International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe3O4) nanoparticles. Nickel ferrite was synthesized using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 600°C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of nickel ferrite and showed structural changes due to ion shifting between lattice sites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed agglomerated, porous nanoparticles with an average size of 0.21μm. AC conductivity measurements showed a conductivity of 1.0 x 10-4 S/cm due to dipole polarization. Dielectric properties were also measured as a function of frequency.
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Biopolymer based nanomaterials as potential biosorbents for toxic metal ionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the use of ternary nanoparticles composed of chitosan, yeast, and gelatin for removing toxic copper ions from water. The nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR and TEM analysis. FTIR showed the presence of functional groups from the three biopolymers and shifts upon copper ion adsorption. TEM revealed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 50-150 nm. Batch experiments showed over 90% copper ion removal, with adsorption fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The effects of biopolymer composition, metal ion concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption capacity were also examined.
Study of doped chromiun oxide nanoparticleGaurav Yogesh
This document outlines a study on the synthesis and characterization of doped Cr2O3 nanoparticles. It will investigate doping Cr2O3 nanoparticles with elements like Fe, ZnO, and Co using microwave synthesis and sol-gel methods. Characterization of the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the doped nanoparticles will be conducted using techniques like XRD, SEM, and FTIR. The study aims to better understand how doping affects the properties of Cr2O3 nanoparticles compared to the bulk material. A timeline is provided outlining the literature review, experimental work, characterization, drafting and final submission over a 5 month period.
Synthesis of Bismuth Ferrite nano particles by sol-gel method and their chara...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study that synthesized bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles using a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. XRD analysis before and after calcination showed crystalline BiFeO3 peaks and some impurity peaks. TEM revealed nanoparticles around 200 nm in size. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles. The sol-gel synthesis produced phase-pure BiFeO3 nanoparticles without requiring high temperature treatment.
Fabrication and characterization of bismuth ferrite nanofiber by electrospinn...Abthul Hakkeem
This document summarizes a thesis on fabricating and characterizing bismuth ferrite nanofibers using electrospinning. Bismuth ferrite is a multiferroic material with applications in transducers, sensors, and memory. Nanofibers were produced at varying voltages and characterized. X-ray diffraction showed the 10 kV fibers were phase pure while others contained impurities. Scanning electron microscopy found the 10 and 15 kV fibers had the best morphology and size distribution. The thesis evaluated how the applied voltage impacts fiber properties.
Synthesis and characterization of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles and nickel do...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by simple wet chemical precipitation method. Zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide are used as the starting materials.Zinc oxide nanoparticles are formed at a very low temperature of the order of 800C. Nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesized in two steps. In first step precipitate is obtained by reduction of mixture of zinc nitrate, ferric nitrate and starch by sodium hydroxide solution while in second step the given precipitate is thermally decomposed at high temperature of the order of 4000C. The crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles is then confirmed by X ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD).The elemental composition of the powder is detected by Energy Dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The morphology of the powder is investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Magnetic characterization of nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles is done by Squid Magnetometer. Low temperature magnetization behavior revealed ferromagnetic behavior of sample. Key Words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Nickel doped ZnO, Antibacterial activity, Squid magnetometer, SEM
Zinc oxide nanomaterials and their applications in piezoelectric devicesMariana Amorim Fraga
Comparison of piezoelectric coefficient for different types of ZnO nanomaterials. It is also presented some examples of piezoelectric devices based on these nanomaterials, as well as their structure and performance.
https://www.orkg.org/orkg/comparison/R135457
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nickel ferrite (NiFe3O4) nanoparticles. Nickel ferrite was synthesized using a sol-gel technique and sintered at 600°C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of nickel ferrite and showed structural changes due to ion shifting between lattice sites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed agglomerated, porous nanoparticles with an average size of 0.21μm. AC conductivity measurements showed a conductivity of 1.0 x 10-4 S/cm due to dipole polarization. Dielectric properties were also measured as a function of frequency.
Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synth...ijtsrd
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), an inverse spinal ferrite has high permeability, good saturation 1magnetization and no preferred direction of magnetization, high Curie temperature, and high electromagnetic performance. In the present work 0.2M cobalt nitrate 0.3M ferric nitrate and 0.4 M citric acid is used to synthesis cobalt ferrite nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. As the magnetic property depends on the grain size of the synthesized nanoparticle, metal nitrate to citric acid ratio is varied from 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 and the structural, functional morphological and magnetic characteristics are analyzed. The structural analysis shows the decrease in the average crystallite from 37 to 27nm when CAMN ratio decreases from 0.8 to 0.4. The strain is directly proportional to dislocation density and it reflects the growth of the average grain size, and in the present study, it reflects the same. The calculated lattice parameter is found to be close to 8.373 Ã… and the volume of the cell is found to be 5.63x10-28 m is close to the standard value for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. From the EDS spectrum, the presence of Co, Fe, and O in the synthesized nanoparticles are noted. Functional groups analysis by FTIR shows the presence of organic sources. Surface morphology by Scanning electron microscope shows the distribution of spherical sized nanoparticles agglomerated in different sizes and the grain size calculated by image J software are close to the calculated value by Scherrer formula from XRD. Chitra | T Raguram | K S Rajni"Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15871.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15871/microstructural-and-magnetic-properties-of-cobalt-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesized-by-sol-gel-technique/chitra
Biopolymer based nanomaterials as potential biosorbents for toxic metal ionsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the use of ternary nanoparticles composed of chitosan, yeast, and gelatin for removing toxic copper ions from water. The nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR and TEM analysis. FTIR showed the presence of functional groups from the three biopolymers and shifts upon copper ion adsorption. TEM revealed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 50-150 nm. Batch experiments showed over 90% copper ion removal, with adsorption fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The effects of biopolymer composition, metal ion concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption capacity were also examined.
Study of doped chromiun oxide nanoparticleGaurav Yogesh
This document outlines a study on the synthesis and characterization of doped Cr2O3 nanoparticles. It will investigate doping Cr2O3 nanoparticles with elements like Fe, ZnO, and Co using microwave synthesis and sol-gel methods. Characterization of the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the doped nanoparticles will be conducted using techniques like XRD, SEM, and FTIR. The study aims to better understand how doping affects the properties of Cr2O3 nanoparticles compared to the bulk material. A timeline is provided outlining the literature review, experimental work, characterization, drafting and final submission over a 5 month period.
Synthesis of Bismuth Ferrite nano particles by sol-gel method and their chara...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study that synthesized bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles using a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. XRD analysis before and after calcination showed crystalline BiFeO3 peaks and some impurity peaks. TEM revealed nanoparticles around 200 nm in size. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles. The sol-gel synthesis produced phase-pure BiFeO3 nanoparticles without requiring high temperature treatment.
Fabrication and characterization of bismuth ferrite nanofiber by electrospinn...Abthul Hakkeem
This document summarizes a thesis on fabricating and characterizing bismuth ferrite nanofibers using electrospinning. Bismuth ferrite is a multiferroic material with applications in transducers, sensors, and memory. Nanofibers were produced at varying voltages and characterized. X-ray diffraction showed the 10 kV fibers were phase pure while others contained impurities. Scanning electron microscopy found the 10 and 15 kV fibers had the best morphology and size distribution. The thesis evaluated how the applied voltage impacts fiber properties.
Synthesis and characterization of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles and nickel do...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by simple wet chemical precipitation method. Zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide are used as the starting materials.Zinc oxide nanoparticles are formed at a very low temperature of the order of 800C. Nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesized in two steps. In first step precipitate is obtained by reduction of mixture of zinc nitrate, ferric nitrate and starch by sodium hydroxide solution while in second step the given precipitate is thermally decomposed at high temperature of the order of 4000C. The crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles is then confirmed by X ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD).The elemental composition of the powder is detected by Energy Dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The morphology of the powder is investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Magnetic characterization of nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles is done by Squid Magnetometer. Low temperature magnetization behavior revealed ferromagnetic behavior of sample. Key Words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Nickel doped ZnO, Antibacterial activity, Squid magnetometer, SEM
Zinc oxide nanomaterials and their applications in piezoelectric devicesMariana Amorim Fraga
Comparison of piezoelectric coefficient for different types of ZnO nanomaterials. It is also presented some examples of piezoelectric devices based on these nanomaterials, as well as their structure and performance.
https://www.orkg.org/orkg/comparison/R135457
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles. Four samples of lithium ferrite nanoparticles with varying lithium content were prepared using an auto-combustion technique. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometry showed that magnetization increased from 5.08 emu/g to 45.35 emu/g with increasing lithium content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that grain size also increased from 96 nm to 112 nm with higher lithium substitution levels. In conclusion, lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and exhibited ferromagnetic behavior and tunable properties based on the lithium content.
synthesis of doped chromium oxide nanoparticlesGaurav Yogesh
The document summarizes a research paper on the size-dependent optical properties of zinc-doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles. It includes an introduction, methods used to prepare and analyze the nanoparticles, results of the analysis showing decreasing band gap and changing refractive index with decreasing particle size, and conclusions about the nanoparticles exhibiting quantum confinement effects and potential applications in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrochemical Synthesis of MoO3 Nanoparticles Effect of Temperature Convert...IJERA Editor
MoO3 nanorods were prepared by electrochemical reduction method using the tetra propyl ammonium bromide (TPAB) was structure directing agent in an organic medium viz. tetra hydro furan (THF) and acetonitrile (ACN) in 4:1 ratio and at current density 14mA &18 mA. The reduction process takes place under atmospheric condition over a period of 2 h. Dried sample was calcinated in muffle furnace at 500ºC. The parameters such as current density and concentration of stabilizers were used to control the size of nanorods. The synthesized MoO3 nanorods were characterized by using UV-Visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS and TEM analysis techniques.
Preparation and Structural Properties of Aluminium Substituted Lithium Nano F...IOSR Journals
This document describes the preparation and structural properties of aluminum-substituted lithium nanoferrites synthesized using the citrate gel auto combustion method. Nanoferrites with the general formula Li0.5AlxFe2.5-xO4 (where x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were prepared at low temperature (1800C). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with particle sizes ranging from 13 to 27 nm. Lattice parameter, density, and porosity were calculated from the XRD data and showed decreases with increasing aluminum content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticlesIOSR Journals
Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using wet chemical method and its characteriza...Govind Soni
This is very intersting power point on ZnO NPs synthesized by me GOVIND SONI and my lab partnes KAUSHAL ,SANEHA & DINESH under the guidance of our PhD scholar Mr.SAHIL & Ms.KIRTI in the CYRSTAL LAB of DR.BINAY KUMAR in Department of Physics & Astrophysics .This presentation basically covers the Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using wet chemical method . its characterization has been done in Msc finals Nanoscience lab using X-Ray Diffraction and Particle size Analyzer.This presentation also contains an advance topic on introduction to Spintronics which is basically the study of internsic spin of electronics and its magnetic moment.I hope it will be an important tool to know about Nanoworld .
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver nanorods ...kutty79
This paper describes a simple method of synthesizing silver nanorods using the polyol process, where propylene glycol serves both as a reducing
agent and as a solvent in the presence of a capping reagent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The diameter and length of silver nanorods could be
controlled by changing the AgNO3/PVP ratio. The end-to-end assembly of the silver nanorods was found. The silver nanorods were characterized by
using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of a
glassy carbon electrode with Ag nanorods exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activities towards the electro-reduction of benzyl chloride.
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
SYNTHESIS OF COPPER SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY SOLUTION COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS MET...Zuhair Bin Jawaid
1. The document describes a project to synthesize silver and copper nanoparticles using a solution combustion synthesis method. This method involves mixing metal nitrates with fuels like glycine or urea in solution, resulting in a self-sustaining exothermic reaction that produces nanopowders.
2. Key parameters that affect the combustion synthesis process and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles include the flame type, characteristic temperatures during combustion, amount of gas generated, and the fuel to oxidizer ratio. Control of these parameters allows for tuning of the particle size, morphology, and crystallinity.
3. The solution combustion synthesis method offers a single-step process for rapidly producing pure and homogeneous nanopowders for applications in areas like energy
Synthesis and charaterization of la1 x srxmno3 perovskite nanoparticlesMai Trần
In recent times perovskite materials are extensively studied and have attracted much attention because they exhibit interesting the properties, showing potential applications in commercial, technical and biomedical. In Vietnam, perovskite materials be of interest research and applications are strong but with major research direction is to go deep into the electrical properties and the magnetic properties. The Lanthanum Strontium manganite is a perovskite-based crystal-structured ceramic material with the formula of La1-xSrxMnO3, where x describes the doping ratio. It has attracted much attention due to its good magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties and is becoming an attractive possibility material in several biomedical applications, particularly with nano-size. In industry, this material is commonly used in as a cathode material in commercially produced solid oxide fuel cells. In this thesis, we present the Perovskite nanoparticles La1-xSrxMnO3 were successfully synthesized of the nanosize La1-xSrxMnO3 at x = 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 which prepared by a modified sol-gel method. Structure and magnetic properties of them were systematically investigated in dependence on doped Sr ratio x. The structure was investigated by XRD and show slightly changed but magnetic properties varied strongly with changing the doping ratio x. Magnetic properties of samples were studied by Vibrating Sample Mode of Physical Properties Measurement System show at the room temperature, the samples show superparamagnetic properties with high saturated magnetization MS of 57 emu/g which strongly dependents on the doped Sr ratio x.
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
This document discusses the effect of heating rate on the structural and optical properties of silicon and magnesium co-doped zirconia nanopowders prepared by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that different heating rates between 1-10°C/min affected the formation of tetragonal and cubic phases, crystallinity, and particle size. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed that the band gap energy of the doped zirconia crystals decreased depending on the heating rate, with a minimum band gap of around 3-3.2 eV.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles. Four samples of lithium ferrite nanoparticles with varying lithium content were prepared using an auto-combustion technique. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometry showed that magnetization increased from 5.08 emu/g to 45.35 emu/g with increasing lithium content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that grain size also increased from 96 nm to 112 nm with higher lithium substitution levels. In conclusion, lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and exhibited ferromagnetic behavior and tunable properties based on the lithium content.
synthesis of doped chromium oxide nanoparticlesGaurav Yogesh
The document summarizes a research paper on the size-dependent optical properties of zinc-doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles. It includes an introduction, methods used to prepare and analyze the nanoparticles, results of the analysis showing decreasing band gap and changing refractive index with decreasing particle size, and conclusions about the nanoparticles exhibiting quantum confinement effects and potential applications in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrochemical Synthesis of MoO3 Nanoparticles Effect of Temperature Convert...IJERA Editor
MoO3 nanorods were prepared by electrochemical reduction method using the tetra propyl ammonium bromide (TPAB) was structure directing agent in an organic medium viz. tetra hydro furan (THF) and acetonitrile (ACN) in 4:1 ratio and at current density 14mA &18 mA. The reduction process takes place under atmospheric condition over a period of 2 h. Dried sample was calcinated in muffle furnace at 500ºC. The parameters such as current density and concentration of stabilizers were used to control the size of nanorods. The synthesized MoO3 nanorods were characterized by using UV-Visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS and TEM analysis techniques.
Preparation and Structural Properties of Aluminium Substituted Lithium Nano F...IOSR Journals
This document describes the preparation and structural properties of aluminum-substituted lithium nanoferrites synthesized using the citrate gel auto combustion method. Nanoferrites with the general formula Li0.5AlxFe2.5-xO4 (where x=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were prepared at low temperature (1800C). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with particle sizes ranging from 13 to 27 nm. Lattice parameter, density, and porosity were calculated from the XRD data and showed decreases with increasing aluminum content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticlesIOSR Journals
Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using wet chemical method and its characteriza...Govind Soni
This is very intersting power point on ZnO NPs synthesized by me GOVIND SONI and my lab partnes KAUSHAL ,SANEHA & DINESH under the guidance of our PhD scholar Mr.SAHIL & Ms.KIRTI in the CYRSTAL LAB of DR.BINAY KUMAR in Department of Physics & Astrophysics .This presentation basically covers the Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using wet chemical method . its characterization has been done in Msc finals Nanoscience lab using X-Ray Diffraction and Particle size Analyzer.This presentation also contains an advance topic on introduction to Spintronics which is basically the study of internsic spin of electronics and its magnetic moment.I hope it will be an important tool to know about Nanoworld .
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver nanorods ...kutty79
This paper describes a simple method of synthesizing silver nanorods using the polyol process, where propylene glycol serves both as a reducing
agent and as a solvent in the presence of a capping reagent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The diameter and length of silver nanorods could be
controlled by changing the AgNO3/PVP ratio. The end-to-end assembly of the silver nanorods was found. The silver nanorods were characterized by
using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of a
glassy carbon electrode with Ag nanorods exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activities towards the electro-reduction of benzyl chloride.
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Dep...sarmad
Characterization of different dopants in TiO2 Structure by Pulsed Laser Deposition
A thesis submitted By: Khaled Z.Yahya
Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Adawiya J.Haider Prof.Dr. Raad M.S.Al-Haddad
SYNTHESIS OF COPPER SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY SOLUTION COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS MET...Zuhair Bin Jawaid
1. The document describes a project to synthesize silver and copper nanoparticles using a solution combustion synthesis method. This method involves mixing metal nitrates with fuels like glycine or urea in solution, resulting in a self-sustaining exothermic reaction that produces nanopowders.
2. Key parameters that affect the combustion synthesis process and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles include the flame type, characteristic temperatures during combustion, amount of gas generated, and the fuel to oxidizer ratio. Control of these parameters allows for tuning of the particle size, morphology, and crystallinity.
3. The solution combustion synthesis method offers a single-step process for rapidly producing pure and homogeneous nanopowders for applications in areas like energy
Synthesis and charaterization of la1 x srxmno3 perovskite nanoparticlesMai Trần
In recent times perovskite materials are extensively studied and have attracted much attention because they exhibit interesting the properties, showing potential applications in commercial, technical and biomedical. In Vietnam, perovskite materials be of interest research and applications are strong but with major research direction is to go deep into the electrical properties and the magnetic properties. The Lanthanum Strontium manganite is a perovskite-based crystal-structured ceramic material with the formula of La1-xSrxMnO3, where x describes the doping ratio. It has attracted much attention due to its good magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties and is becoming an attractive possibility material in several biomedical applications, particularly with nano-size. In industry, this material is commonly used in as a cathode material in commercially produced solid oxide fuel cells. In this thesis, we present the Perovskite nanoparticles La1-xSrxMnO3 were successfully synthesized of the nanosize La1-xSrxMnO3 at x = 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 which prepared by a modified sol-gel method. Structure and magnetic properties of them were systematically investigated in dependence on doped Sr ratio x. The structure was investigated by XRD and show slightly changed but magnetic properties varied strongly with changing the doping ratio x. Magnetic properties of samples were studied by Vibrating Sample Mode of Physical Properties Measurement System show at the room temperature, the samples show superparamagnetic properties with high saturated magnetization MS of 57 emu/g which strongly dependents on the doped Sr ratio x.
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
This document discusses the effect of heating rate on the structural and optical properties of silicon and magnesium co-doped zirconia nanopowders prepared by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that different heating rates between 1-10°C/min affected the formation of tetragonal and cubic phases, crystallinity, and particle size. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed that the band gap energy of the doped zirconia crystals decreased depending on the heating rate, with a minimum band gap of around 3-3.2 eV.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes the findings of Phase I of the Community Action Research and Empowerment Project conducted with the Vietnamese community in Seattle. Key findings include:
1) The Vietnamese community's greatest strengths are hard work, valuing culture and traditions, strong family values, prioritizing education, and entrepreneurship.
2) Top challenges include isolation of elders, issues facing youth like losing their culture, and generation gaps.
3) When they first arrived, immigrants faced economic challenges, language/cultural barriers, and lack of youth support. Today, issues include low incomes, language barriers, and discrimination.
4) Community members are involved in religious, cultural and nonprofit groups, though some feel there
Akhilesh Kumar Sheopujan Ram provides his curriculum vitae, which includes his contact information, educational background, work experience, skills, and personal details. He has a B.Com degree and work experience in production planning, accounting, and as an assistant store-in-charge. His current role is as a planner in tool planning where he is responsible for tool management and maintenance. He is proficient in SAP and has basic skills in Tally, MS Word, and Excel.
Janet Jose earned a Certificate of Achievement for completing the Taleo for Recruiters course on December 2, 2015. The certificate, accessed from a Pearson website, recognizes her achievement in this training program.
Caribbean Resources Inc.'s managing director wrote a letter of recommendation for Charles Cheleden, the former property manager of their office building, praising his exceptional management skills and care for both tenants and the properties. The director stated that in the 15 years the company had offices in the building and worked with multiple property managers, Mr. Cheleden's skills and abilities were far superior to any others. The letter serves as a strong recommendation for Mr. Cheleden's property management work.
IRJET- Sol-Gel Combustion Synthesis, Structural and Optical Band Gap Ener...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of Zn0.85Ni0.1Mg0.05Fe2O4 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel combustion method with zinc nitrate, nickel nitrate, magnesium nitrate and ferric nitrate as raw materials. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the nanoparticles had a single-phase cubic spinel structure. FTIR analysis showed the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The optical band gap was determined to be 2.4 eV, indicating semiconductor behavior.
This document summarizes a study that synthesized nanoparticles of Y3+ substituted Ni1-x Cdx Yy Fe2-y O4 using a sol-gel autocombustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the nanoparticles had an average grain size between 12.5 to 34.8 nm and a spinel cubic structure. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the optical properties. The average band gap energy calculated using the Tauc method was 1.6294 eV, indicating the materials behaved as semiconductors. Increasing the Y3+ concentration slightly increased the lattice constant and slightly decreased the band gap energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FTIR Studies and Dielectric Properties of Cu Substituted Nano Crystalline Nic...IOSR Journals
1) Nano crystalline Cu doped Ni-Zn ferrites were successfully synthesized using the citrate-gel auto combustion method at 1800°C.
2) X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single phase cubic structure across all samples with an average crystallite size of 24-73nm.
3) FTIR studies showed vibration frequencies between 376-391 cm-1 and 556-575 cm-1, confirming the cubic spinel structure.
4) Dielectric properties, such as dielectric constant, loss tangent, and AC conductivity, were found to decrease with increasing frequency for all samples per normal ferromagnetic material behavior.
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
Preparation and characterization of Al doped nano crystalline Ni ferritesIJERA Editor
The Ni-Al nano ferrites having compositional formula NiAlxFe2-xO4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. The XRD studies reflected that the fabricated powders were single phase spinel structure with crystallite sizes in the range of 17-26nm. The values of lattice parameter and X-ray density decreases with the decrease of composition. The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition
Preparation of lithium ferrite nanoparticles by high energy ball milling and ...IJERA Editor
Ferrites are ferrimagnetic ceramic materials with inherent useful electromagnetic properties. Of them, spinelstructured ferrites are promising materials for microwave device applications; stress/torsion sensors and energy storage applications like anode materials in lithium batteries, fuel cells, solar cells etc. Nanostructured spinels further have high and wide scope of potential applications. In the present study, two different types of varied sized ferrimagnetic lithium ferrite spinel nanoparticles prepared using chemical sol-gel auto-combustion method were chosen. The prepared spinel particles were heated at 300°C for 1h. After heating the powders were milled using a High Energy Ball Mill for 30 minutes to further grind the particles and then subjected to various characterizations. Structural characterization was done using X-Ray Diffraction Method (XRD). The study revealed the spinel structure of these samples. Structural parameter such as lattice constant was determined using XRD data and found that the lattice parameter agrees with the standard data. DLS study found the agglomerations of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanospinel particles were also characterized by the UVVis Spectroscopy, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally the magnetic hysteresis properties were studied using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of...ijtsrd
A series of ytterbium substituted Zinc ferrites Zn YbxFe1 x 2O4 with x=0.0000, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0375, 0.0500 was synthesized by the solid state method. The structural characterizations of all the prepared samples were done by using X ray diffraction XRD . These studies confirmed the formation of single phase structure in all compositions. The increase in the value of lattice parameter with increase in ytterbium concentration suggests the expansion of unit cell. Crystallinity and the crystallite size are observed to increase with the concentration of Ytterbium. The substitution of ytterbium strongly influences the magnetic characteristics and this is confirmed from the magnetization measurements at room temperature. Zar Zar Myint Aung "Effect of Ytterbium Substitution on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27826.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/27826/effect-of-ytterbium-substitution-on-the-structural-and-magnetic-properties-of-nanocrystalline-zinc-ferrite/zar-zar-myint-aung
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
- Nanoparticles NiFe2-xTbxO4 (x=0.00, 0.04, 0.08,
0.12) ferrite was prepared by solgel combution method. The
samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and TEM
measurements. The effect of Tb3+ cations substitution on
structure of prepared nanoparticles was investigated. From the
analysis, the system was found to be inverse spinel cubic
structure. The lattice parameter (a) changes increases with Tb
doping content. Room temperature DC electrical resistivity
decreases. Dielectric properties have been studied in the
frequency range of 1 kHz to 5 MHz. Permittivity and tangent
loss (tanδ) decreases with the substitution of Tb3+ in parent
crystal structure.
Surfactant-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceria-Zirconia Nanostructured M...IOSR Journals
CeO2–ZrO2 oxides were prepared by the surfactant-templated method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template and modified with chromium nitrate. These were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. The XRD data showed that as prepared CeO2-ZrO2 powder particles have single phase cubic fluorite structure. HRTEM shows mesoscopic ordering. Average particle size is 12-13 nm as calculated from particle histogram. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm were classified to be type IV isotherm, typical of mesoporous material. The presence of uni-modal mesopores are confirmed by the pore size distribution which shows pore distribution at around 60 A°. Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
The document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and AC conductivity of nickel-doped magnesium ferrite. Key findings include:
1) Magnesium nickel ferrites were synthesized via a sol gel technique and sintered at 1473 K. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of a nickel oxide phase along with the ferrite phase, indicating an almost stoichiometric (Mg,Ni)-ferrite phase was obtained.
2) Scanning electron microscopy images showed the (MgNi) ferrite had a regular, granular structure with well-connected grains and an average grain size of 0.7 micrometers.
3) The AC conductivity of the magnesium nickel ferrite increased with increasing frequency
Structural and FTIR Studies of Pure and Zinc Doped SNO2NanoParticlesmsejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
STRUCTURAL AND FTIR STUDIES OF PURE AND ZINC DOPED SNO2NANOPARTICLESmsejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.
The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to
identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of
pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are
incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method.
The structural studies were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction pattern. XRD pattern reveals the tetragonal
rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies were used to
identify the chemical information of pure and zinc-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The crystallite size of
pure tin oxide nanoparticles is 9 nm obtained from the X-ray diffraction pattern. The Zn ions are
incorporated into the tin ions. It is suitable candidate for gas sensor applications.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cu Substituted Ni-Zn Nano-Ferrit...IJERA Editor
The ferrite nano particles having chemical formula Ni0.2CuxZn0.8-xFe2O4 (where x=0.0 to 0.8 with step of 0.2) were synthesized by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion method at low temperature. The synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours in air and characterised by XRD, SEM with EDS. XRD analysis of prepared samples were confirmed the single phase cubic spinel Structure. The crystallite size (D) of prepared ferrites were in the range of 24-73nm. The values of lattice parameter (a) decreased and X-ray density (dx) were increased with the increasing of Cu substitution. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). An elemental composition of the samples was studied by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS). The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition and crystal size.
Synthesis and characterization of structural and Magnetic Properties of ZnO d...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing ZnO-doped SnO2 nano composites. It discusses:
1. Using a microwave-assisted co-precipitation method to synthesize SnO2-ZnO nano composite samples with varying calcination temperatures from 200-600°C.
2. Characterizing the samples using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and VSM. XRD and FTIR confirmed the formation of nano composites.
3. Magnetic characterization using VSM showed the samples exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior, with coercivity and retentivity decreasing slightly as calcination temperature increased.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
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Di36654660
1. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.654-660
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Characterization of Co1-XZnxFe2o4 Nano Spinal Ferrites Prepared
By Citrate Precursor Method
Ch. Vinuthna1, D. Ravinder2, R. Madhusudan Raju3.
1.
2.
3.
Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, A.P. India.
Department of Physics, Nizam College, Bashbeerbagh, Osmania University, Hyderabad- 500001, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
Department of Chemistry, College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad- 500007, A.P. India.
ABSTRACT
Cobalt–zinc ferrite nano-particles Co1-x Zn x Fe2O4 were prepared by citrate precursor method, using cobalt, zinc,
iron nitrates and citric acid as the organic precursor. Structural and morphological properties of the Ferrites were
determined and characterized in detail by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photo electron
spectroscopy (XPS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction
pattern confirm the existence of single phase of cubic spinel crystal structure and the mean particle size of the
nano-powders was calculated by Scherrer formula. Crystalline nature of the powder was observed when it was
calcined at 500 °C.This study presents the effects of substitution of Zn2+ on the structural properties of cobaltZinc ferrite nano-particles.The observed variation in Crystalline size and increase in lattice constant are
endorsed due to the Zn2+ substitution in ferrites is reported. The unit cell parameter is found to increases linearly
with increasing concentration of zinc due to larger ionic radii of Zn 2+ ion. Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR)
spectra of Zn2+ ions substituted in Co-Zn spinal ferrite nano-particles have been analyzed in frequency range of
4000-400 cm-1.Two absorption bonds in IR spectra were observed in the frequency range of 600-400cm-1may be
caused by the metal-oxygen vibrations in octahedral and tetrahedral sites.
Key words: Nano-particles, Ferrites, Cobalt-zinc, XPS, XRD.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Cobalt–zinc ferrite nano-particles exhibit
exclusive chemical and physical properties [1-2].
Studies of spinel ferrites are highly relevant to current
technologies such as magnetic cell separation,
switching devices, permanent magnets, flexible
recording media, hard disc recording media,
detoxification of biological fluids, magnetically
controlled transport of anti-cancer drugs and
recording tapes, hence the synthesis and sintering of
ferrites have become a vital part of modern technology
[3-8]. Different techniques have been suggested for
the preparation of nano ferrite materials but in present
study citrate precursor method has been used for the
preparation of cobalt-Zinc ferrite materials, which is
most convenient and yields more homogenous nano
materials at lower processing temperatures. Thus, it
presents a large superficial area and good sinterability
in relation to powders obtained by other synthesis
techniques.
Spinel ferrite nano-particles have engrossed
much attention because of their electronic, magnetic,
and catalytic properties. Spinel ferrites have the focus
of intense in research for more than a decade due to
their exclusive crystallographic structure and
microstructure. Cations distribution of cobalt- zinc
ferrites can be represented by Zn2+x Fe3+1-x [Co2+13+
2+
in the cobalt-zinc ferrite
xFe 1+x]O4. The Cation Co
promotes the exchange reaction Co2+ + Fe3+ ⇔ Co3+ +
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Fe2+ in octahedral sites, whereas tetrahedral sites are
preferentially occupied by zinc cations.In the above
reaction Co2+ is reducing agent which reduces Fe3+ to
Fe2+ ion, therefore The Cobaltous ion (Cobalt II ion) is
changed to Cobaltic ion (Cobalt III ion) where as
Ferric ion (iron III ion) is converted to Ferrous ion
(iron II ion). This electron exchange reaction results
the electronic conduction mechanism in cobalt-zinc
ferrites. CoFe2O4 has inverse spinel structure with
Co2+ ions in octahedral sites and Fe3+ ions equally
distributed between tetrahedral and octahedral sites
whereas pure ZnFe2O4 has a normal spinel structure
with Zn2+ ions in tetrahedral and Fe3+ in octahedral
sites, Zn-substitution in CoFe2O4 results mixed cobaltzinc ferrites which may endure Jahn-Teller distortion.
The Zinc substitution affects the lattice parameter in
ferrites as the Zinc is incorporated in to the cobalt
ferrite the lattice constant is observed to increases
representing Zinc substitution occurred. The crystal
structure of a material can be described in terms of its
unit cell. The unit cell is a containing one or more
atoms arranged in 3-dimension and is given by its
lattice parameters, which are the length of the cell
edges and the angles between them, while the
positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described
by the set of atomic positions measured from a lattice
point. Lattice constant is affected by the surface
reconstruction that results in a deviation from its mean
value. This deviation is especially important in ferrite
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2. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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nano-crystals since surface to nano-crystal core ratio is
large [9]
II.
EXPERIMENTAL
Preparation of Co1-xZnxFe2O4 spinal ferrite nanoparticles
The mixed Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by Citrate Precursor
Method using Raw Materials Cobalt nitrate, Zinc
nitrate, and Citric acid and Iron nitrate. All raw
materials ware mixed with deionized water
individually, thus solution formed is mixed together
except iron nitrate and PH is maintained at 7 by
addition of ammonia followed by the addition of iron
nitrate solution drop by drop with continuous stirring.
The resulting solution was turned into gel when heated
at 800C on a hot plate. Then on combustion, burnt ash
was formed which was calcined at 5000C for 4 hours.
Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of
all nano materials were obtained using a Ultima-IV
diffractometer (M/s. Rigaku Corporation, Japan)
operated at 40 kV and 20mA, using nickel filtered Cu
Kα radiation (λ=1.54178 Å) .The samples were
recorded in the 2θ range of 100- 800 with a scan
speed of 20 min-1.
XPS analysis
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is
one of the most accepted and useful technique for
study the composition of the samples. KRATOS
AXIS165 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (UK) with
Mg Kα monochromatic excited radiation (1253.6 eV)
was used for the analysis. The binding energy (BE)
measurements were corrected for charging effects
with reference to the C 1s peak of the adventitious
carbon (284.6 eV).The X-ray gun was operated at
voltage of 15 kV and current of 20mA. The analyzer
chamber was degasified and pressure kept at 1.33 X
10-6 Pa. Survey and high resolution spectra were
collected using 80 and 40 eV pass energy.
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FT-IR analysis
Fourier
transform
infrared
(FT-IR)
spectroscopy technique provides useful information
about the nature and structure of ferrites. Infrared
spectroscopy deals with the interaction of infrared
radiation with matter.Fourier transform are a
mathematical operation used to translate a complex
curve into its component curves. FTIR relies on the
fact that the most molecules of sample absorb light in
the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
These absorption peaks corresponds specifically to the
bonds present in the molecule. The sample is
irradiated by a broad spectrum of infrared light and the
level of absorbance at a particular frequency is plotted
after Fourier transforming the data. The resulting
spectrum is characteristic of the bonds present in the
sample.
FTIR spectra were obtained using a Thermo
Nicolet Nexus 670 spectrometer. Minimum of 32
scans was signal-averaged with a resolution of 2 cm-1
within the wavelength range of 400-4000cm-1. Small
and diluted drop of the nanoferrite samples were
prepared and coated on KBr disks and stored at room
temperature. In order to remove the residual solvent,
KBr disks were dried at 80˚C under vacuum.
Thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis
Thermogravimetric experiments were performed
using a TGA/DTA 851e THERMAL SYSTEM (mettle
Toledo, Switzerland) at a heating rate of 10˚C min-1 in
the temperature range of 25-800˚C under N2
atmosphere(flow rate 30 mL min-1). The powder
samples ranging from 8-10 mg weighed and heated on
a pan. During this process temperature difference and
weight loss were recorded as a function of
temperature.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Fig.1 shows the XRD patterns for all the samples of
Cobalt-Zinc ferrites nano-particles. The figure shows
cubic spinel structure. The diffraction peaks are broad
because of the nanometer size of the crystallite.
Fig.1 XRD pattern of the Cobalt-Zinc nano--ferrites
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3. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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The powdered samples were characterized by
XRD for structural determination and particle size
calculation. The indexed XRD patterns of the CobaltZinc-ferrites calcinated at 5000C are shown in Fig.1.
The particle sizes for all samples prepared have been
calculated from the Debye-Scherrer’s equation. While
taking the instrumental broadening into account.
Dhkl =
λ
θ
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Where D is the crystallite size, λ is the
wavelength of X-ray radiation [10]used, θ is the Bragg
angle and
is the full width at half maximum
(FWHM) of the most intense diffraction peak. The
crystallite size is in the range of 21-28nm for the
different compositions, shown in table I. all the peaks
are characteristics for the cubic structure and spinal
type lattice of cobalt-Zinc ferrites. The sharpness of
the peaks decides the crystallinity of the samples.
Table 1: Values of Crystallite size, Lattice parameter (a) and hopping length for A-site (dA) and B-site (dB)
of Co-Zn ferrite nano-particles
SAMPLE
Crystallite
size
(nm)
Lattice
Parameter(a)
Ao
Vol of
A site
B site
Unit
(dA)
(dB)
Cell(V)
( Ao)3
CoFe2O4
28.00
8.37
586
2.959
3.624
Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4
26.89
8.36
584
2.955
3.619
Co0.6Zn0..4Fe2O4
26.38
8.39
590
2.967
3.633
Co0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4
24.08
8.40
592
2.972
3.640
Co0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4
22.44
8.43
599
2.982
3.652
ZnFe2O4
21.50
8.49
611
2.982
3.653
3.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
The lattice parameter of samples was established from
X-ray studies by using the following equation. Which
are shown in table.1
a=d
h2+k2+l2 [A0]
Where (h k l) --- are the Miller Indices, d --- Is inter
planner spacing.
Thus lattice parameter was computed using the d value
and the (hkl) parameters, all samples obeys Vegard’s law
[11]. Lattice parameter increases with increasing the zinc
substitution giving the evidence that Zn is substituted in
cobalt ferrite.
Fig.2 XPS patterns of ZnFe2O4
The Volume of the Unit Cell is calculated by using the
following equation, which depends on the Lattice
Parameter. The Unit cell values increases with increasing
the zinc substitution in cobalt ferrite. Values are shown
in Table I.
X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) gives
information about the oxidation state and chemical
stoichio-metric composition in the samples. In this
procedure emittion of electrons takes place from atoms
and resides near the surface of the material without
3
0
losing energy, and so surface sensitive features are
Volume of the Unit Cell
V=a [A ]
achievable. Chemical depth summary information can be
The distance between magnetic ions on B and A Sites is obtained by variation of the angle of incident of
radiation. The low resolution XPS has the capability to
calculated according to the following relations [12]
determine the elemental composition on the surface of
all nonvolatile materials.
dA= 0.25 a 2 and dB= 0.25 a 3
Where (a) ---is the lattice parameter
The values of the hopping length for octahedral (dA) and
tetrahedral (dB) sites are listed in Table I. It is clear that
the distance between the magnetic ions increases as the
Zn content increases.
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4. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Fig.3. XPS of Co 0.8 Zn 0.2 Fe2O
Fig.4. XPS of Co0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe2O4
Fig.5 XPS of Co 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe2O4
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Fig.6 XPS of Co 0.2 Zn 0.8 Fe2O4
The binding energies (BEs) of Co2P, Zn2P,
Fe2P, and O1s are listed in Table 2.The BEs of Co2P,
Zn2P, Fe2P, are ascribed to the BEs of Co2+, Zn2+, and
Fe3+ ionic states in the samples. The spinel crystalline
structure (AB2O4) with tetrahedral and octahedral site for
metal atoms is conformed.
Zn exhibits binding energies at 1021 eV and
1044 eV, which corresponds to Zn2p 3/2 and Zn 2p1/2
electrons in the Zn2+ oxidation state (13) respectively.
The FWHM values of Zn2p3/2 shown variation from
2.2eV to 2.5 eV, signifying that the chemical
environment of Zn atom has changed from sample to
sample in substitution process.
Generally, Fe2p states of the Fe atom could be
used to distinguish the variation between Fe2+ and
Fe3+.The peaks of Fe2p3/2 and Fe2p1/2 states can be
observed in the range of 710-711 eV, and 724-725 eV .
The peak with the range of 710-711 eV is attributed to
the Fe3+ Cation located at the octahedral site in the spinal
structure. The peak range of 724,725 is endorsed to the
Fe2+Cation located at the tetrahedral site in the spinal
structure.
The Co2p XPS spectra show two major peaks
with binding energy values at 794,795 and 779 eV,
corresponding to the Co2p1/2 and Co 2p3/2 spin-orbit
peaks, respectively, of the CoO phase. (14)
The O1s spectrum shows the existence of
oxygen in two different states, with binding energies at
529,530 eV and 531,530 eV that can be assigning to the
lattice-oxygen and the oxygen-deficient regions,
respectively. The peak observed close to 531 eV in the
O1s spectra indicate the presence of –OH (hydroxyl)
species adsorbed on the surface to the samples due
experimental conditions. The XPS measurement results
were related to XRD observations conforming the single
cubic phase of the ferrite.
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5. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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3.3.
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Citrate precursor method used was very suitable and
most excellent method because of improved microstructural and composition control achievable.
FTIR
X- ray diffraction pattern confirm that the formation of
cubic spinal structure in single phase without any
impurity peak.
The Crystallite size of the ferrite powder was in the
range 21-28 nm.
The lattice parameter, the distance between magnetic
ions on B and A Sites is calculate which increases
with increasing Zn substituted in Co ferrites is.
XPS gives information about the oxidation state and
chemical stoichiometric composition of the samples.
The oxidation states of transitions metals were Co2+,
Zn2+, and Fe3+ in the samples.
Fig.7 FT-IR spectra of Cobalt-Zinc-ferrites
The FT-IR spectra explain the position of the
ions in the crystal structure and their vibration modes.
The two common bands in almost all spinel ferrite are
found in the region of 600cm-1 and 400 cm-1. The
frequency bands close to 606-616 cm-1 and 421-430 cm-1
are assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral clusters
and also confirm the presence of M-O stretching band in
ferrites, thus the vibrational mode of tetrahedral clusters
is higher as compared to that of octahedral clusters,
which is responsible for the shorter bond length of
tetrahedral clusters. (15)
FT-IR spectra explain tetrahedral and octahedral
clusters and also confirm the presence of M-O
stretching band in ferrites.
TGA analysis conforms that the moisture content
decreases when the samples were calcinated
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
One of the authors D.R is grateful to Prof.
T.L.N. Swamy, Principal Nizam College for his
encouragement to carry out this research work. The
authors are thankful to Prof. C. Gyana Kumari, Head,
Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, and
Hyderabad for her encouragement in carrying out the
research activities.
3.4 TGA
The thermo-gravimetric(TG) study of Co0.4
Zn0.6Fe2O4 shows a graph in the range of 30 to 800 0C
.weight loss started from 1000C on wards which is
gradually increased with slight difference ,and when [1]
reached to 8000C no such loss is observed suggests that
[2]
the hydroxyl groups are not present in nanoferrite.
Fig.8 TGA of Co0.6 Zn 0.4 Fe2O4
IV.
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6. D. Ravinder et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.654-660
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Table 2. Binding Energies of Cobalt-Zinc ferrites
Binding Energy (eV)
Sample name
Co
2p3/2
Zn
Fe
O
2p3/2
2p1/2
2p3/2
2p1/2
----
ZnFe2O4
2p1/2
1s
1021.06
1044.11
711.08
724.88
529.56
531.14
Co0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4
779.80
794.87
1021.12
1044.18
710.07
724.50
530.01
531.83
Co0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4`
779.98
795.03
1021.01
1044.18
710.20
723.80
529.55
531.40
Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4
779.99
795.00
1021.14
1044.26
710.80
724.27
529.54
531.22
Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4
779.99
795.44
1021.08
1044.27
710.46
725.88
529.42
530.95
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