the paradigm has changed: WTO is designed to fight policies depressing prices, not increasing them (e.g. Biofuels) Policy makers should help to create a more stable environment to help private investments in agriculture (production and marketing) and therefore eliminate policy volatility that increase overall uncertainty These needs have to be fully understood and decisions have to be taken quickly (e.g. even a Doha “light” with large cut in binding overhang is valuable) The scope of negotiations has to be enlarged and new disciplines have to cover export restrictions to get a balance and sustainable outcome