International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LGS crystal which melts congruently at 1470⁰C has been grown by Czochralski method. The langasite
crystal of length about 1cm grown along its Z-axis was cut in X and Y directions , polished and
subjected to various characterization studies. Phase and structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by
Powder XRD measurement. FTIR spectrum was carried out to confirm the functional groups present in
the grown crystals. The optical behavior was studied by UV–vis-NIR analysis. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Conductivity and Piezoelectric coefficient have also been studied.
Photo-induced reduction of CO2 using a magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@Si...Pawan Kumar
An efficient photo-induced reduction of CO2 using magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4
as a heterogeneous catalyst in which CoPc and Ru(bpy)2phene complexes were attached to a solid
support via covalent attachment under visible light is described. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized
by a series of techniques including FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. and subsequently tested for
the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using triethylamine as a sacrificial donor and water as a
reaction medium. The developed photocatalyst exhibited a significantly higher catalytic activity to give a
methanol yield of 2570.78 μmol per g cat after 48 h.
Biological and Medical Applications of Graphene NanoparticlesAI Publications
Graphene which is one of the latest additions to nanocarbon family has peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect. It is used in for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. In addition to being components in electronic devices, GO have been used in nanocomposite materials, polymer composite materials, energy storage, biomedical applications, catalysis and as a surfactant with some overlaps between these fields Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be viewed as a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LGS crystal which melts congruently at 1470⁰C has been grown by Czochralski method. The langasite
crystal of length about 1cm grown along its Z-axis was cut in X and Y directions , polished and
subjected to various characterization studies. Phase and structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by
Powder XRD measurement. FTIR spectrum was carried out to confirm the functional groups present in
the grown crystals. The optical behavior was studied by UV–vis-NIR analysis. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Conductivity and Piezoelectric coefficient have also been studied.
Photo-induced reduction of CO2 using a magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@Si...Pawan Kumar
An efficient photo-induced reduction of CO2 using magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4
as a heterogeneous catalyst in which CoPc and Ru(bpy)2phene complexes were attached to a solid
support via covalent attachment under visible light is described. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized
by a series of techniques including FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. and subsequently tested for
the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using triethylamine as a sacrificial donor and water as a
reaction medium. The developed photocatalyst exhibited a significantly higher catalytic activity to give a
methanol yield of 2570.78 μmol per g cat after 48 h.
Biological and Medical Applications of Graphene NanoparticlesAI Publications
Graphene which is one of the latest additions to nanocarbon family has peculiar band structure, extraordinary thermal and electronic conductance and room temperature quantum Hall effect. It is used in for various applications in diverse fields ranging from catalysis to electronics. In addition to being components in electronic devices, GO have been used in nanocomposite materials, polymer composite materials, energy storage, biomedical applications, catalysis and as a surfactant with some overlaps between these fields Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be viewed as a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.
Synthesis of Cobalt ferrite by Solid Reaction Methodsank_sanjay
Cobalt ferrite nano-crystalline powder was synthesized from the powder mixture of cobalt carbonate and iron oxide by mixed oxide ceramic method. The effects of temperature of calcination as well as molar ratio of CoCO3/Fe2O3 on the phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, respectively. The samples calcined at 800 and 900˚C consisted of cobalt ferrite, iron oxide and cobalt oxide. In the sample calcined at 1000˚C, the reaction was completed and single phase CoFe2O4 with a mean crystallite and particle sizes of 49 and 300 nm, respectively was obtained.
Spectroscopic and Physical Properties of Mn2+ spin probe in RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4...IJERA Editor
RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4 (R=Li, Na and K) glasses containing 0.1concentrations of MnO have been prepared. The structural, optical and physical properties of prepared glasses are studied by XRD, UV-Visible, EPR and FTIR techniques. The nature of local symmetry and structural information of the neighboring atoms of dopant ions (Mn2+) in the host matrix have been understood by evaluating the crystal field strength (Dq) and Racah (B & C) parameters. The combined analysis of optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy has indicated that the manganese ions exist in Mn2+ (in octahedral) local coordination sites. FTIR results showed that PO4 are the main structural unit of the glass system and the manganese ions are located in the glass matrix network.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Pure and Al substituted Langanite
(La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) ceramics have been synthesized
by solid state sintering method and studied their
structural, dielectric and electrical properties. The
crystalline nature was confirmed by powder XRD
studies. The ac conductivity and dielectric
properties of La3Ga5.5-xAlxNb0.5O14 samples were
examined by using complex impedance technique.
Surface morphology and elemental composition
were studied by energy-dispersive x-ray
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The frequency dependence of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss and AC conductivity were studied in
the frequency range of 100 KHz to 3 MHz at
different temperatures. The activation energy was
calculated using Arrhenius plot. The lattice
parameter, grain size, dielectric constant and AC
conductivity of pure LGN ceramics were deeply
affected by Al substitution in pure LGN.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Deposition and Characterization of Sisal Fiber Composite Prepare By Iron Oxid...IJERA Editor
Iron oxide synthesized through sintering route. The present research work deals with ferrite composite prepared using chemical reactions. Ferric nitrates and ammonium chloride doped with sisal fiber has been prepared. The comparative studies of ferric oxide were examined through few characterizations. The structural behavior of iron oxide was studied in XRD, FT/IR, TEM and SEM. This behavior showed ferrite nature of the sample.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Optimization of Coal Blending to Reduce Production Cost and Increase Energy E...inventionjournals
The productivity level of the electricity production is an important indicator in the power plant efficiency. A chase study in this research was choosen at coal power plant PT PJB UP Paiton which is the productivity level of the generated electricity decreases until below the production target level. It due to several factors such as quality of coal and plant design. Depletion of coal heating value (low rank coal) reduce total amount of enerated heat in boiler and finally increase unburned carbon, plant inefficiency, as well as the high production cost. On the other hand, utilizing the high rank coal cause more expensive price. Therefore, the optimiation of coal blending to obtain more plant efficiency and lower production cost is required. This research focus on optimization of low and high rank coal blending that can decrease the production cost and increase plat efficiency. The blending model was built by utilizing Finite Impulse Response Neural Network (FIR-NN) and variable selection is perform using Priciple Component Analys is (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of optimization resulted a decreasing the production cost up to 342 IDR/kWh.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis of Cobalt ferrite by Solid Reaction Methodsank_sanjay
Cobalt ferrite nano-crystalline powder was synthesized from the powder mixture of cobalt carbonate and iron oxide by mixed oxide ceramic method. The effects of temperature of calcination as well as molar ratio of CoCO3/Fe2O3 on the phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the products were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, respectively. The samples calcined at 800 and 900˚C consisted of cobalt ferrite, iron oxide and cobalt oxide. In the sample calcined at 1000˚C, the reaction was completed and single phase CoFe2O4 with a mean crystallite and particle sizes of 49 and 300 nm, respectively was obtained.
Spectroscopic and Physical Properties of Mn2+ spin probe in RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4...IJERA Editor
RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4 (R=Li, Na and K) glasses containing 0.1concentrations of MnO have been prepared. The structural, optical and physical properties of prepared glasses are studied by XRD, UV-Visible, EPR and FTIR techniques. The nature of local symmetry and structural information of the neighboring atoms of dopant ions (Mn2+) in the host matrix have been understood by evaluating the crystal field strength (Dq) and Racah (B & C) parameters. The combined analysis of optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy has indicated that the manganese ions exist in Mn2+ (in octahedral) local coordination sites. FTIR results showed that PO4 are the main structural unit of the glass system and the manganese ions are located in the glass matrix network.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Pure and Al substituted Langanite
(La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) ceramics have been synthesized
by solid state sintering method and studied their
structural, dielectric and electrical properties. The
crystalline nature was confirmed by powder XRD
studies. The ac conductivity and dielectric
properties of La3Ga5.5-xAlxNb0.5O14 samples were
examined by using complex impedance technique.
Surface morphology and elemental composition
were studied by energy-dispersive x-ray
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The frequency dependence of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss and AC conductivity were studied in
the frequency range of 100 KHz to 3 MHz at
different temperatures. The activation energy was
calculated using Arrhenius plot. The lattice
parameter, grain size, dielectric constant and AC
conductivity of pure LGN ceramics were deeply
affected by Al substitution in pure LGN.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Deposition and Characterization of Sisal Fiber Composite Prepare By Iron Oxid...IJERA Editor
Iron oxide synthesized through sintering route. The present research work deals with ferrite composite prepared using chemical reactions. Ferric nitrates and ammonium chloride doped with sisal fiber has been prepared. The comparative studies of ferric oxide were examined through few characterizations. The structural behavior of iron oxide was studied in XRD, FT/IR, TEM and SEM. This behavior showed ferrite nature of the sample.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Optimization of Coal Blending to Reduce Production Cost and Increase Energy E...inventionjournals
The productivity level of the electricity production is an important indicator in the power plant efficiency. A chase study in this research was choosen at coal power plant PT PJB UP Paiton which is the productivity level of the generated electricity decreases until below the production target level. It due to several factors such as quality of coal and plant design. Depletion of coal heating value (low rank coal) reduce total amount of enerated heat in boiler and finally increase unburned carbon, plant inefficiency, as well as the high production cost. On the other hand, utilizing the high rank coal cause more expensive price. Therefore, the optimiation of coal blending to obtain more plant efficiency and lower production cost is required. This research focus on optimization of low and high rank coal blending that can decrease the production cost and increase plat efficiency. The blending model was built by utilizing Finite Impulse Response Neural Network (FIR-NN) and variable selection is perform using Priciple Component Analys is (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of optimization resulted a decreasing the production cost up to 342 IDR/kWh.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cu Substituted Ni-Zn Nano-Ferrit...IJERA Editor
The ferrite nano particles having chemical formula Ni0.2CuxZn0.8-xFe2O4 (where x=0.0 to 0.8 with step of 0.2) were synthesized by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion method at low temperature. The synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours in air and characterised by XRD, SEM with EDS. XRD analysis of prepared samples were confirmed the single phase cubic spinel Structure. The crystallite size (D) of prepared ferrites were in the range of 24-73nm. The values of lattice parameter (a) decreased and X-ray density (dx) were increased with the increasing of Cu substitution. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). An elemental composition of the samples was studied by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS). The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition and crystal size.
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
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IMPROVEMENT IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF HARD FERRITE P...Editor IJMTER
The Ni-Ir substituted strontium ferrite of Sr(Ni-Ir)xFe12-2xO19 (x = 0.02 & 0.08) were
synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for morphological behaviour with electrical
characteristics using Impedance Analyzer. XRD results confirmed the formation of a single phase
M-type hexagonal unit cell of space group P63/mmc. The increase in Ni-Ir concentration increases
the lattice parameter. TEM analysis of the sample demonstrates the formation of nano-size particles
which decreases with substitution. In this paper we reported the variation of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss, tangent loss, conductivity and magnetic behaviour with composition with temperature
and frequency analysis of the sample. The migration of Fe3+ ion from octahedral to tetrahedral site
decreases the dielectric constant with increase in Ni-Ir concentration. Activation energies were
found similar with calculated at ferromagnetic and paramagnetic region. The material study we
confined that the activation energy in the paramagnetic region is higher than that in the
ferromagnetic region. The enhanced resistivity of Ni-Ir substituted strontium hexaferrites is a
prospective application in high frequency and in microwave devices development.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
Preparation and characterization of Al doped nano crystalline Ni ferritesIJERA Editor
The Ni-Al nano ferrites having compositional formula NiAlxFe2-xO4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. The XRD studies reflected that the fabricated powders were single phase spinel structure with crystallite sizes in the range of 17-26nm. The values of lattice parameter and X-ray density decreases with the decrease of composition. The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Structural and Dielectric Studies of Cerium Substituted Nickel Ferrite Nano P...theijes
Cerium substituted Nickel ferrite nanoparticles with general formula NiCeXFe2-XO4 (x=0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been synthesized by using sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and grain size of these particles were analyzed by using XRD; the particle size ranged from 12.22nm to 17.60nm.The decrease in value of the lattice parameter with doping suggests that there is shrinkage in unit cell. The single-phase cubic spinal structure was clearly indicated by the XRD patterns of pure NiFe2O4.The XRD pattern also show that all the samples had formed the cubic single phase spinal structure. Dielectric properties have been studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Ce3+ in parent crystal structure.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Energy Conversion on Differential Magnetization of Fe3O4 FerrofluidIJERA Editor
Ferrofluids are stable suspension of ferrimagnetic nanoparticles in hydrocarbon carrier. This fluid is used for harvesting energy using energy conversion device which is presented in this work. The device consists of two chambers, they are hot and cold chamber in which differential magnetization is linked with an inductor. Classically very small value of coupling coefficient |k| has been observed. System configuration shows an emf generation rate of about 44.4µV/K. Presented work shows another way of harvesting energy. Ferrofluid having a particle size of 21nm was used in this case
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Id3614141421
1. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Preparation And Structural Properties Of Aluminium
Substituted Lithium Nano Ferrites By Citrate-Gel Auto
Combustion Method
G. Aravind, D. Ravinder
Department of physics, Nizam College,Osmania University, Hyderabad-500001
Abstrct:
Nano sized particles of aluminium doped lithium nano ferrites having general formula Li 0.5 Alx Fe2.5-x O4
(where x=0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,10) were prepared by the citrate gel method at low temperature (180 0C). The
synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours. The crystal structure characterization of the sintered
powders were carried out by using X-ray diffraction(XRD) .The X-Ray diffraction analysis confirmed the
formation of single phase cubic spinel structure. The average particle size of the synthesized powders was 13 to
27nm. The surface morphology were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which revealed the
formation of largely agglomerated nano particles. Lattice parameter, X-ray density, experimental density,
porosity of the samples were calculated. The observed results can be discussed in this paper on the basis of
composition.
I.
Introduction:
The study of nanoferrites has attracted
immense attention of the scientific community
because of their novel properties and technological
applications especially when the size of the particle
approaches to the nanometer scale. More novel
electrical and magnetic behavior have been
observed in comparison with their bulk
counterpart.[1-2]. In general, the transport properties
of the nano materials are predominantly controlled
by the grain boundaries than by the grain itself[3].
Due to this reason, the magnetic materials have
explored a wide range of applications and thus are
replacing conventional methods.
Commonly used ferrites are primarily classified into
three types: spinels, hexagonal ferrites, and garnets
according to their primary crystal lattice. Generally,
ferrimagnetism arises from the antiparallel
alignment of the magnetic moments on transition
metal ions, present on different magnetic sublattices.
The origin of the antiparallel coupling can be
explained by super-exchange of valence electrons
between the filled p-orbitals of O2- and unfilled dorbitals of the transition metal cations.
Spinel ferrites have the general formula MO.Fe2O3
where M represents a divalent transition ion or a
combination of ions having an average valence of
two. The crystal structure of a ferrite can be
regarded as an interlocking network of positively
charged metal ions and negatively charged divalent
oxygen ions. In spinel ferrites, the relatively large
oxygen anions form a cubic close packing with ½ of
the octahedral and 1/8 of the tetrahedral interstitial
sites occupied by metal ions.
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Lithium ferrite has been a widely investigated
material due to its impotence in construction and
engineering of many electromagnetic and
microwave devices[4-6].Bulk lithium ferrite has an
inverse cation distribution of the form (Fe3+)A[Li0.5
Fe1.5]B . The interplay between the superexchange
interactions of Fe+3 ions at A and B sublattices gives
rise to ferri magnetic ordering of magnetic
moments[7,8].Ease of fabrication, low cost, high
Curie temperature and better temperature stability of
saturation magnetization of lithium ferrites have
made them attractive from commercial point of view
and are good substitutes of garnets for microwave
devices such as isolators, circulators, gyrators, and
phase shifters. Lithium ferrite has an important role
in microwave latching devices, magnetic switching
circuits and can also be used as cathode material in
lithium batteries. There are many reports on the
effect of magnetic and non-magnetic substitutions
on various properties of lithium ferrite[9-12].
Nano ferrites were usually prepared by the
conventional ceramic methods but the resultant
products are not necessarily always stoichiometric
or homogeneous[13]. A variety of chemical
synthesis methods such as co-precipitation,
hydrothermal synthesis, and sol-gel process have
been developed.[14-16]. The Citrate-gel auto
combustion technique has been used for the
preparation of mixed nano crystalline spinel ferrites
with specific properties, such as controlled
stoichiometry and narrow particle size distribution.
The low cost, simplicity and short time of
production and the purity and homogeneity of final
product are included among its advantages[17].
1414 | P a g e
2. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
II.
Experimental Details:
The Aluminium substituted lithium nano
ferrite particles having the general formula
Li0.5
AlxFe2.5-x
O4
(where
x=0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0)were
synthesized
by
citrate-gel auto combustion technique at a very low
temperature(1800C) using the below mentioned raw
materials.
www.ijera.com
100°C up to dryness with continuous stirring. A
viscous gel has resulted. Increasing the temperature
up to 200°C lead the ignition of gel. The dried gel
burnt completely in a self propagating combustion
manner to form a loose powder. The burnt powder
was ground in Agate Mortar and Pestle to get a fine
ferrite powder. Finally the burnt powder was
calcinated in air at 500°C temperature for four hours
and cooled to room temperature.
2.1 Raw Materials:
*Lithium Nitrate-99% Pure (AR Grade) (LiNO3)
*AluminumNitrate-99%Pure
(AR Grade)Al(NO3)3.9H2O
*FerricNitrate-99%pure(ARgrade) (Fe(NO3)29H2O)
*Citric acid - 99% pure (AR grade) (C6H8O7.H2O) .
*Ammonia - 99% pure (AR grade) (NH3)
2.2.Synthesis:
Required quantities of metal nitrates were dissolved
in a minimum quantity of distilled water and mixed
together. Aqueous solution of Citric acid was then
added to the mixed metal nitrate solution. Ammonia
solution was then added with constant stirring to
maintain PH of the solution at 7. The resulting
solution was continuously heated on the hot plate at
2.3. XRD Analysis: Structural characterization of
the prepared samples were carried out using X-ray
Diffraction with Cu kα radiation of wavelength
1.5405Å . Using these we study the single phase
nature and nano-phase formation of the Li-Al ferrite
system at room temperature by continuous scanning
in the range of 10° to 80° in steps of 0.04o/Sec.
The crystalline size was calculated for all the
samples using the high intensity peak and using the
Debye Scherrer formula [18] while taking into
account the intensity broadening[19]. The Debye
Scherrer formula assumes approximations and gives
the average grain size if the grain size distribution is
narrow and strain induced effects are small.
Scherrer Formula:
Where λ is the wavelength of X-ray used [20]
β is the Width of diffraction peak i,e.
Full Width Half Maxima(FWHM) in radians.
θ is the peak position.
Lattice parameter(a) of the sample was calculated by the formula
𝑎 = 𝑑 ∗ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑙 2
Where a= Lattice Constant
(hkl) are the Miller Indices
d is the inter planner spacing,
The X-ray density of the prepared sample was calculated using the relation
[20]
[g/cm3] [21]
Whwre M = molecular weight of the sample
n is the number of molecules in a unit cell of spinel lattice.
a is the lattice parameter and N is the Avogadro number.
The Volume of the Unit Cell V= a3
The experimental density of the prepared sample was calculated by Archimedes‟s principle with xylene media
using following relation.
The Percentage of Porosity P of the ferrite sample was then determined by employing the relation
ҳ100
Where
is the X-ray density &
is the experimental density.
The distance between the magnetic ions (hoping length) on A-site(Tetrahedral) and
B site(Octahedral) is calculated according to the following relations
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1415 | P a g e
3. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
www.ijera.com
and
[22]
Where „a‟ is the lattice parameter
2.4SEM Studies:
Micro structural analysis (surface morphology)of the prepared samples was carried out by scanning Electron
microscopy (SEM).
III.
Results and Discussions:
10
20
30
40
50
(410)
(511)
(422)
(400)
(311)
(220)
The X-ray diffraction pattern of the Aluminum substituted lithium nano ferrites were shown in fig(1). It
can be seen from the figure all Bragg‟s reflections have been indexed, which confirm the formation of cubic
spinel structure in single phase without any impurity peak. The strongest reflection comes from the (311) plane,
which denotes the spinel phase. The peaks indexed to (220)(311)(400)(422)(511) and (410) of a cubic uni cell,
all planes are the allowed planes which indicates the formation of cubic spinel structure in single phase.
60
L1
70
80
L08
Intensity
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
L06
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
L04
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
L02
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
L00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2
Fig(1): XRD Pattern of Li-Al Nano ferrites
The calculated values of crystalline size for the different compositions are given in the table(1).
It can be seen from the table that the values of the crystal size varies from 13nm to 27nm.The crystalline size
was not same for all Al concentrations because the preparation condition followed here which gave rise to
different rate of ferrite formation for different concentrations of Al, favoring the variation of crystalline size.
Conventional methods needs to high temperatures and more time, but in this method, ferrite phase can be
produced very fast at low temperature.
Table (1). Values of the Crystalline size, Lattice parameter(a), X-ray density(dx), Experimental
density(dE) and Porosity.
Sl.
Composition
Molecular
Particle
Lattice
X-ray
Expt
Porosity
No
weight
size(D)
parameter
Density
Density
(%)
nm
Ao
gm/cc
gm/cc
1
Li0.5Fe2.5O4
207.091
27.31
8.329
4.760
4.388
7.8
2
Li0.5Al0.2Fe2.3O4
201.317
24.82
8.323
4.637
4.206
9.2
3
Li0.5Al0.4Fe2.1O4
195.543
17.69
8.318
4.548
4.138
9.0
4
Li0.5Al0.6Fe1.9O4
189.770
18.71
8.315
4.414
4.074
7.7
5
Li0.5Al0.8Fe1.7O4
183.996
15.98
8.310
4.264
3.976
6.7
6
Li0.5Al1.0Fe1.5O4
178.223
13.74
8.296
4.146
3.835
7.5
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1416 | P a g e
4. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
www.ijera.com
The lattice parameter values of all the compositions of aluminum doped lithium nano ferrites have been
calculated from the d-spacing and are given in the above table. A plot is drawn between the lattice parameter vs
Aluminum ionic content (composition) is shown in fig (2).
8.330
Lattice Parameters(a)
8.325
8.320
8.315
8.310
8.305
8.300
Fig(2):Variation of
Lattice
8.295
Parameter vs Composition
The decrease in the lattice parameter 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 (a) is observed with
increase in concentration of Al+3 in Li-ferrites as
shown in fig(2), which obeys the
Vegard;s law[23]. The decrease in the lattice parameter Composition of the Al +3 concentration can be explained
with increase
on the basis of the relative ionic radii of the Al +3 and Fe+3 ions since radius of Al+3 (0.535Ao) is smaller than that
of Fe+3(0.645Ao)[24]. The substitution of smaller ions by larger ions results in the shrinkage of the lattice[25].
The decrease in the value of the lattice parameter when Fe is replaced by the Al, as observed in the present
work, is therefore expected.
4.8
X-ray density(gm/cc)
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
Fig(3):Variation of
4.1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
X-ray density with composition
Composition
The values of the experimental density of all the samples (pellets) are determine by using Archimedes principle
are given in table (1). From the table it can be observed that experimental density of the Al substituted Li ferrites
was observed to be decrease with Al concentration, while all the other experimental conditions were kept
identical for these samples[26]. Enhanced densification of the samples are observed in the citrate gel prepared
samples, this is the one of the advantage of this preparation technique. The experimental density values are
observed to be >85% of the densities evaluated from X-ray diffraction. The values are found to be in the range
3.835 to 4.388 gm/cc for Aluminum doped Lithium ferrites.
A graph is plot between the X-ray density (dX) vs Al concentration is shown in fig(3). From the graph one can
be observed that experimental density of the Al substituted Li ferrites was observed to be decrease with Al
concentration. The X-ray density (dX) is depend on the lattice parameter and molecular weight of the sample.
From the table one can observe that molecular weight of the sample is decreases with Aluminum concentration
and lattice parameter is also decreased. This may due to the greater atomic weight of Fe-55.85gm/mol and lesser
atomic weight of Al-26.98gm/mol. [27]
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5. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Table(2):Values of the Volume(V),Hoping length of A-site and B-site:
S.No
Composition
Volume(Ao)3
A-site(dA)
1
Li0.5Fe2.5O4
577.801
3.6064
2
Li0.5Al0.2Fe2.3O4
576.553
3.6038
3
Li0.5Al0.4Fe2.1O4
575.515
3.6016
4
Li0.5Al0.6Fe1.9O4
574.892
3.6000
5
Li0.5Al0.8Fe1.7O4
573.856
3.5980
6
Li0.5Al1.0Fe1.5O4
570.960
3.5921
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B-site(dB)
2.9443
2.9421
2.9404
2.9393
2.9375
2.9326
The calculated values of the Volume of the unit cell are tabulated in table(2). The Volume of the unit cell is
depend upon the lattice parameter. In the present case, the volume of unit cell of the Li-Al system is decreases
with increase of the Al concentration because lattice parameter is decreases with increase of Al concentration.
3.608
2.946
3.606
2.944
Tetrahedral
Hoping length(B-site)
Hoping length(A-site)
3.604
3.602
3.600
3.598
3.596
3.594
3.592
Octahedral
2.942
2.940
2.938
2.936
2.934
2.932
3.590
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Composition
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Composition
Fig(4): Variation of Hoping Length with Composition
The values of the hoping length of the tetrahedral site(d A) and Octahedral site (dB) are calculated and tabulated
in the table (2). A plot is drawn between the hoping length of the tetrahedral site(d A) and Octahedral site(dB) as a
function of Aluminum concentration is shown in fig(4 ).
It is observed that the distance between the magnetic ions decreases with the increase of the Al content, because
ionic radius of Al+3(53A0) is smaller than the Fe+3 (64A0), which makes the magnetic ions closer to each other
and hoping length decreases.
Surface Morphology by SEM:
The surface morphology of the sintered samples were studied using SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope). The
secondary electron images are taken at different magnifications to study the morphology of samples by SEM.
Fig(5) shows the SEM micro structures of the Aluminum doped Lithium nano ferrites.
The morphology and grain size of the samples seem to be non uniform with somewhat agglomeration in the
synthesized samples which is unavoidable. From the preliminary observations of the SEM images, one can
observe that the grain size is slightly affected by the Al doping concentration.
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6. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
x=0.0
x=0.4
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x=0.2
x=0.6
x=0.8
x=1.0
Fig(5). SEM micrographs of compositions of Li-Al Nano Ferrites
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7. G. Aravind et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1414-1421
IV.
Conclusoins:
The Citrate-Gel auto combustion method to
be a convenient method for obtaining
homogeneous mixed Li-Al nano ferrites
without any impurity peak and material loss.
X-ray diffraction pattern confirm that the
formation of single phase cubic spinel
structure. The crystalline size of the nano
ferrites in the range 13-27nm.
The lattice parameter is decreases with
increase of Al composition in Li nano ferrites
indicate that the mixed Li-Al nano ferrites
obey Vegard‟s law.
The distance between the magnetic ions on A
and B calculated. It is clear that the distance
between the magnetic ions decreases with
increasing the Al content.
SEM analysis explain that the morphology of
the particle is similar and particle sharpness is
more or less spherical with some cluster/
agglomeration between the particles.
V.
Acknoledgements:
The authors are very grateful to
Prof.K.Venugopal Reddy, Head, Department of
Physics, College of Science, Osmania University,
Hyderabad. And Prof.T.L.N.Swamy, Principal,
Nizam College, Basheerbagh,Hyderabad for their
encouragement in research work. The authors are
also thankful to UGC, New Delhi, for the award of
UGC major research project.
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