This document discusses various aspects of developing a research study, including identifying the research problem and questions. It provides examples of general and specific research questions for different types of research (descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, experimental). It also discusses factors to consider in selecting a research topic, such as relevance and interest. Components of a research study are outlined, including background of the study, research gap, and significance. Readers are guided through activities to write research questions for sample topics and assess statements about research topics and questions.

1. Identifying the Inquiry
and Stating the Problem

2. •What are the levels of measurement?
•What is the implication of knowing the
levels of measurement in doing quantitative
research?

3. Group Activity

4. Let’s Warm Up
• Form groups of four to five members.
• Classify the given items by putting them
under the appropriate columns.
• Exclude items which you think do not
logically belong to any of the categories.
• The group that gets the most number of
correct points will be declared winner!

5. Background of
the study
Research
Objectives
Hypothesis Scope and
Delimitation
Primary
Beneficiaries of
the Study

6. • Allied health courses create multiple
stressors.
• Anxiety affects the performance of
students during major exams.
• Chamomile has been found to have anti
bacterial and anti-spasm properties.
• To determine whether the test-taking
anxiety of graduating students from the
treatment group is lower compared to
that of the members of the control
group.
• To find out if the test-taking anxiety of
graduating students significantly
decreases after drinking chamomile tea
regularly.
• Drinking chamomile lowers the test-
taking anxiety of graduating students
• To determine the effects of chamomile
tea on the blood pressure of students
during tests.
• Health professionals
• Limited to a six-month experiment
• Senators
• Students
• Students from allied health courses in
low-performing universities
• Students posted low scores in
professional board exams
• Study habits of graduating students
• Teachers
• Drinking chamomile does not affect the
test-taking anxiety of graduating
students

7. Where do you
usually see the
items in the table?

8. Come up with an
appropriate research
title for a study
incorporating the
details you have
arranged in the table.

9. Let’s watch a video!

11. What is the
video all
about?

12. How do we
come up with
a good
research
question?

13. •Find an issue that
interests you!
•Explore the issue!
•Start asking questions!
•Refine and focus your
questions!

14. Research Topic
• a general area of interest
that you would like to
pursue in your research

15. Factors to Consider in Identifying
and Selecting the Research Topic
Relevance Interest
Manageability Available
Resources

16. Background of the Study
•Introduces important facets that
establish the general context
where the study revolves
•May include the description of
the subjects of the study or the
history involving the research

19. Effects of Traffic Congestion in
the City

20. What to study?
• Brief overview of the changes
in the traffic situation in the
city though the years
• Effects of heavy traffic on
both passengers and
motorists
• Factors that contribute to
heavy traffic in the city

21. Research Gap
• An issue that has
not been fully
addressed by
previous studies

22. Here are the four
components to consider in
establishing the research gap
1. Current state of the field
2. Current and conventional
practices in addressing the
issue
3. Research gap
4. Contribution of the present
study in addressing the
research gap

24. Many forms of instruction, both traditional and alternative,
have been introduced to develop students’ mathematical –
logical skills. One approach that continues to be widely used in
Asia is Singapore Math. Though many studies have attempted
to substantiate its effectiveness (see Jaciw, Hegseth & Toby,
2015; Powell, 2014), there remains a dearth of empirical
studies that have investigated the effectiveness of Singapore
Math in the Philippines. As Corpuz (2015) argued, there is a
need to conduct more studies on approaches that will help
Filipino students become equipped with the necessary
mathematical skills which are on a par with the ASEAN
counterparts. Math on developing the mathematical – logical
skills of Filipino students in selected public high schools in the
Philippines.

25. The current state of the field:______________________
The current and conventional practices in the
field:______________________________________________
The research
gap:_______________________________________
The present study’s contribution to addressing the research
gap:______________________________________

26. • Refers to the particular issue which you will address in your study as
well as the specific area of concern of the research
• States what is to be investigated, identifies the variables, and
discusses their relationships
Research Problem

28. Research Questions
• What your study intends to
answer
• Specific research questions
spring from the main research
question while the main
research question is derived
from the topic.
• Formulate the main research
question first before the specific
research questions.

29. Sample Research Questions for Descriptive
Research
Research Problem: group of employees’ usage of Facebook
Research Questions:
1. How often do employees use Facebook in one week?
2. How many hours do employees spend on Facebook per week?
3. What proportion of Filipino male and female employees uses
Facebook?

30. Sample Research Questions for Correlational
Research
Research Problem: length of preparations for examinations and the
scores obtained by test-takers
Research Questions:
1. What is the relationship between the length of the review and
examinations scores?
2. Is there a relationship between the IQ of a test-taker and his/her
performance in review sessions?
3. Is there a relationship between the performance of a test-taker in a
previous examination and the length of review he/she
takes for a new one?

31. Sample Research Questions for Causal-
Comparative Research
Research Problem: digital literacy and type of information technology
education that students obtain
Research Questions:
1. Are information technology education students and vocational
education students digitally literate?
2. Using the four components of digital literacy, what can be identified
as the strengths and weaknesses of information technology
education students and vocational education students?
3. Is there a difference between digitally literacy scores of information
technology students and vocational education students?

32. Sample Research Questions for Experimental
Research
Research Problem: tutorial sessions and academic performance
Research Questions:
1. Is there a significant posttest gain on students’ academic performance?
2. Is there a difference between the posttest gains of the control group and
treatment group?
3. How do students rate experiences in one-on-one tutorial sessions?

33. Group Activity

34. Write one general research question and three
specific research questions for each of the given
research topics.
1. Effects of the wife’s employment on the power structure of the
family
2. The effects of online campaigning on the preferred election
candidates of young voters
3. The relationship between internet exposure and the digital literacy
of students
4. Stress levels among the senior citizens of Barangay Luciano

35. Assessment
Write TRUE if the statement is correct; otherwise, write FALSE.
1. A research topic is a general area of interest that you would like to pursue
in your research.
2. The research gap introduces important facets that establish the general
context where the study revolves.
3. Relevance, interest, manageability, and available resources are some
factors to consider in identifying and selecting the research topic.
4. Background of the study refers to the particular issue which you will
address in your study as well as the specific area of concern of the research.
5. A research question is what your study intends to answer.

36. Agreement: Do research on the following:
• Hypothesis
• significance of the study
• scope and delimitation
• research title

37. Thank you for listening!